FAMR 331- FINAL EXAM

Baby Kimorah has just learned to walk. Newly walking babies like Kimorah

more actively attend to and initiate social interaction

During the summer, 5-year-old Liz accesses her ________ of previous beach trips to predict what will occur during next weekends' beach trip.

script

In studies involving several thousand 4-year-olds in public preschools, ______ and ______ were especially potent predictors of children's social competence.

Teacher Sensitivity; emotional support

Unintentional childhood injuries

are the leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations.

Research shows that 6-month-olds can distinguish among large sets of items,

as long as the difference between those sets are very great.

From age 2 on, children increasingly build on their fact-oriented questions with follow-up questions that

ask for causes and explanations.

Which of the following is the best strategy to help preschoolers learn new words?

Engaging in dialogic reading

What is most likely to cause 4-month-old Alicia to laugh?

Kissing her tummy

What statement about immunizations is true?

Large-scale studies show no association between vaccines and autism.

What seems to be a universal beginning in drawing human figures?

"stick" or "contour" figures

According to dynamic systems theory of motor development, each new skill is a joint product of what four factors?

-Central Nervous System Development -The body's movement capacities -The Child's Goals -The environmental supports for the skill

What is scaffolding? What is one example of it?

-when and older peer is working with a younger child and they act that level to assist the child in a certain activity. Example: A child who is writing a story may need assistance in spelling so the parent helps with that.

A toddler's first spoken words usually occur around _____ months of age.

12

Shaylyn can solve invisible displacement problems, is capable of deferred imitation, and engages in make-believe play with her father. According to Piaget, Shaylyn is in substage

6: mental representation

What educational principles are derived from Piaget's theory?

Acceptance on individual differences.

What is true about language production and comprehension?

At all ages, comprehension develops ahead of production.

What statement about sex differences in motor skills in early childhood is true?

Boys are ahead of girls in skills that emphasize force and power.

What statement is true about breastfeeding?

Breastfed babies require more frequent feedings than bottle-fed babies.

What statement about gross-motor development in early childhood is true?

By age 2, preschoolers' gaits become smooth and rhythmic.

What is a consequence of repeated child abuse?

Central nervous system damage, including reduced size and impaired functioning of the cerebral cortex.

Parents who ________ tend to have securely attached infants.

Discuss their childhoods with objectivity and balance

What dimension of Rothbar's model of temperament involves self-regulation?

Effortful Control

What evidence is consistent with Chomsky's notion of a human brain prepared to process language?

Even after extensive training, chimpanzees master only short word combinations and produce these very inconsistently.

When encouraging good nutrition DO NOT offer:

Food as a reward and allow access of all types of food ←

What statement about the development of self-control is true?

For most toddlers, assertiveness and opposition occur alongside compliance.

Although Galen met most of his early developmental milestones on time, he did not crawl until he was 12 months old. Galen's parents are concerned that he may be a late walker because he was a late crawler. What statement about Galen is true?

Galen's parents should be concerned about his development only if many motor skills are seriously delayed.

_____________ refers to any association of objects, activities, roles or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes.

Gender typing

What is true about imitation?

Imitation is harder to induce in babies 2 to 3 months old than just after birth.

What is true regarding cultural variations in motor development?

In some cultures, rapid motor progress is actively discouraged.

What factor helps explain infantile amnesia?

Infants' and toddlers' largely nonverbal memory processing.

What child is most likely to add verbs early and quickly to his or her vocabulary?

Li Ming, a Chinese girl

What statement about using synthetic growth hormone to treat short, normal-GH children is true?

Most grow only slightly taller than their previously predicted mature height.

What is the most common sleep problem among 3- to 6-year-olds?

Nightmares

What statement about family influences on gender typing is true?

Of the two sexes, boys are more gender-typed, partly due to fathers' insistence on conformity.

What statement about parents' perceptions of sibling temperament is true?

Parents often view siblings as more distinct than other observers do.

What represents evidence indicating that operational thought develops gradually?

Preschool children can be trained to perform well on Piagetian problems.

What motor skills may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development?

Reaching

How does playing social games, such as patty cake and peekaboo support early language learning?

Repetition and facial expression. One person talks and one person responds, so this helps with speaking for language development. Peekaboo performs a reaction that is involved

David is in the second grade. What error is he likely to make when attempting to write?

Reversing letters

According to Piaget, children's ________ change with age

Schemes

According to research on theory of mind, what preschoolers will be more aware of false beliefs?

Taye, who has three older brothers.

Preschoolers who spend more time in sociodramatic play

are rated as more socially competent a year later.

What are some key aspects that make a good child care program?

Teacher-Child Ratio Cleanliness and Safety procedures Times spent indoor and outdoor Teacher quality (teacher education) Warm response that reaches conversation and language Family involvement Serving meals Providing developmental screening Program evaluation Appropriate environment curriculum

Research on both first- and second- language learning reveals

a biologically based timeframe for optimum language development.

What is true about make-believe play?

When adults participate, toddlers' make-believe is more likely to combine pretend acts into complex sequences.

Which of the following statements about the Chinese method of teaching drawing skills beginning in the preschool years is true?

When taught to paint, Chinese children follow prescribed brush strokes, at first copying their teacher's model.

One reason that preschoolers enrolled in community-based intervention programs like Head Start fare less well than those in university-based programs is taht Head Start preschoolers

are more economically disadvantaged.

Preschool and young school-age children are especially likely to imitate TV violence because compared to older children, they

are more likely to believe that TV fiction is real.

Which child rearing style involves high involvement and high acceptance?

authoritative

Researchers agree that _______ stems from abnormal brain functioning, usually due to to genetic or prenatal environmental causes.

autism

In a study in which researchers made periodic home visits to several hundred U.S. low-income, first-time mothers and their babies, the majority of

babies were fed solid foods and juices too early.

Piaget paid far more attention than Vygotsky to the development of

basic cognitive processes.

Mirror neurons are believed to

be the biological basis of a variety of interrelated, complex social abilities.

Compared with North American Caucasian infants, Chinese, and Japanese babies tend to be

better at quieting themselves.

According to research , children who spend more time engaged in sociodramatic play are

better at regulating emotion.

During early childhood,

body proportions become similar to those of adults.

The most effective forms of parental discipline encourage good conduct through

building a mutually respectful bond with the child.

Research on preschoolers' pragmatic development reveals that

by age 2, children can take turns and respond appropriately in conversations.

Research reveals that deaf children

can generate an intricate natural language, even when reared in language-deficient environments.

Preschoolers' rapidly expanding vocabularies and general knowledge support their impressive skill at

categorizing

Preoperational children fail Piaget's class inclusion problem because they

center on the overriding perceptual feature and do not think reversibly.

While at the park, Josey saw a man watering flowers. Since she didn't know the word "gardener", she called him the plant-man". This is an example of how preschoolers

coin new words using ones they already know.

Formation of synapses and myelination in the reticular formation

contribute to gains in sustained attention throughout childhood into adolescence.

Infant-directed speech and parent-child conversation

create a zone of proximal development in which children's language expands.

The effects of early attachment security on later adjustment

depend on the quality of future relationships.

Reaching improves as _______ advances and as infants gain greater _______.

depth perception; control of body posture

As the preschool child's symbolic mastery improves, make-believe play

detaches from the real-life conditions associated with it.

With respect to development of categories, Korean toddlers

develop object-sorting skills later than English-speaking toddlers.

One reason that very young babies' habituation times are so much longer than older infants' is that they have difficulty

disengaging attention from a stimulus.

Typically, gains in IQ and achievement test scores from attending Head Start and other preschool interventions programs

dissolve during the first few years of elementary school.

Four-year-old Parvati's parents label emotion words and explain them to her. Parvati is likely to be advanced in development of

emotion understanding

With respect to the role of infant temperament in attachment security, babies with genotypes that predispose them to high ___________ are at increased risk for insecure attachment when they experience insensitive caregiving.

emotional reactivity

To help young children avoid developing rigid gender schemas, teachers should

ensure that all children spend time in mixed-gender play activities and in unstructured pursuits.

Overlapping-waves theory emphasizes that ________ is vital for developing new, more effective solution techniques to challenging problems.

experimenting with diverse strategies

All researchers acknowledge that

exploration of objects contributes to infants and toddlers' advances in categorization.

Control of one's hands and fingers such as drawing, cutting, pasting, and putting puzzles together all are examples of:

fine-motor development

In Vygotsky's view, children speak to themselves

for self-guidance.

What parent behaviors promotes peer sociability and social competence during the preschool years?

frequently engaging in parent-child play

Educational television programs with slow-paced action and easy-to-follow narratives are associated with

gains in vocabulary and reading skills.

As 4 month-old Molly stares at her crib mobile over a period of several minutes, she gradually loses interest in it. This is an example of

habituation.

Parents with conflict-ridden marriages and with mental health problems are more likely to

have-hard-to manage children

Longitudinal studies suggest that persistent childhood lead exposure contributes to

impaired cognitive performance and antisocial behavior.

Research on cross-cultural differences in use of physical punishment indicates that

in African-American families, such discipline is generally mild and delivers in a context of parental warmth.

Jake pushes Emma, causing her to cry. The teacher points out to Jake, "She's crying because you pushed her," explaining the effect of his misbehavior. This example is a type of discipline known as:

induction

During the Strange Situation, Samir is unresponsive to his mother while she is present. When his mother leaves, Samir is not distressed. Upon her return, he does not greet her, and he fails to cling when she picks him up. Samir is displaying _______ attachment

insecure-avoidant

Elaborative reminiscing that focuses on young children's ______ plays an especially important role in early self-concept development

internal states

Two-year-old Colton is a heavy viewer of television. Research indicates that Colton

is at risk for attention, memory, and reading difficulties in the early school years.

Infants and toddlers who frequently experience _________ with adults show faster vocabulary development through 2 years of age.

joint attention

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of toddlerhood is

kautonomy versus shame and doubt

Processing several competing events simultaneously may be vital in cultures where children largely learn through

keen observation of others' ongoing activities.

The more informal literacy experiences 3-year-old Brandon has, the better his

language and emergent literacy development.

In left-handed people,

language is often shared between the hemispheres.

In a study in which 3-month-olds were shown two side-by-side video images of their kicking legs, one from their own perspective and one from an observers' perspective, they

looked longer at the observer's view.

Disease is a major contributor to _______, hindering both physical growth and cognitive development.

malnutrition.

At 14 months, Tommy can recall the location of a hidden object after a delay of a day or more. This indicates that Tommy is capable of

mental representation

In a series of studies using the violation-of-expectation method, Renee Baillargeon and her collaborators claimed to have found evidence for _______ in the first few months of life.

object permanence

As a preschool teacher, name and describe one thing you can do to provide to ensure that early childhood motor development is encouraged.

offer drawing or painting outdoor or indoor playtime Engaging in gross motor play (sports)

To induce improvements in infant feed practices, in 2009 the U.S. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children

offered mothers who breastfeed enhanced food packages for the first 12 months.

What illustrates an early capacity for intersubjectivity?

parent-infant mutual gaze.

A larger working memory

permits preschoolers to generate increasingly complex play goals.

Beginning in early childhood, the capacity for effortful control predicts

persistence, task mastery, and academic achievement.

What statement regarding empathy and sympathy in children is true?

preschoolers who have parents who show empathic concern for their feelings are likely to react with concern to others' distress.

Authoritative parents typically make demands for mature behavior that are

reasonable, consistently enforcing and explaining those demands.

Compared with securely attached infants, avoidantly attached

receive overstimulating, intrusive care

What parent-child activity best supports development of planning in early childhood?

referring to a pattern while constructing an airplane out of small building blocks

Three-month-old Morgan learned how to move a mobile by kicking her foot, which was attached to the mobile by a long cord. Morgan will

remember how to activate the mobile for one week after training.

What strategy should parents use to promote healthy eating habits in their preschool chilren

repeatedly offer nutritious new foods without pressuring to eat them.

Around one month, as babies enter Piaget's substage 2, they start to gain voluntary control over their actions through

repeating chance behaviors largely motivated by basic needs.

Preschoolers who develop well intellectually have parents who

resolve conflicts with reason instead of physical force and punishment.

Two-year-old Helena has the short 5-HTTLPR gene. Because she has the "susceptibility attribute," Helena is likely to

respond especially well to interventions aimed at reducing parental stress.

At 18 months, Eric's mother guides his efforts at building a large tower of blocks. As Eric's competence increases, his mother gradually withdraws her support. This example illustrates the concept of

scaffolding.

Perhaps the most complex self-help skill of early childhood is

shoe tying.

Vygotsky believed that complex mental activities have their origins in

social interaction.

Although the issue of cultural bias in mental testing has been hotly debated,

test scores remain important because by age 6 to 7, they are good predictors of later academic achievement.

Research on high-quality child care in Australia and Norway confirms that

the amount of time spent in childcare is unrelated to children's behavior problems

What is a possible reason for rising rates of overweight and obesity in young children?

the increase in overweight and obesity among adults, who promote unhealthy eating habits in their young children.

A study of the long-term effects of the High/Scope Perry Preschool Project found that

those who had attended preschool were more likely to have graduated from high school and college.

Children master the gross-motor skills of early childhood

through everyday play.

What is true about the educational consequences of computers in early childhood classrooms

using computer languages to make designs or build structures leads to gains in problem solving and metacognition,

Children with damage to the cerebellum

usually display both motor and cognitive deficits.

In village and tribal cultures, make-believe play is limited, and when it occurs, children

usually imitate adult work

EEG, NIRS, and fMRI measures of neural activity reveal especially rapid growth from early to middle childhood in the prefrontal-cortical areas devoted to

various aspects of executive function.

In early childhood, _________ aggression gradually replaces _______.

verbal; physical

Like Piaget, information-processing researchers

view children as active, inquiring beings.

What children's play activities is cause for concern, often indicating adjustment problems?

watching peers without playing.

_____ refers to a range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners

zone of proximal development