family ethnic diversity

Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993

Allows employees to take a total of 12 weeks' leave during any 12-month period for the birth of a child or serious health condition of the employee

Principle of least interest

the person who is least committed to staying in a relationship has the most power doesn't text back: has more power also class

Mate preference trends in recent years

~availability of marriageable partners is limited ~less african american men ~people marry outside of social groups

social class and fertility

(a) the higher the income, the lower the fertility; and (b) the greater the level of educational attainment, the lower the fertility

Ways marriage may be impacted by the transition to parenthood

1. "severe decliners." These new parents become so split by their differences that they lose faith in each other and in their marriage. 2. "moderate decliners." These couples avoid a dramatic falling out, but their love and communication is less than before the birth of their child. 3. "no change." Their marriage neither declines nor is enhanced by their child. 4. "improvers." These couples find that their new child has brought them closer together, increased communication, and enhanced their mutual love.

Scientific research main findings on sexuality

1. Adultery is the exception rather than the rule. 2. People in this country are divided into three categories according to how often they have sex. One-third have sex twice a week or more, one-third a few times a month, and one-third a few times a year or not at all. 3. The incidence of homosexuality is lower than the 10 percent reported by Kinsey and widely reported since then. Still, 9 percent of men and 4 percent of women report that they have had a sexual experience with someone of the same sex since puberty. 4. Married couples have the most sex, they enjoy it most, and they are the most likely to have orgasms when they do

types of enduring marriages

1. Conflict-habituated marriages: centered on tensions, arguments, and fights. Conflict in these marriages was not always readily observable to outsiders, but it was always present in various forms including nagging, quarrelling, sarcasm, putdowns, and even physical combat. 2. Devitalized marriages involved couples who were once in love but had drifted apart over the years. They remained together in a relationship bound by duty. 3. Passive congenial marriages were those in which love was not expected, but the marriage provided stability for the couple to direct their energies elsewhere. 4. Vital marriages differed greatly from the forgoing types in that spouses shared true intimacy in all important life matters. Husbands and wives found their central satisfaction in the life they lived with and through each other. 5. Total marriages, the fifth type, were like the vital relationship with the important addition of being more multifaceted. Such marriages involved couples who were completely absorbed in one another's life activities, often including their work.

Correlates of higher marital quality

1. Shared Social Characteristics 2. Economic and Personal Resources 3. Dual-Earner Couples 4. The Division of Household Labor 5. Role Fit (consensus on things) 6. Social Class 7. Children (higher before kids) 8. Life Cycle (worse over time)

Types of infertility technology

1. artificial insemination (sperm injected into uterus) 2. vitro fertilization (Eggs are removed from the ovaries and placed in a petri dish where sperm are added) 3. drugs

Coping strategies for dealing with work and family

1. gender strategies: couples developed family myths—versions of reality that emphasize "sharing" in order to preserve harmony and camouflage conflict 2. Split-shift parenting: strategy used principally by working-class families. The vulnerable economic position of these families does not allow them to relieve work-family tensions by choosing the strategy of reducing work hours. Split-shift parenting generally results in the movement of men into higher levels of participation in family work 3. sequencing: It involves alternating paid work and child rearing rather than trying to combine them

Types of unpaid family work

1. interaction work:: that women do to sustain communication with their mates 2. emotion work:: the work of trying to find the right feeling, to make and keep everything fine 3. consumption work:selecting goods and making purchases, links the needs of families with products in the market 4. Kin work: maintaining contact and connections among kin as well as providing care and assistance to family members in other households. The work of kinship involves taking responsibility for the upkeep and ritual celebration of cross-household kin ties, including visits, letters, telephone calls, presents, and cards to kin

Characteristics of children from single parent homes

1. lower academic achievement. This relationship is more negative for boys than for girls. 2.more likely to have higher absentee rates at school. 3. They are more likely to drop out of school. 4. They are more likely to have lower earnings in young adulthood and are more likely to be poor. 5. They are more likely to marry early and to have children early, both in and out of marriage. 6. If they marry, they are more likely to divorce. 7. They are more likely to commit delinquent acts and to engage in drug and alcohol use.

Reasons for lower fertility rates

1. marrying later, especially after Great Recession. 2. Great Recession also reduced immigration. migrants have more children. 3. the population is aging, meaning that fewer women are in their childbearing years. 4. the high divorce rate. 5. the majority of women work in the labor force. 6. two incomes 7. the number of abortions

Trends in cohabitation

2015, ONS stated about 3 mil heterosexual couples were cohabiting in UK. Grown from 2.3 mil in 2004 2015, 90,000 same-sex couples cohabiting in UK Around 1/5 of couples who cohabit are '*serial cohabiters*' as have cohabited with someone else before, but relationship was unsuccessful

Types of people who work "too long" work weeks vs...

50 hours or more, being overworked, vs 30 or less so they don't get benefits as part time working

Proportion of US population who will marry

90 percent of the population eventually marrying. However, the number of marriages occurring annually has been trending downward

Cultural approach to understanding ethnic-racial differences

A long tradition of thought blames racial-ethnic families for their own troubles. Such thought oversimplifies culture and misrepresents racial-ethnic families. An idealized model of family life based on dominant society families is viewed as the norm, whereas racial-ethnic families are thought to be cultural artifacts.

Differences between gay/lesbian couples and married heterosexual couples

Gays and lesbians reported more personal autonomy than members of married couples; lesbians reported higher levels of equality in their relationships than did heterosexual women; members of gay couples indicated less commitment than members of married couples; members of lesbian couples reported higher relationship satisfaction than did married couples. An additional significant difference is that gay and lesbian couples received less support from family members than did married couples and relied more on friends than did married couples

How dating behaviors differ by social class

In general, the higher the class, the more control parents have over the dating activities of their children. Stratification in the larger society promotes romantic patterns that are based on social class.

Gender Roles approach

Males and females differ because of socialization. The assumption is that males and females learn to be different.

marriages in african american families

Many social scientists focus on the gender ratio, or the balance of women and men in the Black population. African American women outnumber men in the age range (20-49) when most people marry and start families. Following this reasoning, fewer Black women are getting married because there are too few suitable Black male partners ALSO Various social forces undermine marriage among African Americans. African American men of marriageable age have been in short supply due to incarceration, lower levels of education than African American women, death, and unemployment—all symptoms of chronic institutional racism also low income

Laws and court cases that impact same-sex marriages

Massachusetts was the first state to break from this requirement and legalize marriage for same-sex partners in 2004. Then in 2008 and 2009, Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont, and New Hampshire also legalized gay marriage. By the end of 2013, a total of 16 states and the District of Columbia had approved same-sex marriage. In 1996, Congress passed the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which denied federal recognition of same-sex marriage and allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex unions licensed in other states The 2003 Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruling that led to legalizing samesex marriage

Types of familism in Latino families

ONE: demographic familism, involves characteristics of Chicano families, such as family size. TWO: structural familism, measures the incidence of multigenerational households (or extended households). THREE: Normative familism, taps the value Mexican-heritage people place on family unity and solidarity. FOUR: behavioral familism has to do with the level of interaction between family and kin networks

Styles of communication in marriages

Positive affect includes interest, validation, affection, humor, and enthusiasm. Negative affect can be broken down into two categories, a low-intensity negative affect category: domineering, whining, anger, fear/ tension, and sadness; and a high-intensity negative affect category: contempt, belligerence, and defensiveness.

Sexual relationships in marriage

Several studies find that the major factors associated with frequency of marital sex are the length of the relationship and the age of the partners. As the duration of the marriage and the age of the partners increase, the frequency of sex decreases A couple's sexual relationship may be a powerful source of connection between partners, but it may also be a source of conflict. A commonly expressed conflict in marriage relates to frequency of sex

reasons adults cohabitate

Some are in same-sex relationships. Some want to share expenses. Some lack the financial stability to take the step of marriage. Some choose this option as a prelude to marriage. Others are older and do not want to lose financial benefits by marrying (Block, 1999). In this instance, many older couples choose cohabitation over matrimony because pensions are based on the status of being a widow or widower. Some estate plans are set up on the condition that the surviving spouse remains unmarried. And Social Security benefits can differ depending on the amount of assets someone holds singularly or jointly in a marriage.

Positive and negative outcomes associated with teen dating

Some teens who date frequently have higher levels of self-esteem, perceive themselves as more popular, and have higher levels of autonomy than their peers. Others have more conflict with parents, more depression, and lower academic motivation and achievement than other teens. These associations depend, in part, on the characteristics and quality of the dating relationships

cultural approach vs structural approach to understanding class differences

The cultural approach argues that family patterns are responsible for inequality. The structural approach argues that class inequalities themselves produce different family patterns. Each approach gives us a distinctive view of family. CULTURAL:: family patterns -- inequality STRUCTURAL:: inequality -- family patterns

Compulsory heterosexuality

a rule that all men be attracted to women and all women to men

trends in labor force participation by gender

almost the same amount of men as women, dual working families increased as well! , wives contribute almost half of income and women are breadwinners sometimes::: WHY? bad economy, dependence on women income, and women enjoy working!

Historical mate selection activities

change from private sphere courting to public sphere dating was significant because its consequence was shifting the role of initiating relationships from women to men.

decreases in teen employment

declines since 1970s and big declines since 2000s: why? 1. bad economy, adults have teen jobs. 2. you're in school

Benefits of parenthood

emotional bonds, link from past to future, sense of purpose, status as parent, integrated into communities

Gendered Institution Approach

emphasizes factors that are external to individuals, such as the social structure and social institutions that treat women and men differently

ethnicity

ethnicity is a social category that allows for a broader range of affiliation. Ethnic groups are distinctive on the basis of national origin, language, religion, and culture.

types of social class families

families in poverty, blue-collar families, middle-class families, families of professionals, wealthy families

Characteristics of children based on birth order

firstborns adopt the values of their parents and less influenced by peers. more achievement oriented, to excel in school, to have higher verbal scores on aptitude and IQ tests, and to have high levels of self-esteem. They are taller and weigh more than later-borns. Female first-borns tend to be more religious, more sexually conservative, and more accepting of traditional feminine roles. MIDDLE: less cautious, more impulsive, and more involved in physically dangerous activities. They are more peer-conscious, more social, and more willing to challenge authority

why wives are sole providers

husbands were laid off or became victims of corporate downsizing. Women in femaledominated fields such as health care and education have been less vulnerable to job loss than men in male-dominated fields like manufacturing or they choose to

Benefits of marriage for men vs. women

men: health benefits, social support women: depends on quality of union, possibly economic

Problems with reproductive technology

multiple pregnancies, low birth weight, expensive, sex decision

Dominate work-family type in the US

no idea

work-family conflict types

occurs when individuals experience an incompatibility between their responsibilities as workers and their responsibilities in their families. 1. work-to-family conflict: work interferes with family 2. family-to-work conflict: family interferes with work

Least likely groups to remarry

older women and african american women

race

race is an invention used for socially marking groups based on presumed physical differences

culture of poverty

the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children

Homogamy

the conscious or unconscious tendency to select a mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own

matrix of domination

the cumulative impact of oppression because of race and ethnicity, gender, and social class, as well as religion, sexual orientation, disability, age, and citizenship status example is being a black woman

work-family role system

traditional uneven division of labor in which men's work role takes priority over the family role, and women, even those who work outside the home, are to give priority to the family role

spillover effect types

transfer of moods, feelings, and behaviors between work and family settings in work family conflict positive spillover: good work equals good parent negative spillover: opposite

percent of transracial and transnational adoptions

transracial: About 40 percent transnational: 10 percent, 1 in 10

Ways HIV/AIDs is transmitted

unprotected sex, needles

boomerang generation

young adults who move back into their parents' homes after living independently for a while