FAMS

Dead Space

* ""Space" left in a wound following a surgical procedure -tumor resection, disruption of tissue plains or tissue dissection due to trauma -fills with blood or serum thereby increasing risk of infection; prevents tissue apposition and prevents healing * Managed by -suturing all tissue plans >> tacking upper plane to lower plan external fascia -use of drains -pressures dressing

IBK Vaccines

* 15 commercial available -M. bovis -killed bacterin -labeled for 1-2 doses - most need booster first year -varied number of strains available - "premade" against different pilli (but pilli can change) * Autogenous vaccine -bacterial cultures taken from cows on a specific farm -killed bacterin vaccine made from the specific cultures -a minimum of 150 doses ** VACCINES NOT PROVEN TO BE VERY EFFECTIVE **

Combo Antibiotic Therapy

* Excede PLUS -Fluoroquinolone OR -Macrolide

Lumbosacral Epidural

* For sedated animals (mostly swine and small ruminants) -used for taps -should be sedated, keep legs underneath them to stretch out this space * High volume caudal epidurals not successful in these species * C-section, hernias, prolapses, penis, prepuce and rear limbs * Use spinal needle and block skin (clip and scrub) * Site for injection -just caudal to last spinous process of L6 (in swine) -draw line between wings of the ilium on either side and go just caudal

Different Methods of Bovine Restraint

* Gate * Lariat * Headgate * Chute * Chemical

Lameness in Sows and Boars

* Injuries * Overgrown toes and dew claws -sometimes due to conformation -smooth surfaces not good for wearing -concrete is best * Shoulder sores in sows

Category 4 Calf Protocol

* Most of these calves would benefit from metaphylaxis * Do not vaccinate * Parasite control -deworm and delice -coccidiastat

Preputial Prolapse

* Mostly described in bulls * Genetic - bulls with pendulus sheath and excessive preputial skin -polled bulls that lack retractor prepuce muscles * Injuries during copulation -tissue trapped between abdomen of bull and bony pelvis of female at intromission -artificial vagina injury * Exposure of tissue pets at risk for trauma

Cattle Purchasing

* Must match cattle purchasing to farm resoures and abilities * Large stocker operators must be willing to stop purchasing cattle in the face of a train wreck

Abdominal Exploratory Considerations

* Ruminants need to eructate * Standing procedures are easier for the animal -can eructate -compartmental syndrome -nerve damage * Sedatives and tranquilizers may result in animals laying down

Sudden Death: GI

* Ruptured abomasal or cecal ulcer -Cu deficiency and C. Perfrigens -usually babies, but ulcer could lead to death in any animal

Rhododendron Toxicity

* Usually in goats (and other small ruminants) -cattle won't eat this * Usually occurs in late winter (looking for something to browse on ) Clinical Signs * Projectile vomiting (the ONLY differential for this in ruminants) * Generalized weakness Treatment * Supportive

Tetanus

* Very rare in cattle * Stiff gait, third eye protrusion on loud noise, down * Almost always secondary to banding large cattle

Reasons Cows Get Fluids

1) Animal dehydration 2) Rumen dehydration 3) Carrier for medications 4) Stimulate appetite

Receiving Cattle

1) Cattle purchasing 2) Arrival program -feeding and environment 3) Arrival processing program 4) Arrival disease recognition and treatment program

Deciding Between Oral and IV fluids

<8% dehydrated * Oral fluids >8% dehydrated * IV and oral fluids 8% dehydrated * Based on the clinical case

Fat Necrosis

A condition in cattle in which excessive fat accumulates in and around abdominal organs. The fat furthermost from the blood supply necroses and saponifies becoming rock hard Epidemiology * Common in Channel Island breeds * Fat cattle are at higher risk than thin * Lesions develop as an inflammatory response around degenerating adipose cells * Cattle on fescue are thought to have a higher incidence Clinical signs * Usually subclinical and discovered on rectal palpation * Signs are related to intestinal obstruction * Weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, abdominal enlargement * Cattle may show signs of abdominal discomfort Treatment * None

Ileus (Pseudoobstruction)

A condition in lactating dairy cattle that mimics complete intestinal obstruction Clinical Signs * Presenting signs are off feed, partial anorexia * Some cows may show mild signs of colic * Rectal palpation - little to no feces, sticky mucus with a stale odor * Decreased rumen motility * Pings on the right side * Normal to slightly elevated HR * Lab values are normal Diagnosis * Palpate - distension of guts is not extreme and flatten under gentle pressure Treatment * Watch * Pump with fluids, probiotics, calcium, NaCl and Potassium * Surgery - manipulating the intestines, remove gas Prognosis * Usually resolves on its own - could be confused with simple indigestion

Calf Scours Rule Outs

Agammaglobulinemia * TP: should be at least 5.5 * Sodium sulfit test (precipitation test) * Plasma transfusion OR whole blood administered intraperitoneally * Systemic abx - Nuflor, ceftiofur E. coli * 1-4 days (available receptors - K99 pilli) * ETEC: secrete toxin > cells secrete fluid > absorptive capacity is overcome and results in diarrhea (do not cause a bacteremia) * EHEC: aka adhering and effacing e. coli (2+ weeks) * Enteroinvasive e. coli - systemic bactermia/septicemia -FTP-associated (grows up the navel) -or enter up the tonsils * Culture? * Amoxicillin, Ceftiofur, use Scourguard vaccine for herd Salmonella * Any age; usually 1+ weeks * Culture * Nuflor IV, ceftiofur * Herd - use of Endovac Bovi, J-5 vaccine Cryptosporidiosis * Can be primary, but usually secondary to other things * Fecal float * Eliminate other stressors, move hutches * Some people think giving Vitamin A might be helpful * Rotavirus -FA, EM -fluids * Coronavirus -FA, EM -fluids * Coccidiosis -start to see around 3 weeks of age -sulfa drugs -Amprolium

Dehorning

Anesthesia * Block the cornual branch of the zygomaticotemporal nerve * Runs under zygomatic ridge - palce 2-3 ml of lidocaine Procedure * Depends on size of the horn * Always clip hair away -cleaner -increase visibility -doesn't smell if using cautery Techniques * Buttons (cautery) * Barnes dehorners * Giglee wire * Saw Controlling hemorrhage * Cautery * Pull the blood vessels * Blood spot powder

Milk Secretion

Apocrine vs. Merocrine Merocrine * Cow, sheep * Cells stay intact * Milk gets out through micelles > attach to cell wall > expelled out Apocrine * Goats * Cell wall breaks off * Secretion of cytoplasmic particles * Small portion containing DNA * Part of the problem with goat having higher somatic cell count

Working Up BRDC Treatment Failures of Stocker Operations

Apparent treatment failure * Problem with timely disease recognition * Antibiotic resistance * Super bug

Classification of Preputial Prolapse

Class I * Simple preputial prolapse with slightl to moderate edema without laceration, necrosis, or fibrosis * Either conservative or surgical treatment with good prognosis Class II * The prolapsed prepuce has moderate to severe edema, may have superficial lacerations or slight necrosis but has no evidence of fibrosis * Surgical is the usual course of therapy with a good to guarded prognosis Class III * There is severe edema of the prolapsed prepuce with deep lacerations, moderate necrosis, and slight fibrosis * Surgery is indicated and the prognosis is guarded Class IV * The prolapsed prepuce has been exposed for quite some time and has severe edema, deep lacerations, deep necrosis, and often abscess * Surgery and salvage by slaughter are the only options, and a guarded to poor prognosis follows surgery

Types of Wounds

Clean * Non-traumatic, no break of aseptic technique * Ex. right flank pyloro-omentopexy of the abomasum, umbilical hernia repair Clean-contaminated * Entering into a luminal organ without spillage * Ex. c-section Contaminated * Entering into a luminal organ with spillage fresh traumatic * Barnes dehorning, castration, rumen cannulation, mam. vein. lac Dirty * Gross infection, old trauma, devitalized wounds with necrotic tissue * Wire injuries, puncture wounds, equipment wounds, calving injuries, and "found her this way"

Nitrate Toxicity

Clinical signs * Anoxia (exercise intolerance, down, seizures, belligerent) > ACUTE Toxic principle * Methemoglobin (inability to bind oxygen) Diagnosis * Chocolate brown blood Treatment * 1% solution Methylene blue at 10mg/kg * Or 1cc Vit C per 5 lbs bw if unavailable Source * Drought stressed plants, especially summer annuals, millet, sorghum, sudan grass, Johnson grass, oats

Sudden Death: Environmental Stressors

Cold * Neonates at highest risk * Ruminants being wet is really bad Heat stress * All cattle * 90+ degrees * Panting - need relief Trauma * Gunshot (deer season; common r/o) * Injured by another animal Lightening * Electrical fence line * Hooves blown off

How Do We Measure SCC

DNA specific counting methods * Fossomatic electronic cell counter -fossomatic must be calibrated to goat milk >> 27% higher if you don't change from cow (apocrine vs. merocrine secretion) * Direct microscopic counts using -DNA specific stains

History of Antibiotics in Stocker Cattle

Dark Ages * Few choices of treatment -Oxytetracycline, sulfas, etc. * No single dose treatment (LA 200) * Lots of extra-label drug use -Spectinomycin, LS-50, gentamycin, cloramphenicol Golden Era * Started with introduction of Micotil in the fall of 1992 -1st highly effective single dose therapy for BRDC * Seemingly a new antibiotic release was right around the corner * All products were highly effective and convenient -expensive on per dose basis but effetiveness and convenience quickly won producers over Current Era * Rise of in vitro resistance * Clinically abx appear to be less effective than they were previously * Mortality in feedyards increasing at a rate of 0.1 precentage points per year

Free Gas Bloat

Decrease in ruminal contractions * Consumption a an amount of concentrate that the animal is not used to eating, resulting in increased volatile fatty acids, and as the pH drops below 5.3, lactic acid. This increase in VFA and decreased pH result in inhibition of cyclic contractions of the forestomachs, decreasing eructation resulting in gas accumulation. Blockages * Obstruction of the esophagus * Postural bloat - cardia is submerged below the ruminal gas cap, occurs when an animal casts itself up against a fence, in a ditch or feed trough and can't get into sternal recumbency

Delayed and Secondary Closure

Delayed primary * With swelling, moderate contamination or delayed response * Wound is sutured before granulation tissue but after several days of daily lavage, debridement and bandage/cold hosing -not very common in FA Secondary * Wound is closed after granulation tissue * Often with skin flaps and under tension * Rare, particularly in FA

Integrated Parasite Control

Encourage all producers to use integrated parasite control!!! * Look at each farm separately - assess need for deowrming -nutritional status * Pasture management -rotation or high density grazing that allows for avoidance of parasite larvae >> about 5 days for infective larvae to develop, assume can survive at least 2 months in grazing season -mixd species grazing or alternating cattle and other species >> benefitted other aniamls more than cattle in some studies but still a good idea -using pastures for hay or crops after grazing

Enucleation vs. Exenteration

Enucleation * Infection within the globe * Glaucoma * Globe rupture - traumatic or 2ndary Extenteration * Ocular neoplasia - SCC >2.5 cm -retrobulbar lymphosarcoma Procedure * Physical restraint - head catch and halter * Anesthesia -sedation: recommended; acepromazine, xylazine, butorphanol or combo -local: Peterson Eye Block or 4 point retrobulbar block * Analgesia: NSAIDS? Butorphanol? * Abx: Systemic (in studies used 2/3's of time) * Clipping: need to be extra careful that hair doesn't end up in wound * Suture closure: ford interlocking, simple continuous or horizontal mattress

Small Intestine Volvulus, Torsion of the Root of the Mesentery

Epidemiology * Sporadic Clinical signs * Acute onset with rapid progression * Increased respiratory and HR * Very painful * Rapid abdominal enlargement Diagnosis * Percuss and ausculatate - pings over the right paralumbar fossa * Rectal palpation - feel a distended mass Treatment * Usually none due to poor prognosis

Tension Relieving Sutures

Excessive tension can cause * Pressure necrosis * Suture failure * Interrupt circulation * Inhibit wound healing Types of tension relieving sutures * Near-far-far-near * Mattresses -vertical better when considering blood flow to the wound edge -stents can reduce pressure necrosis * Horizontal mattresses interfere more with peripheral healing capillaries * Vertical mattresses still hold tension but do not constrict as many peripheral healing capillaries

Assessment of Drug Efficacy

Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) is the basic on-farm procedure for assessing drug efficacy Procedure * Fecal egg counts on animals at time of treatment * Wait length of time appropriate for drug -MLs: 14-17 days, moxidectin 17-21 days -BZD or levamisole: 10-14 days * Repeat FEC (ideally same group of animals) * Calculate reduction in FEC -95%: full efficacy -90-95%: possible resistance -80-90%: resistance likely -80% resistance highly likely

What to do with Orphan Baby (Small Ruminant)

Feed Colostrum * 20ml/lb or 3/4 oz/lb first 2 hours * 100-125 ml/lb or 3.5 oz/lb 24 hours - 20% BW * Kids weigh 5-6lb * Lambs weigh 7-10lb

Feeding Bottle Babies (Small Ruminant)

Feed milk replacer * 20% BW/day * How often -first 3-4 days: minimum of 4 feedings -first thing in the morning (6am) and last thing at night (11pm)) -next 2 weeks: 3 feedings -after 2 weeks old: 2x/day * Temperature -100F fof first week (sensitive to hypothermia), room temp afterwards * Want water to be fairly hot when you mix milk replacer (in order to get fat to met and mix up) > let it coo for a little before serving

Mastitis Treatment Protocol

Fluid therapy * Hypertonic saline IV (2-3ml/lb) * Oral fluid therapy (10 gallons) Antibiotics (gram-) 3 days * Oxytet 10mg/lb IV * Sulfadimethoxine (Albon) * Ceftiofur NSAIDS * Flunixin (2ml/100lbs IV) Other supportive therapies

IBK Preventative Practices

Fly control - FACE flies * Fly tags (OP's and permethrins/pyrethroids) - rotatio due to resistance * Pour-ons * Spraying Pasture management * Bush hogging * Weed control Feeding management * Keeping hay from being fed where cattle are allowed to "dig in" UV Protection * Provide shade

BVD (Neurologic)

Hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia

IV Fluid Therapy for Calf Scours

Hypertonic * Smaller volume * Quicker * Cheaper * Can calves absorb follow-up oral fluids? Isotonic * 2-4 L LRS or saline * 60 cc bicarb added (saline only) * +/- 60 cc 50% dextrose -wait to gie it till the end if they are really still out of it

Sudden Death: Metabolic

Hypocalcemia (milk fever) * Lack of muscle contraction and nerve conduction -heart failure Hypomagnesemia * Nerve conduction, neurologic function * Ground destroyed around - paddilng, head bobbing Salt intoxication/water deprivation * Chopped the ice or fixed broken waterer * Death occurs when water access is restored

Distance Lameness Exam

Identify lame limb(s) * Side view and rear view * Severity of lameness * Lacerations * Ataxic animal, knuckling, dragging toes Swelling above the coronary band * FOOT ROT Swelling at the pastern or higher * Swelling over a joint * Cellulitis (inflammation of SQ tissue) * Try to determine if animal has upper leg problems -swelling, clicking, crepitus, reluctant to kick * Conformation of limbs and claws -overgrowth, angle of claw, screw claw -looking at feet - can tell how often they trim feet * BCS and general health of animal

When do you have to be Careful with Oral Fluid Therapy?

In cases of abdominal distensions especially rumenal distension

Lameness Lesions of the Foot

Infectious * Heel warts (DD) * Foot rot * Heel erosion Non-infectious * Interdigital hyperplasia (corns) * Sole/toe ulcer * White line disease * Thin soles * Cork screw claw * Wall cracks and fissures

Lameness Lesions of the Foot

Infectious * Heel warts (DD) * Foot rot * Heel erosion Non-infectious * Interdigital hyperplasia (corns) * Sole/toe ulcer * White line disease * Thin soles * Cork screw claw * Wall cracks and fissures

Major Diseases of the Bovine Eye

Infectious * Primary DZ - infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) Neoplasia * Primary DZ - SCC Trauma or foreign body * Distinguish - the ulcer is not central nad goes to the edge of the sclera

Infectious Etiologies of Bovine Eye Disorders

Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivits * MAJOR Minor * Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis * Malignant Catarrhal Fever Keratoconjunctivitis * Listeriosis caused ocular signs * Bovine Virus Diarrhea causing retinal dysplasia, cataracts, microphthalmia, optic neuritis * Ocular signs of neonatal septicemia

Choke

Intraluminal * Causes an acute condition * Foreign bodies - apples, pears, potatoes, corn cobs, etc. -ask owner what the animal's diet consists of -what season of the year is i? >> is it during times when certain fruits or nuts are available? * Boluses of dry grain, especially small ruminants Extraluminal * Condition likely to develop over a period of days with the clinical presentation at first being coughing or gagging type reactions * Cellulitis from injections * Abscesses, enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes, tumors, or pneumonia * Hypoderma lineatum larvae (bots, warbles) * Constriction from previous episode of choke Clinical signs * Increased salivation and attempts to swallow * May throw head from side to side to try to dislodge mass * Various degrees of bloat depending on how much of the esophagus is occluded. Some animals may still be able to eructate but not to the full extend resulting in a distended rumen. This is depending on the structure of the occluding object * This is usually an emergency if the animal can't eructate - however should be the firt case of teh day seen as it could result in full obstruction and bloat * May stagger because of anoxia due to bloat Pathophysiology * Places where things get stuck -post pharyngeal -thoracic inlet -base of the heart * Animals may be acidotic and dehydrated because of loss of bicarbonate and excessive salivation * May be hyponatremic and hypokalemic Treatment * Rumen trocar if severely bloated and about to die - last resort * Sedation with xylazine may help relax the animal as well as the musculature allowing for relaxing of the esophageal wall and passage of obstruction * Manually remove object, may be able to massage object up to pharynx * Loop a piece of wire (coat hanger) and pass down esophagus and over the object and retract * Pass a stomach tube and push the object into the rumen * Rumenotomy and pass a wire loop up the esophagus * Trocarize the rumen, sedate and give 24 hours to see if it will resolve on its own After resolving choke * Abx for prevention or treatment of aspiration pneumonia * NSAIDS - always to reduce inflammation and pain * Fluids as needed * Feed a soft diet * Slaughter may be indicated if choke cannot be resolved Prognosis * Good unless damaged esophageal mucosa Follow Up * Water for recurrence during the nextt 24 hours post choke * Ensure access to water

Tests for Subclinical Ketosis

Ketostix * Urine AcAc: Small -Sensitivity: 78% -Specificity: 96% KetoTest strip: Milk B-OH butyrate * Sensitivity: 88% * Specificity: 90% Milk AcAc * Sensitivity: 41% * Specificity: 99% Handheld POC BHBA testing for subclinicla ketosis * Human machine * Precision Xtra most popular -100% sensitive

Umbillical Hernia

Large (3 fingesr or bigger) * Surgical correction * Place in dorsal recumbency * Incise skin in elliptical manner and dissect sac from the skin -abscesses are often associated with umbilical hernias -dissect abscess first! * Mattress suture Small * Non-surgical * Reduce and place gauze and vet wrap over herniation for smaller ones * About 80% will close up within 2-3 weeks

Down Cow - Where in the Production Cycle?

Last 2 months of gestation * Starvation * Winter tetany * MS injury Immediately Post Calving * MS injury * Mineral deficiency * Toxic mastitis 2-30 days PP * MS injury * Mineral deficiency (less common) * Toxic mastitis * Toxic metritis (rare)

Local Anesthetics

Lidocaine hydrochloride (2%) * Cheap and works well * Don't want to push it into a vessel ideally * Duration: 90 minutes +/- 30 minutes; can add epinephrine to increase Bupivicaine (0.25-0.5%): can be toxic if given IV * Duration: 2-4 hours * Limited toxicity and cost is most important in FA Toxic doses * Lidocaine -cattle: 10 mg/kg cattle (for 1400 lb cow, ~300 ml) -small ruminant: 5 mg/kg in small ruminants (50 lb goat; ~4.5 ml) >> dilute with sterile saline (half and half to make 1% solution) Cost * Lidocaine: ~10/ml * Bupivicaine: ~0.12/ml * Potency and duration of activity can be increased by adding epinephrine (0.1 ml to 20 ml lidocaine) -don't use in spinal cord or around tissue edges because of potential tissue necrosis

Prolapse: First Questions

Male or female? * Male: rectal, preputial * Female: rectal, vaginal, uterine If female: * Is she pregnant or has she calved recently? * Which hole is it coming from? -if "bottom hole" (vulva): long and bumpy = uterus; short and smooth = vaginal

Preputial Prolapse Treatment

Medical management * Sepsis control -cleaning/flushing/debridement -topical +/- systemic abx * Edema reduction -emillient application, bandaging >> avoid restricting blood flow and urine drainage -cold water hydrotherapy * Eventual return of damaged tissue to preputial cavity - repeat injury common Surgical treatment * Can improve outcome - tends to be referral * Must be economically justified -Bull's value (it's genetic!) and remaining breeding life * Preoperative wound management necessary * Options -avulsion of prepuce (AV injury): immediate primary closure of wound -circumcision (when scar tissue is present): resection and anastamosis of prepuce, best prognosis -preputial amputation: easier to perform, wound contracture stenosis common sequale (poor outcomes)

Pregnancy Toxemia (Sm Ru) Treatment

Mild Ketosis * Oral glucogenic precursors -propylene glycol: 60-200 mL PO q6-12 hours up to 6 days -glycerol: 60 mL PO q12 hours for 3-6 days -alternatives: calcium proprionate, sodium proprionate, liquid molasses, sodium lactate, ammonium lactate >> not metabolized as quickly as propylene glycol >> can disrupt normal flora, predisposing to ruminal acidosis Treating Acidosis/Dehydration/Anorexia * Oral dextrose and electrolyte solutions -calf electrolytes for neonatal diarrhea >> 160 mL PO 3-4x for 3-6 days >> 45 g glucose, 8.5 g NaCl, 6.17 g glycine, electrolytes -acidosis and dehydration * Appetite stimulant -Vit B complex/Vit B12 -50-125 mL 20% calcium borogluconate SQ -oral calcium gel preparations * Offer a variety of high energy feed/limit roughage intake Moderate to Severe Ketosis * Oral/IV fluids and IV dextrose -on farm: 250 mL of 20% dextrose, 500 mL of 10% dextrose, or 120 mL of 50% dextrose >> follow up with daily propylene glycol and fluids >> hypertonic bicarbonate if acidotic with oral fluids -in hospital: 2x maintenance with 2.5-5% dextrose * Insulin: facilitates tissue glucose uptake and inhibits fatty acid mobilization -protamine zinc insulin: 20-40 IU/animal IM every 2 days -ultralente insulin: 10-25 U SQ every 3 days -only in hospital to monitor their glucose Supportive Care * Anti-inflammatories (flunixin meglumine) * PPN/TPN - hospitalized valuable animals * Transfaunation * Antioxidants (Vit C; BOSE) * Thiamine * Deworming if indicated -NOT levamisole (associated with abortions) or albendazole (teratogenic) Parturition Induction * Value of dam vs. fetus -if dam is sick, fetuses are compromised * Gestational age for safe parturition induction -ewes: 140th day; does: 143rd day * Induction may be necessary to save dam -prostaglandins (10-15mg dinoprost/lutalyse) -steroids (10-20mg dexamethasone) >> corticosteroids also assist in gluconeogenesis and increase appetite * Emergency c-section may be warranted * Euthanasia

BRD Economic Impact

Most economically important disease in feeders * Prevention costs * Treatment costs * Death loss * Chronics * Decreased gain performance * Decreased feed conversion * Decreased carcass value * Labor costs

Bloody/Surgical Castration

Newberry knife * Splits scrotum longitudinally * Scrotum split into to 2 flaps of skin Scalpel blade/pocket knife * Remove bottom half of scrotum Extraction * Strip!!!! * Grab testicle and pull downward, at the same time, grab the scrotum and strip it up to the base of the scrotum * Goal is to "free up" the spermatic cord from scrotum * Then keep pulling down until the spermatic cord breaks Henderson castration tool * Nut spinner (attached to drill) Emasculator * Hold for 30-60 seconds

Mastitis Culture Results

No growth * Possible that inflammatory response killed the organism * Coliforms likely -release endotoxin > huge inflammatory response -can consider freezing sample > thawing which kills the inflammatory cells and releases the bacteria inside of them (works well for staph) Growth on MacConkey Agar * Coliforms Colony formation * Moderate size round with hemolysis - SA - coagulase negative to confirm * Moderate size round with no hemolysis - CNS * Pinpoint and hemolysis (especially if greenish in color) - Strep

Metaphylaxis Use Guidelines

On arrival * If expect greater than 35% of calves are expected to get sick * Very high dollar calves * As a substitute for time/labor In the middle of an outbreak * Treatment failure not related to antibiotic resistance * 25% of calves treated on one day * 10% of calves treated for 3 days in a row * Well studied management tool that is valuable to reduce morbidity and mortality in high risk cattle

Co-Morbidities in Fresh Cows Relative Risk for Displaced Abomasum

One disorder of a fresh cow tends to be correlated or increase ris of other disorders - RUMBA

Most Common Pesticide Products

Organophosphates and Carbamates * Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors * Many gone, still see coumaphos, tetrachlorvinphos, dichlorvos, phsmet, diazinon * Sprays, spot ons, ear tags, dusts and other formulations Pyrethroids * Names end in thrin -Permethrin is a pyrethroid, not a group -pyrethrins are separate - natural product rapidly metabolized * Very common product in ear tags, pour-ons, dusts Macrocyclic Lactones * All have some activity against arthropods - pour ons msot effective for external parasites * Abamectin * Insect Growth Regulators/Insect Development Inhibitors - diflubenzurone, methoprene, cyromazine

Topical Treatments Available

Over the counter * Aluspray - protective bandage "liquid bandaid" -breathable, but dirt and insects do not penetrate * New skin - "liquid bandaid" (clear so you can see the wound better) -breathable, keeps out dirt * Aloe vera extract (with allotoin) -abx and anti-inflammatory properties; increase rate of healing * Triple abx (nacitracin, neomycin, and polymyxin B) -increase re-epithelialization * Icththammol (pine tar base) -drawing salve - pulls out infection/splinters; antifungal and antibacterial * Povidone iodine ointment -decreases bacterial concentrations and infections rates; may decrease healing strength (use sparingly) Prescription * Silver sulfadiazine -promote wound healing; used a lot of burns (even people)

Factors Affecting SCC

PMN's * 50-70% in goats -also been shown that when we have release of cytokines, neutrophils file in muhc more quickly and for longer * 5-20% in cows (lymphocytes, macrophages predominant) * 15-40% in sheep (lymphocytes, macrophages predominate) Lactation number * Increases in goats * Sheep very little influence * First lactation counts are the lowest -should be no previous infection (clean udders) Stage of lactation and month * SCC increases with DIM in goats -600-700k early lactation -800k by mid-lactation -1.8-3.4 million by late lactation - epithelial cells >> dilution effect * SCC increases at the end of lactation i sheep Estrus * Go up when they're in heat * Not eating as much > decrease in production > relatively more SCC (less dilution) Time of day * Goats higher in evening * Cows higher in evening * Sheep higher in morning Lentivirus infection * CAE in goat counts higher in 2nd and greater lactation -viral mastitis (interstitial mastitis) > increased lymphocytes in udder > some escape into milk * OPP same in sheep * BLV in cattle not a factor Management changes * Vaccination increases up to 7 days in goats by 20% * Hand milked ewes had 1/2 the SCC as machien milked ewes -but they're bacterial counts were twice as high! >> less abrasive but more contamination >> typically milk cows at 12-15 pressure, goats/sheep at 10 (may not be adjusted for these animals > higher pressure causes teat inversion) >> sheep and goat milk out within 2-3 minutes; machine winds up being left on a little longer than it should Infection * Increases cell counts * Increases more in sheep and cattle -teat infusions

Lavage and Debridement

Perfect fluid for lavage * Isotonic, warm (110-120F), and under pressure (8 psi) * Mechanical removal of contaminants - more is better * Last liter - add 25mLs chlorhexidine to 1 liter -longer residual effect; better efficacy with organic debris Debridement * Best - sharp excision of entire surface of the wound, but not the skin * Simple debridement - methodical removal of debris and devitalized tissue with forceps and scossors -NEEDS COPIOUS LAVAGE * Scraping/rubbing the wound - not recommended -messes with the matrix that is being laid down and interferes with healing

Small Ruminant Peri-parturient Metabolic Diseases

Periparturient metabolic diseases * Pregnancy toxemia * Hypocalcemia * Hypomagnesemia Cause * Failure to meet nutritional requirements during late pregnancy and/or early lactation * Conditions may co-exist * Can be significant cause of mortality if mismanaged * Reduced appetite in early stages

Rabies

Rabies should always be on r/o list in cattle with cerebrum disease * Limit exposure of humans to rabies virus * Cattle specific rabies clinical signs: tenesmus

Patient Preparation

Restraint * Physical - can the wound be properly cleaned/assessed while standing? -type of chute * Chemical -standing - mild sedation for human and animal safety? -recumbent - environment? Pain control * Systemic - butorphanol (helps to keep foot down - less kicking), xylazine, flunixin * Local anesthesia -regional is better - local anesthetics can delay healing and are irritating -ex. wound of leg, tourniquet with regional limb block as opposed to a close line block at the site of the wound

Mastitis Etiologies

S. auerus * Most common clinical infection * Cause of blue bag (Gangrenous mastitis) CNS - S. epidermidis, Caprae, Hyicus, Intermedius, Xylosus * Most common subclinical isolates * Environmental steps - rare * Pasteurelle (Mannheimia) sp. -acute and peracute mastitis in ewes, rare in goats -can cause blue bag * Coliforms -e. coli, pseudomonas, klebsiella - rare * Others -Trueperella, Pyogenes -Corynebacterium pseudotubuerculosis

Risk Factors for IBK

Season * Summer > Spring/fall > Winter -but winter outbreaks can occur due to feeding practices, confinement, UV damage from snow Age * Calves > cows -cows if not exposed to this strain can be severe Nutritional deficiencies * Protein and energy * Vitamins - A * Mineral - copper and selenium Breed * Bos taurus > Bos indicus -Herefords and Hereford crosses (black baldy)

Radial Nerve Paralysis

Secondary to lateral recumbency * Milk fever * Foot trimming -cow: >45 mins -bull >30 mins Clinical signs * Dropped elbow * Inability to extend leg Treatment * Dexamethasone * NSAIDs

FDA Approved Anthelmints for Sheep and Goats

Sheep * Thiabendazole * Albendazole * Levamisole * Ivermectin * Moxidectin Goats * Thiabendazole * Albendazole * Fenbendazole * Morantel

Mastitis Treatment

Spectramst (ceftiofur) * E. coli Pirsue (macrolide) * Staph auerus * Staph uberis

Neoplasia Affective the Bovine Eye

Squamous cell carcinoma * Bovine leukosis -exophthalmus with keratoconjunctivitis -bovine leukemia virus >> ocular manifestations not hte most common presentation >> no useful treatment - disease is disseminated

Diagnosing Neurological Disease

Start with * Signalment * History -onset and progression of signs (might not be accurate from owner) -recent changes in diet/management -vaccination -morbidity and mortality patterns * PE Epidemiology * Mortality and morbidity -the rate and extend of the spread of disease in a group of cattle may help to determine the cause -accidental, single-event intoxications usually have a high morbidity in a short period of time -multiple-event intoxications have a lower morbidity spread over an extended period of time -infectious diseases spready progressively through the group during a few days Nutrition * IMPORTANT * Composition of the diet * Recent changes in the diet * Access to water Localization * Brain -cerebrum -cerebellum * Spinal cord * Peripheral nerves

Functional Trimming

Step one (hindlimbs) * Trim toe length to three inches (7.5 cm) * Use Zinpro tool to measure from teh middle of the periople to the toe * Start on the lateral claw and trim toe * Trim medial claw at toe Step two (hindlimbs) * Trim the sole starting on the lateral claw * Use Zinpro tool to measure the depth of the sole (1/4 inch) * Trim sole starting at the toe triangle and working back to the heel (in most situations don't take much heel) Step 3 - balancing * Balance depth at heel and toe on medial claw to the lateral claw (do not over trim the heel on the medial claw) * Lay hoof knife across sole to check your balance * The sole should be flat ALL the way across both medial and lateral claws Step 4 * Dish out ulcer site * transfers weight from the center of the sole onto the wall, toe, and heel

Upper Leg Lameness

Stifle injuries common * Most common upper leg problem * ACL tears, meniscal damage, MCL or LCL tears * Feel effusion, crepitus, clicking (compare to other side once restrained) * Walk up on the toe with the heel elevated (ACL) * Mild cases heal well with small lot confinement (+/- meloxicam) at least 2-3 weeks out to a couple of months

Fescue Toxicity

Stocks * Animals growing on grass * Decrease in growth by 20-70% Cows * EED (early embryonic death) in cows bred during summer heat -embryo >104F dies first 7 days of fertilization * Appears as infertility -open cows at preg check

Mastitis

Subclinical * Normal milk with elevated somatic cells Local * Abnormal milk, normal cow Systemically ill * Abnormal milk, abnormal cow * Fever, dehydration, depression * Usually caused by coliforms (coliform mastitis) -E. coli -Klebsiella * Environmental pathogen * Classic case -Depressed ->50% reduction in milk production -8-10% dehydrated (sunken gloves) -Hard, swollen quarter -Watery milk (brown or orange in color)

Additional Restraint in Headgate

Tailjack * Always used for castration * Come straight back over and be super tight in order for it to work Halter Nose leads * Similar to twitch in horses

Drains

Three reasons 1) Evacuation of accumulated fluid 2) Prevent expected accumulation of fluid 3) Elimination of dead space Food animals * Rarely used in field -bandaging difficult - open wound allows further infection (drain has to be bandaged to absorb fluid) -requires attention daily -typically passive ** Are NOT a fix for poor debridement and suturing

Indigestion

Treatment * Long stem hay * Banamine * Calcium * Cathartics -Magnesium oxide (Maglax, the pink pills) * Endosorb * Probiotics * Oral fluids - AAS

Inflammation Phase of Wound Healing

Vascular * Vasoconstriction with platelet aggregation -stops bleeding * Vasodilation with fibrocellular cloth -open blood vessels to bring healing cells in * Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (neuts) -phagocytize bacteria and release proteases Debridement * Influenced by presence of necrotic tissue and debris (can take along time if the wound isn't cleaned by us) * Macrophage -phagocytize necrotic tissue and release proteases, kill bacteria

Mass Examination

Visual exam * Location, location, location * Any exudate? Quality? Palpation of the mass * Is it moveable or attached what kind of base does it have? * Fluctuant, soft, firm or hard * Any crepitus? Non-invasive techniques * US, rads Invasive techniques * FNA, bx

Calculating the Fluid Deficit of the Cow

Weight x % dehydration = fluid deficit * Pint's a pound the world around * 2 pints = quart * 1 quart = ~1 liter * 8 pints = 1 gallon

Submitting Samples to the Lab

Which lab? * If you're in a state with state diagnostic lab, look there first * What tests to run What tests are available? What tests should I select?

Oral Fluid Therapy for Calf Scours

Who * Calves still drinking but slow * Calves without abdominal distension What * 2-3 qts 2-3x/day Pathophysiology of Diarrhea? * Secretory * Calf maintains 100% of its absorptive capacity * Oral fluids more effective

Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test Draw Backs

Why don't people use it more often??? * Cattle have lower egg counts than horses, small ruminants -make sure animals have high enough egg counts and test accurate enough (fixable) * Have to get animals up more than once and ideally sample same ones both times * Expensive * Producers don't think they have a problem - be persuasive!!!

Will Down Cow Eat Grain?

Yes * MS or peripheral/spinal nerve injury * Starvation No * Mineral deficiency * Severely septicemic * Toxcitiy

How Much Water and What to Put in it?

* 0.5-0.75 gallons per 100# of bodyweight -warm water ideal but not required (stimulates rumen contractions??) -100 grams Ca >> off-feed/fresh dairy cows are typically hypocalcemic -90 grams KCL >> replace potassium losses -120 grams NaCl >> replace losses - 3# Alfalfa meal >> bacteria growth substrate - 12 oz Proprionate >> or propylene glycol; glucose precursors -Lactobacillus >> repopulate rumen -yeast >> bacteria growth substrate -Megalac >> energy source

Local Anesthesia for Castration

* 2% lidocaine for cattle and pigs * 1% for small ruminants * Add 1ml of sodium bicarb to 10ml of lidocaine -helps balance acidity of lidocaine so it doesn't burn as much * Site -spermatic cord: draw back to avoid injecting in vessel -intratesticular

Milk Replacer

* 22% protein and 20% fat * 10-12 of body weight * Increase amount or fat content if cold * Feed at least 2 times per day (5-6% BW at each meal) * Access to water - some milk replacers are high in Na * Access to a calf starter with a minimum of 18% protein

Propylene Gycol for Subclinical Ketosis

* 4 freestall herds * Tested on M, W, F between 3-16 DIM * Subclinical Ketosis 1.2-2.9 mmol/L -300 ml PG QD daily until BHBA <1.2 mmol/L -negative control * Treated cows -1.5x more likely to resolve -0.5x less likely to develop clinical ketosis -gave 2.9 lbs more milk/d for the first 30 days * If you're screening cows routinely, go ahead and treat (accordign to this study) * But do these few lbs of milk produce more money than you would spend screening???

Winter Tetany

* 6-9 months gestation * Ca, Mg, K all low but not low enough to cause the cow to be down by itself -Ca ~5 -Mg ~1 -K ~2 Causes * Poor quality hay or hay not grown during fast growing conditions -really good stuff, not much in there * Poor mineral availability -lack of mineral or mineral not close to hay or water * Herd outbreak -2-5% over 24 hours -weather front coming through Treatment * CMPK * Oral Ca-Mg-K supplementation * +/- anti-inflammatories -no steroids because they're pregnant! Mroe than 4 months pregnant should not get steroids

Fatty Liver

* A cow in condition score >4.5 cow calves * She was eating free choice corn silage diet in late gestation * She gets sick and dies regardless of therapy Hepatic Lipidosis * AKA Liver steatosis, fat cow syndrome, pregnancy toxemia (UK) Fatty Liver (Type II diabetes?) * Glucose low, but insulin is high * Mitochondrial uptake of NEFAs is the limiting factor -hepatocyte re-esterifies NEFA (remakes a triglyceride) * Triglycerides accumulate in the liver -rapid synthesis exceeds the capacity to export with lipoproteins -result: fatty liver -insulin resistance??? Clinical Signs * Anorectic cow (all you may see) -fat cows eat less * The cow may not be fat when you examine her! -especially if weight loss started in the period Clinical pathology * Elevations in bilirubin, AST, and SDH -cholestasis -liver leakage enzymes * Hypoglycemia * Decreased tCO2 -acidotic (ketones are acids)

BRDC Treatment Success

* A joint result of calves' defenses and drug treatment * No antibiotic good enough without help from calf

Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome

* AKA Jejunal Hemorrhage Syndrome, Bloody Gut * Highly fatal intestinal disease of predominantly dairy cattle in early lactation Epidemiology * Cause is currently unknown * Majority of cases occur within the first 100 days of lactation * There have been a few reprots in beef cattle * Diets high in protein and energy and reduced fiber are associated with the condition * Is associated with an overgrowth of Clostridium perfringens type A * Aspergillus fumigatus may also be involved in the development of the disease * Lesions associated with the condition: -segmental or multifocal hemorrhage within the SI, primarily the jejunum, occasionally the ileum and duodenum -affected sections are distended and purple to red discoloration due to intraluminal and intermural blood clots -gas accumulation may occur orad to the clots Clinical signs * Cows may be debilitated, dead or dying due to sudden and massive hemorrhage * Increased HR and RR, MM may be pale depending on amount of hemorrhage * Temperature may be low due to shock * Progressive abdominal distension, especially in the lower right side * Reduced fecal output and signs of colic * Low pitched pings in the lwoer right quadrant from gas distended loops of bowel * US - distended loops, may see blood clots * Bloody feces, sometimes with large blood clots Treatment * Successful treatment is rare * Treat for shock - fluids, NSAIDs, antibiotics (penicillin) * Surgery - break down clots within the intestine to relieve blockage * Enterotomy and intestinal resection may be required to remove blockage as well as necrotic gut Prevention * Identify management procedures that reduce the cow's immune status * Ration formulation for transition and lactation periods * Silage management to reduce mold formation * Feed addities and vaccine may prove to be helpful but currently no scientific evidence to support this

Field Necropsy PPE

* AT MINIMUM - gloves, rubber boots, coveralls * Consider based on risk assessment - splash protection, goggles, N95 respiratory, PAPR

Periparturient Disorders in Sows

* Abortion/stillbirths and mummies; weak piglets; small litters * Retained pigs/placentas -retained placentas uncommon * Vaginal and vulva injuries -sometimes due to crate or vulvar injuries from other sows * Post-partum metritis -uncommon * Hypocalcemia -calcium gluconate: IV or SQ/IM * Mastitis and agalactia -oxytocin, penicillin, dexmethasone * Vaginal/uterine prolapse +/- rectal prolapse -worth trying to fix but can't always get back in * Failure to return to estrus

Perilla Mint (Weed)

* Acute respiratory distress -panting

Things to Consider for Castration

* Age - younger better; less tissue trauma, NS system not fully developed (less painful), easier to restrain * Size of tests - correlates with the potential for bleeding (early = less bleeding) * Flies - ideally done at a time of year where there aren't a lot of flies Age * Early age -day of birth (band placed) -less than 120 days -pigs: 2-5 days -goats and sheep: 6 months if kept as pets (avoid urolithiasis)

Sub-Clinical Ketosis vs. Clinical Ketosis

* All cows have elevated ketone bodies during the periparturient period * When concentrations exceed a limit (disagreement on limit) she is ketotic -B-OH butyrate >1400 umol/L or 14.6 mg/dL

Extra Teats

* Allis tissue forcep, lop off with metzenbaum

What to Do During Swine Quarantine

* Allow pigs to get accustomed to their new environment - including feed and housing * Monitor for any signs of clinical disease and treat as needed -can place abx in the feed or water (preferred) during the initial 5-7 days to treat secondary bacterial organisms -if become clinically ill, can treat with injectable antibiotics +/- anti-inflammatories * Can test swine for specific diseases that the incoming swine may bring to the farm

General Principles for Sample Collection

* Always take a set of formalin fixed tissues * Fresh tissues for microbiology * Fresh tissues for toxicology * +/- fluids for clinical chemistry or serology

Coccidiosis Treatment (SR)

* Amprolium most commonly used - approved for poultry and cattle but not SR -readily available for producers -Thiamine analogue - overdosing an lead to polioencephalomalacia -Range of doses described sheep causes confusion -Available as liquid for oral dosing * Sulfas were used more in the past because available to producers in feed store -now a prescription needed so used less often -affect broad range of organisms in the GIT -may need to replenish gut flora * Increasingly popular - Triazine antiprotozoals -all off label * Toltrazuril (Baycox) - sold overseas for coccidiosis in FA, poultry -not approved for any use in the US - so extra label doesn't apply * Ponazuril - metabolite of toltrazuril -sold in US for horses as Marquis - EPM treatment -small ruminant dosage: 10mg/kg, single oral dose -FARAD suggested withdrawal - 120 days for 1 dose * Diclazuril - product for ruminants (Vecoxan) overseas, approved in US for horses, chickens. Equine product no longer sold, associated with side effects -small ruminant dosage: 1 mg/kg,s ingle oral dose - appears less effective than toltrazuril -poorly absorbed so no withdrawal in Europe

Anesthesia for Lapartomy

* Anesthetizes the paralumbar fossa and abdominal wall * Common clinical uses: -DA, C-section, rumenotomy, volvulus, exploratory, liver biopsy, ovariectomy * Inverted L block * Distal paravertebral block * Line block * Proximal paravertebral block (not used very often - lots of steps) * May need to use sedation for block if fractious cow/poor facility -usually xylazine, or xyalizine stun in small ruminant (xylazine, ketamine, butorphanol) -no xylazine in sheep - can cause pulmonary edema

Hypocalcemia (Sm Ru) Clinical Signs

* Animals become isolated from flock/herd * Early: stiff gait, tremors, +/- hyperesthesia, ataxia, -lack of membane stabilization * Become hyposensitive, weak, recumbent -depletion of Ca to release Ach at NM junctin * Depleted muscle contractions -constipation and decreased rumen motility > bloat -absence of PLR -.increased HR and RR * Coma

Pregnancy Toxemia (Sm Ru) Clinical Signs

* Anorexia/depression (early) > complete recumbency and listlessness (advanced) -progression of signs over 3-4 days * Neurological signs: head pressing, circling, muscle tremors, blindness (lack of menace), star gazing appearance, ataxia -hypoglycemic encephalopathy -secondary thiamine deficiency? * Tachypnea, dyspnea, chewing/teeth grinding, excessive salivation, excessive licking * Lack of abdominal muscle tone and urine scalding

BRD Respiratory Viruses

* Antibiotics do not work on viruses because viruses are not alive * A virus injects its DNA into a living cell and has that cell reproduce more of the viral DNA. With a virus there is nothing to "kill" so antibiotics don't work on it * Viruses take over living cells...make the cell do what the virus demands...then leaves...cell is weak or dead

Which Pigs Need to Be Quarantined?

* Any new pig that comes to the farm * Even if theya re within the same "production system" but are located at different site, it is best to quarantin ethe aniamsl * If they are of the same known health status, it is still best to haev a short quarantine period - just to be cautious and safe

Respiratory Disorders of Nursery Pigs

* Atrophic rhinitis (Bordetella and Pasturella) * PRRSc * Circovirus (PCV2) * SIV * Salmonellosis -oral vaccine exists for pigs * Mycoplasma -always recommend vaccination -always titers when testing -tends to make them more susceptible to other organisms

Arrival Program Environment

* BRDC loves lots of calves and a crowded environment

Quality Feet Through Balanced Nutrition

* Balanced essential nutrients -water, protein, energy, minerals and vitamins * Nutrients with direct roles in growing and maintaining claw, skin, leg health (trace minerals) -zinc (bricks) and biotin (mortar): hoof keratin formation -Mn: joint structure and bone density -Cu: synthesis/maintenance of ligaments, tendons, bone, cartilage -Se: antioxidant and immunity, protects cell membrane

Pain Relief for Castration

* Banamine: 50mg/kg IV or transdermal -pour on: species specific * Meloxicam: 1mg/kg orally; really cheap, gives neonates 48 hours of pain relief

Haemonchus Contortus (SR)

* Barber pole worm * Bloodsucking abomasal parasite * Large numbers can cause anemia and bottle jaw, weakness, death * Decreased gains, growth * Owner may perceive sudden death but usually animals have been anemic for a while -peracute deaths can occur Confirming cause of death * McMaster test -not specific - so many different kinds of strongylid eggs -but summer to end of grazing season most eggs from H. contortus -no precise number of expected levels * Checking colors of other goats -not specific -but most common cause of anemia in sheep and goats is H. contortus * Necropsy -if you see worms in the abomasum, it's Haemonchus

Compartmentalization Syndrome

* Being down is extremely difficult on an adult cow * Every effort must be made to get the cow up as soon as possible * If the cow will not stand then every effort has to be made to minimze the damage * If the cow is down long enough the initiating poblem may be corrected yet the cow will not be able to stand

Fluid Therapy for Calf Scours

* Bicarb 8.4% solution = 1meq/ml -5-10ml/kg body weight over 10 minutes -add 5-10ml/kg in L of NS and 5% dextrose * Fluid rate: 50-80 ml/kg/hr -initially 50-8-ml/kg/hr correct deficit >> 35 kg or 77lb calf: 1.75-2.8 L in an hour >> 47 kg or 100 lb calf: 2.4-3.8 L in an hour -maintenance 50-100 ml/kg over 24 hour period * Banamine - 0.5mg/lb * Oral fluid -no more than 2 L at a time -large calves 2 L via orogastric tube, smaller calves 1 L * Bismuth salicylate -50-60 mL

Sweet Vernal Grass (Weed)

* Bleed out (like rat poison) * Grows in poorly managed sod

Advantages of Orbseal

* Blocks teat canal * Environmental streps and coliforms

Lidocaine MOA

* Blocks the fast voltage-gated Na channels in the neuronal cell membrane * With sufficient blockage, the voltage gated Na channels will not open and an action potential will not be generated * When we're doing these blocks (especially something like inverted L) - have to be strategic about blocking in all of the plans to ensure a good block

Dairy Teat Lesions

* Bovine Ulcerative Mammilitis (Herpesvirus II and IV) * Pseudocowpox * Bovine Warts (Papillomavirus) * Teat-end Hyperkeratosis

Most Important Factors in Preventing BRDC

* Calf purchasing * Nutrition * Other stressors What we can control * Types of calves purchased * Management of calves at receiving

MS Injury/Peripheral Nerve Injury

* Calving paralysis * Spinal nerve damage -lymphosarcoma, osteomyelitis * Dislocated hip -on concrete, nothing found on PE -go frog-legged/splits, can't get back up

Mycoplasma Joint Infections

* Cause severe swelling and lameness of one or more leg joints * Lameness is severe enough to cause calf to starve to death if not put in small lot with easy access to feed and water * Most calves will recover if given enough time (weeks to months) Treatment * Don't!!! * Abx seem to be of ltitle use * NSAIDs seem to have minimal clinical effect * Opening abscesses may help -be careful not to enter joint capsule

Disbudding

* Caustic paste -at 1-3 days of age -bloodless -no rain, needs to be alone * Disbudding -<4 weeks - ideal >> goats <2 weeks * Local anesthesia -cornual block * Pain meds

Common Chute Design Flaws

* Chute to wide * Pens to large * Inadequate number of pens for sorting * Poor placement of gates * Not enough gates * Confusing animal flow

Listeria

* Circling disease * Most common from ingesting poorly ensiled feed -pH >4.5 or moldy edges -Haylage being fed in the spring -potential for herd outbreaks >> 2-10% * Soil contaminant -many cases occur for unknown reason -solo cases * Bacterial enter through damage to oral mucosa and bacterial migration up cranial nerve Clinical signs * Drooped ear * Drooped eyelid * Drooped lip * Head tilt * Circling * Down Treatment * Antibiotics in order of preference -Florfenicol IV daily for 3-4 days -Florfenicol SW repeat in 3-4 days -PPG BID for 3-4 days * Supportive -oral or IV fluids -NSAIDS Prevention * Make sure ensiled feeds are harvested at proper stage of maturity and moisture levels * Proper storage of feeds to limit mold (Ag bags) * Limit feeding of moldy feed

Examination of Foot

* Clean feet thoroughly, start with lame limb first (you may need to correctively trim other feet) * Systematic approach: 1) Examine soft tissues (interdigital space, heel bulbs, skin around coronary band, swelling) 2) Remove excess toe length (3 inches length) on both claws 3) Examine the sole and remove sole starting at the toe first (1/4 inch thickness) -look for sole lesions and white line lesions -use hoof testers if no obvious lesion found 4) Balance the claws and pare out axial walls 5) Place block on if needed after trimming both claws

Distal Limb Anesthesia

* Clinical uses: -debriding deep lesions, surgery of the foot, claw amputation Bier Block for Distal Limb Anesthesia * Restrain cow effectively * Place a tourniquet above fetlock -Esmarch (best) -Symplex tubing is an option -can leave on for up to 1 hour * Clip area and get clean * Use digital vessels or dorsal common digital vein (blind stick usually) -18-20 G needle -19-21 G butterfly catheter * Lidocaine: 25-30 ml per foot * Duration: approximately 1-1.5 hours

Surgical Prep for Abdominal Exploratory

* Clip hair -better to clip too much than too little * Scrubbing -scrub with dish soap fisrt in order to get rid of dirt and hair - no pattern -start with iodine scrub x3 >> move linearly up and down over the intended incision site then work out in an oval pattern -alcohol wipe x3 >> go from the top to the bottom over incision site >> turn gauze over and repeat top to bottom laterally to the first wipe >> get new gauze and repeat on opposite side

Coccidia (SR)

* Coccidiosis is most common infectious cause of diarrhea in sheep adn goats in 1-6 months of age * Eimeria sp. Confirming diagnosis * Fecal exam finds oocysts but is not indicative of disease * Primarily a clinicla diagnosis * Tempting to use oocyst counts/gram -not as straightforward as it seems >> diarrhea may precede high oocyst shedding >> clinically normal animals can have high oocyst counts >> pathogenic and nonpathogenic species -what's the cutoff for diagnosis? >> according to one text: >> normal kids: 1000-1 million >> coccidiosis: 10k- 10 million >> not very straightforward; don't follow these numbers Diarrhea * All ruminants exposed soon afterbirth, immunity develops by about 6 months-1 year * Coccidiosis is not a disease of adult sheep and goats * Usually associate disease with stress like weaning, diet change * Range of susceptibility as there is for worms * Look for areas of environmental contamination - build up of oocysts * Oocysts are extremely tough, accumulate in areas of high use, around feeders, waterers Treatment * Many animals recover without treatment * More severe or longer lasting clinical disease can lead to permanent damage may occur due to intestinal scarring * Obviously sick lamb should be treated, many prefer to treat all affected animals * Some evidence that subclinical infection can reduce production, but that is probably affected by species, nutrition, and other factors * No approved products for treatment of clinical disease in sheep and goats * Used most in the US -Amprolium (Corid) - affects asexual stages -Sulfa antibiotics - affects asexual stages -Triazine antiprotozoals - affect asexual and sexual >> Ponazuril (Marquis - horse only) >> Toltrazuril (Baycox - not approved in US) >> Diclazuril (approced in US as EMP treatment, no longer sold) Prevention * Reduce oocyst buildup and exposure -clean water and feed troughs -avoid feeding on the ground -avoid muddy areas, keep pens and lots dry -avoid long lambing/kidding seasons, don't mix age groups of young animals -avoid overcrowding * Maximize animal health -make sure animals get colostrum - protective effect in first few weeks -good nutrition -reduce stress and maintain health * Coccidiostats

Toxic Mastitis

* Coliform mastitis or gangrene * Uncommon in beef cattle * Most common time +/- 3 days from calving * Less common time 2-3 days after weaning * Treatment -same as dairy cows

Maturation/Remodeling Phase of Wound Healing

* Collagen continues to remodel and re-orient for months * Scar has decreased (except for the bladder) -strength -vascularity -cellularity

Guidelines for Necropsy

* Collect an adequate history -REALLY important: other animals included -influences types of tests we're going to do * Collect samples from live animals first (healthy first, then sick) if necessary) -NECROPSY LAST (end of the day) * Make sure you're adequately protected -risk assessment everytime * Pre-label specimen containers * Have a plan for disposal/disinfection

Necropsy Procedure Guidelines

* Collect blood before euthanizing * Lay the animal on the same side every time * Do an external examination * Collect fresh "sterile" samples first -diagnostic lab can "sear" the outside to get a decently sterile sample * Systemically go through each organ the same way every time * Broad loaf solid organs * Open tubular organs * Take big chunks of fresh tissue (especially for to) but formalin-fixed tissue should be no bigger than 3-6 cm thick * Clean and decontaminate work area and yourself * Record findings

Uterine Prolapse

* Common complication of 3rd stage labor (placenta expulsion) -usually within a few hours of parturition * Species: cow and ewe most commonly * EMERGENCY!!!! -risk of middle uterine artery rupture -restrain animal an dplace a bag over uterus Risk factors * Multiparous animals * Exposure to estrogenic substances (clover) * Extreme weather changes and pasture composition * Uterine inertia/hypocalcemia/recumbency -common after dystocia: give Ca * Dystocia/retained fetal membranes/uterine tears * No apparent genetic component Treatment * Don't forget to look at entire animal! -bleeding may be occurring internally -euthanasia may be necessary * Address other issues AFTER replacement -have tech looking at MM, RR, eye color, etc. to be addressed after replacement * Sedation/anesthesia may be required Replacement * Epidural * Standing or recumbent -hind legs extended behind if down (Okie position) -need several people to lift uterus if standing * Remove as much fetal membranes as possible -do not force off * Apply lubricant and hydroscopic agent +/- pressure bandage for 10-15 minus -sugar (irritating - can affect future fertility), glycerol, chlorhexidine ointment * Begin reduction with nongravid horn * Apply steady pressure at cervix/uterine body area using both hands with CLOSED FIST -reduce everted uterine body into vagina, then gradually massage uterine horns into vagina * Fully invert horns > may need to "extend arm" (probang/bottle) * NSAIDs, abx, oxytocin (helps uterus to start contracting down and regressing) * +/- retention suture (Buhner stitch, commonly) Uterine Amputation * Recommended if there is severe ischemic necrosis and/or lacerations present -open approach >> incise uterine body and location and ligation of major uterine vessels in stretched broad ligament prior to amputation >> advantage: able to replace other viscera before removing uterus >> disadvantages: time and money -closed approach >> entire organ is ligated and lef to slough in 10-14 days >> salvage procedure >> advantages: cheap and easy >> disadvantages: viscera could be unintentionally trapped (fatal)

Foot Trimming: Key to Management of Lameness

* Completed typically 2x/year * Meet with KEY farm staff -decisio maker -cow movers -who identifies and treats lame cows -foot trimmer * What things are going/doing well -use success factors to develop action plan * Opportunities for improvement * Solutions

Perinatal Piglet Conditions

* Conditions that affect piglets within the first 1-2 days of age * Congenital disorders -skin: epitheliogenesis imperfecta, polydactyly, clef palates, etc. -CNS: tremors, splayed legs, hydrocephalus -urogenital: atresia ani, intersex conditions Big causes * Trauma - due to crushing from sow * Hypoglycemia * Hypothermia

Surgical Dehorning

* Cosmetic dehorning -surgically opening the skin -removal of horn and bone with Barnes -closing the wound * Considerations -restraint -anesthesia -antibiotics and pain medication * Advantages -shorter healing times -elimination of open wound - infection/flies

Floating DA

* Cow has some of the clinical signs of a DA but no ping * Cow seems ok then off, back and forth, decreased milk production * Auscultate and percuss low on abdomen rib area may hear the ping * May or may not develop into a full block DA * Often the scenario when a cow is trucked in for a DA surgery and upon arrival can't auscultate and percuss a ping

Calving Paralysis

* Cow never stands post calving -very rarely cow can stand and swelling develops over the next 24 hours * Calf is usually dead -if alive swollen head/bruised gums * History of dystocia * Swelling/bruising of vulva Treatment * Prevention of compartmentalization syndrome -aqua cow -hiplifts -sling * Anti-inflammatories -dexmethasone >> 20ml, 35 ml, 60 ml (depending on severity) * NSAIDs -follow up to steroids -flunixin 2ml/100lbs IV daily -meloxicam 3 pills per 100 lbs daily

Coxofemoral Joint Luxation

* Dairy > beef - concrete floors, less muscling * Cranial dorsal luxation - generally ambulatory; better prognosis if repaired surgically -hock on affected side is displaced dorsally * Ventral luxation -usually unable to rise and worse prognosis

Dart Guns

* Dart animals, anesthetized, work on them * A lot of producers have started using dart guns to treat animals (deliver abx) * Use xylazine * Don't try and put rope around animal until animal is down with head turned back into flank or is in lateral recumbency

IBK Costs Associated

* Decreased average weaning weights * Decreased milk production in cows -therefore less growth in calves * Sale discounts due to scarring * Decreased value of breeding stock * Treatment costs * Prevention costs * Welfare

Boar Problems

* Decreased libido * Overuse issues * Penile injuries/prolapsed penis * Enlargement of the preputial diverticulum -inflammation, infection, masturbating into it -can be removed (beneficial for AI studs) * Overgrown tusks (cannot remove - just trim!) -can be dangerous, get really sharp -remove with gigli wire * Behavioral issues - decide when to cull

Lariat

* Never rope a cow without a plan for where you are going to tie the animal up * Always tie a cow with a quick release knot

Proximal Paravertebral Block

* Desensitizes the dorsal and ventral nerve roots of T13, L1, and L2 spinal nerves as they emerge from the intervertebral foramen * Need to block skin/muscle first with 1.5 in ch needle, 18 G * Needle enters at cranial edge of L1, L2, L3 * A 14 G needle is used as a guide needle, 18 G 4-6 inch spinal needle is placed thorugh cannula * Pass needle until it hits transverse process then walk off the cranial edge and advance 1 cm into the intertransverse ligament * Deposit 6-10 ml per site * Scoliosis of the spine will be seen with a successful block * Skill and practice is needed for consistent results

Distal Paravertebral Block

* Desensitizes the dorsal and ventral rami of the spinal nerves T13, L1, and L2 at the distal end of transverse processes L1, L2, and L4 * Use 1.5 inch 18 G needle in thin cows, need longer spinral needle in cows with more coverage * Place lidocaine dorsal and ventral to the transvrese processes (10-20 ml at each site) * Infuse lidocaine in fan shape pattern * Use approximately 60-120 mls

Uses of Lameness Scoring

* Detection (early ideally) and severity of lameness * Monitoring prevalence of lameness in a herd * Can help estimate the lost profits in a herd * Benchmarks can be established to determine whether established prevention measures are effective * Compaing the incidence and severity of lameness between herds * Identifying individual cows for functional claw trimming 1) Normal * Stands and walks normally with flat black, long confident strides 2) Mildly lame * Stands with flat back, arches when walks, slightly abnormal gait 3) Moderately lame * Stands and walks with arched back, short strides 4) Lame * Arched back standing and walking, favors certain legs 5) Severely lame * Constant arched back, great difficulty moving

Digit Amputation

* Determine which location is best -distal interphalangeal joint (time-consuming) -mid P2 -proximal interphalangeal joint OR just proximal to the PIP joint * Two options for amputation 1) Sharp dissection +/- skin incision (into joint only) 2) Skin incision and ob wire (cuts through bone) * Examine the cut surface for necrosis or sepsis * Debride all infected tissue (if possible) -check tendon sheath to see if sepsis extends up the tendon >> perform flexor tendon resection if needed * Bandage and give stability (waterproof outsidee) * Give antibiotics (5-10 days or more) and NSAID Follow up * Keep cow/bull in small pasture lot or stall for 3-4 weeks * Discuss options for Ab therapy and NSAIDs -Nuflor and meloxicam -PPG and banamine * Try to schedule recheck for first bandage change (5-7 days) * Client can do a 2nd bandage change (light wrap) if needed (and if they are capable) * Ideally block should stay on for 3-4 weeks

Drug Resistance in Cattle to Anthelmintics

* Difficult to know just how widespread in US * Resistance reported to all three drug groups * Definitely here - several published reports * Not many collecting and publishing data * For a long time we assumed that Cooperia was responsible for the resistance * We also thought that Cooperia was non-pathogenic so it really didn't matter * However, some studies now indicate that Cooperia can cause decreased production by itself so maybe it does matter -decreased weight -decreased AGD

Quarantine Reduces Disease Transmission

* Diseases are generally transmitted through direct contact between pigs * Additionally, other animals such as rodents and birds can be vectors * Fomites - people, clothes, shoes, hands - contact with contaminated organic material from sick pigs * Environmental transmission occurs through aerosol, water, food, or dirt * Housing can affect contact between pigs and exposure to different environments

Fractures in the Foot in Ruminants

* Distal phalanx fractures uncommon (compared to horse) - 2 claws -glue a block onto the sole of the good claw -wire the affected claw into flexion -stall rest for 6-8 weeks on firm surface * Digit amputation (infection in coffin joint) -advantages: >> rapid, inexpensive, infection gone, return to function -disadvantages: >> longevity reduced, large/heavy animals reduced prognosis and cosmetically poor -skin flap if not infected will decrease healing time

Piglet Diarrheal Diseases: 1-5 days of age

* E. coli * Clostridium (perfrigens C+D, A; dificile * Coronavirus (TGE + PEDv) * Rotavirus

Diarrheal Diseases of Growers and Finishers

* ETEC (+ - early grower) * Rotaviral infection (+ - early grower) * TGE (+++) * Clostridiums (---) * Coccidiosis (+) * Salmonellosis (++++) * Swine Dysentery - Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (++++) * Proliferative enteropathies - Lawsonia intracellularis (++++) * Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus - exotic (++++) * Whipworm infection (++++) Other GI conditions * Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome -unknown etiology -bloated pig; sudden death -no torsion? this moves high up on list -no treatment, sporadic, individual pig * Gastric ulcers -more than just one potentially depending on if its feed related >> too fine feed -if it's stress > increase in ulcers -black tarry feces, vomiting, hunched in abdomen -if they go off feed > something we need to think about * Mesenteric torsions * Ascaris suum (roundworm infection) -sometimes an see on necropsy or when you deworm * Hemorrhagic form of ilietis (Lawsonia) -stressed gilts -injectable Tylan * Rectal prolapse -winter time -increased respiratory disease, pig piling -worth treating

Weaned Pig Diarrheal Diseases

* ETEC E. coli (+++) * Rotaviral infection (+++) * Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGE) (+++) * Clostridium dificile (no) * Clostridium perfringens Type A (no) * Clostridium perfrigens type C (+) * Coccidiosis - Isopora suis (++) * Salmonellosis (++) * Swine dysentery - Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (++) * Porliferative enteropathies - Lawsonia intracellularis (++) * Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus - exotic (+++) * Whipworm infection - Trichuris suis (++)

Piglet Diarrheal Diseases

* ETEC E. coli (++++) * Rotaviral infection (++++) * Transmissble gastroenteritis virus (TGE) (++++) * Clostrodium dificile (++++) * Clostridium perfringens Type A and C (++++) * Coccidiosis - Isospora suis (++++) * Salmonellosis (+) * E. coli, TGE, PEDv = 1-3 days old * Clostridium = 1-5 days old -blood usually present in feces * Coccidia = >5 days old * High mortality with TGE + PEDv * Depends on immunity of piglets/sows

Neonatal Small Ruminant Diarrhea Causes

* ETEC diarrhea * Clostridium perfringens type C * Mycoplasma septicemia * Hypothermia/starvation * Floppy kid syndrome -occurs in calves and lambs as well -ragdolls

CNS Disorders of Nursery Pigs

* Edema disease * Streptococcus suis (meningitis) * Salt poisoning/water deprivation -if something happened in water lines -see more problems when you reinstitute water * Ascending paralysis from tail abcess/infection -tail biting and chewing * Otitis interna +/- aural hematomas * Pseudorabies virus -feral pigs

H. Contortus Life Cycle

* Egg to L3 in manure * Takes about 5-7 days mininum * The cooler it is, the longer it takes * Larvae move onto forage, eaten by host * Adults start egg laying in about 3 weeks * ALL GRAZING ANIMALS HAVE WORMS * Generally these worms do not survive well in housing, on dry lots * Environmental conditions determine when and where Haemonchus is a problem Why are kids more affected? * Immunity develops about the time of sexual maturity * First lactation animals still at higher risk * High milk producers, multiple births can increase risk * Goats have poorer immunity than sheep * Field necropsy doe * Determine if others need treatment using FAMACHA system * Treatment -goats require higher dose than sheep - metabolize anthelmintics faster -double the sheep dose, except for levamisole - use 1.5x the sheep dose -use ACSRPC drug charts * Talk about integrated parasite management * Tell owner about wormx.info website for teh American Consortium for Small Ru Parasite Control

Why We Castrate

* Eliminate breeding * Fat distribution (marbling) * Taste (boar taint) * Decrease fighting

Sudden Death: Bacterial Toxins

* Endotoxemia -gram (-) mastitis >> e. coli or pseudomonas -salmonella -grain overload * Blackleg C. chauvoei -exotoxins -sometimes find before death, often not * Enterotoxemia - C. Perfringens and E. coli * Anthrax -produces lethal factor and edema factor

Pregnancy Toxemia (Sm Ru) Pathogenesis

* Energy: short-chain fatty acids produced by ruminal flora -acetate, proprionate, butyrate * Proprionate = most important glucose precursor in ruminant gluconeogenesis -derives from ruminal fermentatioon of high-CHO-content feed * 85% of gluconeogenesis occurs in liver -excess glucose stored in liver (glycogen) -inadequate to supply needs in late gestation * Late pregnant ewes/does -decreased insulin production -unable to maintain glucose homeostasis > negative energy balance (start mobilizin gfats > ketone production) -decreased insulin:glucagon > insulin resistance * Fat mobilization initiated -lipases activation: tissue fat > fatty acids/glycerol -glycerol > glucose (liver) -non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) = major component of triglycerides (fat stored in the body) >> used for production of energy via Kreb's cycle or are converted into ketone bodies (acetone, acetoacetate, Beta-hydroxybutyrate)

Starvation

* Energy:protein malnutrition * High trough disease * High loft disease * Energy deficiency * Eat enthusiastically * Almost never starvation * Cows cannot eat enough low quality hay to meet enrgy needs * 7-9 months gestation * Animal welfare issue if it occurs again

Lameness and Locomotor Lesions of Grower and Finisher Pigs

* Erysipelas and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae infections (swollen joints and stiffness) * Osteocondrosis dessicans -nothing to do, just something we recognize -maybe we change how we select genetics -on concrete and grow fast * Laminitis -sensitive lamina like horses (but not as bad) * OVergrown and torn hooves and dewclaws -look at environment, nutrition * Bruises and cracks in feet, etc. * Rickets (relatively uncommon) -looks like they're in high heels -usually diet (Vitamin D problem) * Porcine stress syndrome -a lot of pigs have stress gene -if anesthetized with Halothane they would die -grow faster and are a little leaner -HAL1843 gene

Castration Post Surgery in Pigs

* Expect swelling for a week * Area should dry up in 3-4 days * Look for: -lethargy -lameness -fly strike * Back to normal in 3 days

Skin Lesions of Grower and Finisher Pigs

* External parasites - mites and lice -puritic animals * Insect bites - flies * Sunburn - those exposed to outside lots * PCV2 lesions (dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome) -little petechiacions all over the body) * Pityriasis rosea (rosacea) -white pigs; ventrum -they'll grow out of it in a few weeks * Erysipelas * Raised diamond lesions * Calluses of knees, hocks, etc. -from sparring * Abscesses * Ringworm (rare)

Arrival Program Feeding

* Feed should be palatable (taste good to the calf) * Feed needs to not have too much starch -corn, barley, wheat, oats less than half the total grain content * Wet feeds and ensiled feeds are hard to manage in starter rations

Letting Go

* Feedlot data suggets maximum of 3 treatments for BRDC * Difficult for producers to do but it is important to not throw away money when you can no longer affect the outcome of the disease

Casting in Ruminants

* Fiberglass casting material * Joint above and joint below * Confinement -small pen; need not be s tall -length determined by age, severity -needs to be protected from rain >> under a roof is best (duct tape also works) -can be on dirt floor * Aftercare -thick supportive bandage for 2 weeks -confinement 4-8 weeks post removal Details of Casting * 4-6 layers <3330 lbs but 8-12 if adults * Thicker on the hind limbs due to hock * Changing: -06 months old: change every 3 weeks -6-12 months old: change every 6 weeks -12+ months old: change every 6-8 weeks * Encase the hoof! -cleaner, drier, reduced slippage 1) Clean and dry hoof wall well 2) Cotton cast padding 2 layers - 3-4 over dewclaws and joints 3) Vetwrap - firmly applied, compress padding 4) Casting material - wear gloves 5) Duct tape over coast - many layers on toe/sole 6) Elasticon from cast to skin connection

Proliferation Phase of Wound Healing

* Fibroblasts - synthesize extracelllular matrix and collagen * Formation of granulation tissue -capillaries and fibroblasts (no nerve tissue) > bleeding = healthy tissue * Protect the wound and provide physicla scaffolding for epithelialization

Field Necropsy

* Field necropsy vs. diagnostic lab necropsy -location -biosecurity -instrumentation -sample collection >> should be similar but probably cleaner in diagnostic lab -disposal >> in some cases easier: bury on site >> landfills take carcasses -sample storage and submission

Post Dehorn Care

* Fly control - spray - Cydectin pour on (put a couple of drops on forehead) * Hemorrhage - may occur in break scab * Open sinus - cover with 4x4 gauze - pine tar * Feeding - don't have them eat from a hay rack or round bale Look for * Drainage * Head shaking * Head tilt * Nasal discharge * Lethargy * All signs of sinusitis!

Post Surgical Castration Procedures

* Fly spray - spray on hocks and around scrotum * Bleeding -a few drips - likely skin -pouring - spermatic vessels - results from tearing cord at pampiniform plexus -wait 10 minutes unless spraying out -apply pressure (5 minutes) * 4x4 gauze pack into scrotum, umbilical tape and mattress suture - cut out the next day

Haemaphysalis Longicornis

* Found in Asia, Russia, Australia, New Zealand -Borrelia, Rickettsia, Anaplasma, viruses there - not reported here yet * Vector of pathogenic Theileria orientalis Ikeda genotype here * All stages seem to feed on just about everything, including birds * 3-host tick * Appears to be active March-November * Reproduces parthenogentically * Infestations hear can be found in large numbers -young, stressed animals appear most vulnerable Recognizing * Relatively small (2-6 mm) * Any white markings? - not H. longicornis * Long mouthparts? - not H. longicornis * Most easily confused with brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), but that one unlikely to be on catttle Management * Spray cattle - permethrin sprays have been effective -doesn't mean you can't try other pyrethroids * Can ues garden sprayer - saturate the animals * 2 treatments 2-3 weeks apart suggested * Observation of treated animals on some farms in VA 2 weeks after treatment found new ticks, on the other farms ticks still numerous -should examine cattle by "scratching" in ears, axilla, flanks, around udder, tail head and vulva/rectum * Can also supplement with stations for self application of pesticides * Mow tall grass to increase dessication * Observe withdrawals * MLs - any effect would be very short term

Fractures in Ruminants

* Frequency of bones fractured in ruminants -metacarpus > metatarsus > tibia > radius/ulna > humerus > femur Ruminants are not athletes * Growth, milk production, reproduction - embryo/semen/natural service Advantages of fracture repair in ruminants * Can lay down more than hroses * Great potential for bone healing - increased vascular density and enhanced osteogenic layer in the periosteum (lots of osteoblasts) * Rarely suffer contralateral limb breakdown * Rarely resist orthopedic devices

Ringworm - Dermatophycosis

* Fungus - most commonly Trichophyton verrucosum -spore forming: harder to kill, lasts in the environment for a really long time, can get into fomites and hang out there -zoonotic * Transmissible infectious disease -animal to animal -fomites to animals - halters, brushes, barn >> if animal does have ringworm, it cannot go to show, sales >> it CAN go to market (usually don't need CVI), but should it??? Ringworm in cattle * Younger animals * Confinement -dairy > beef * Typically starts on head and neck but can be anywhere * Raised greyish scabby area with no hair -usually not itchy * If on older animals or extensively spread on one animal (particularly if poor doing) -investigate potential for immune compromise >> BVD PI? Something like that Ringworm Treatment * Usually self-limiting * With no underyling disease no production losses * Topical treatments -scrape scab off (collect and dispose of far away) -wash with gentle soap; scrub is too rough -2-4% iodine solution 2x daily for 7-14 days (will stain haircoat) -Clotrimazole - topical; 24 hour meat WDL * Clean barn and tools -1:4 dilution of bleach (clean with soap and water first, then soak in bleach) * General consensus of veterinarians... -hair growing back in the middle of the lesion means it's healed * Can use DTM media to diagnose -rarely used in production animals -can take 3-6 days to show positive * A MLV vaccine is available in other countries - not US

Hypomagnesemia (Sm Ru) Clinical Signs

* Generally occurs in ewes 2-4 weeks post-partum -most common females with twins * Excitable, paddling convulsions, clonic-tonic muscle spasms, increased RR -caused by spontaneous activation of neurons in the CNS by the decreased magnesium concentrations in blood * Sudden death

Diagnostic Approach to Sudden Death

* Good hsitory -understanding that found dead may be the history * Inspect cow and environment * Necropsy -focused on taking tissues relative to toxins -don't take blood on a dead cow * Take pictures and good notes Post-mortem sampleS: beyond typical lesion areas for culture or histopath * Rumen contents, liver, kidney, urine -freeze for toxins, histopath for lesions * Eyeball -hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia * Bile -culture for salmonella

Hypertonic Saline

* Great economical way to rehydrate moderate to severely dehydrated ruminants * Dose -2-3 ml/lb -must give enough to drive gradient -1 bottle is a waste of time * Do not have to follow with isotonic IV fluids * Need to follow with oral fluids or have cow drink * Can be administered as fast as you can get it through a 14G neeedle or catheter * CONTRAINDICATED IN ANEMIA *

Corkscrew Claw

* Heritable misalignemtn of the 2nd and 3rd phalanges * Nutrition also may play a role * Lateral claws of hindlimbs, medial claws of forelimbs * Overgrowth with abaxial to axial curvature of the wall with rotation of the toe * Lesions secondary to CSC include -white line disease -sole ulceration >> +/- digital sepsis Corrective trimming * Reduce toe length of the CSC to the opposite claw (OC) * Remove the upward deviation of the dorsla hoof wall and align it with the dorsal hoof wall of the OC * Balance the soloe as best possible to the OC (the CSC heel will be higher) * Do NOT remove the heel from the OC * Remove the fold in the axial wall and slop out (dish out) the axial wall * Increase the weight bearing surface of the CSC if enough sole horn thickness remains Common sequalae to CSC * White line disease (WLD) at the abaxial wall * Rusterholz ulcer at the heel * Place block on OC if lesion present * Digital sepsis if extension of the ulcer or abscess * Trim every 6 months-1 year * Cull animal

Salt Intoxication/Water Deprivation

* Historically rare in cattle * Fencing out of ponds and creeks has led to increase in cases (damaging water sources) * Power failure to pump * Pump failure * Herd disease Pathogenesis * Ingestion of excessive sodium causes accumulation of sodium in the brain and CSF * Sodium accumulates in brain cells by passive diffusion * Accumulaitn of sodium in brain cells inhibits the energy-dependent transport systems to remove sodium from brain cells * Hyperosmolality triggers thirst receptors causing the animal to drink water to repletion * Water is absorbed from the GIT and diffuses into the hyperosmolar brain cells * Brain cells swell resulting in brain edema, increased intracranial pressure and encephalopathy Clinical signs * Neurologic signs -dullness -ataxia -nystagmus -head pressing -muscle tremors -seizures * GI signs -diarrhea -dehydration >> walking the fence Diagnosis * The diagnosis of salt intoxication/water deprivation is based on the history, clinical signs and results of lab tests -increased serum Na: >160 -increased CSF Na: >200 -increased CSF/serum Na -increased Na in cerebrum: >1,800 ppm Treatment * Triage cases * Limit access to water for 24 hours -103 gallons per 6 hours * Hypertonic saline -1ml/lb * Dexamethasone Prevention * Make sure cattle have access to water at all times * Limit mineral access to cattle who have not had mineral for prolonged periods

Components of a Diagnostic Plan - Individual Animal

* History * Signalment * Physical exam * Rule out list * Treatment plan * Follow-up

Ketosis in Dairy Cows

* Peak incidence between weeks 3-5 into lactation * 7-32% of cows have hyperketonemia * More frequent in older cows -interesting as models show that heifers have a larger NEB (more metabolically fit???)

Pregnancy Toxemia (Sm Ru) Diagnosis

* History, signalment, and clinical signs * Ketonuria * Ketonemia -normal: <0.8 mmol/L -subclinical: 1.4-2.4 mmol/L -clinical: >2.4 mmol/L * +/- hypoglycemia (<40 mg/dL) * Elevated liver enzymes and hypocholesterolemia -hepatic lipidosis - over-conditioned females * Advanced: hypoerglycemia (fetal stress/death) > c-section; hypokalemia/hypocalcemia (anorexia), azotemia (renal failure), hypoproteinemia (hepatic/renal failure)

Examination of the Sick Dairy Cow

* History: DIM most important question! -DIM -Feed intake (if known) -Milk production and how it has changed >> fresh cows: start about 2/3, peak at 60 days (40-100 days) >> milk production should be going up >> can see the pattern with daily milk weights, otherwise going on best guess of producer -Previous medical problems >> Dystocia, retained placenta, milk fever, etc. -Treatments already performed * Complete, efficient PE -Should be performed in a routine manner to ensure nothing is forgotten -Needs to be performed in a timely manner LUMMAR * Lungs * Uterus -assume metritis until proven otherwise in first 2 weeks postpartum -systemic vs. local * Mammary -Systemic (toxic) mastitis is common cause of sick dairy cows >> milk production is not a good indicator of whether the problem is local or systemic -most mastitis infections are local problems and do not cause "sick cows" * Metabolic -Hypocalcemia (milk fever) >> both clinical (first 24 hours PP) and subclinical problems can exist -Ketosis >> Nervous ketosis: rare, usually causes problems towards peak lactation >> Subclinical ketosis: much bigger problem usually secondary to another problem causing cows to go off feed (first 2 weeks PP) -Acidosis >> generally a herd subclinical problem but in moderate to severe causes expresses as individual cows that are off feed, down in milk, diarrhea, decreased rumen motility * Abomasum -LDA -RDA -RTA * Rumen -Decreased rumen function -Rumen and the rest of the body in a symbiotic relationship

Components of a Diagnostic Plan - Herd Level

* History: past problems on farms * Signalment: owners, management, facilities * Physical exam: how many affected, timeline, severity * Rule out list * Treatment plan * Follow-up

Piglet Management - Prior to Being Born

* Hygiene of farrowing facilities prior to sow entry -all in/all out cleaning and disinfecting -cleanliness of sows on entry * Maintenance of farrowing equipment -heats and/or lamps >> need to be in good working order, no exposed wires -piglet processing tools * Vaccination of sows for transmissible diseases prior to farrowing * Treatment of sows for parasites prior to farrowing

Ketosis Clin Path

* Hypoglycemia -low blood glucose * Increased NEFA (free fatty acids) -may be stress sensitive * Increased ketones -serum, milk, urine Ketone bodies in blood, urine and milk * Lowest values 3-4 hours after feeding * Highest before next meal * Most assays: Acetoacetate * Blood ketones -concentration is higher in mammary vein than jugular * Disagreement on reference intervals * Milk ketones: correlated to blood ketones -acetone has highest relative concentration in milk (40-4% of blood) * Urine ketones -higher concentration (4x) than blood

What Vaccines Should Pre-conditioned Calves Have Received?

* IBR-BVD Type I and II -PI3-BRSV -at least one dose should be modified live * Mannheimia hemolytica -should contain a leukotoxin (they all do now) * Blackleg -7-way clostridial -doesn't have to do with BRDC but this way they are fully vaccinated (don't need anything on arrival) * All vaccinations should have occurred at least 2 weeks prior to shipping "Double Vaccinated" * Calves have received 2 sets of shots -for IBR-BVD-PI2_BRSV at least 1 should be modified live -marketing tool more than anything

Pregnancy Toxemia (Sm Ru) Prevention

* Identify at-risk females (history, # fetuses) -check for ketones in last month of pregnancy * Group pregnant animals according to BCS and pregnancy stage for nutritional management -top-dress with high energy supplementary feed @ 50g/animal daily (molasses, vegetable fat) -high-quality hay and concentrate feed -propionic salt: 20g/animal daily during last trimestser (for high risk)

Rumen Fill

* If paralumbar fossa is empty can be an indicator of being off feed and/or dehydrated * Any dairy cows that is off feed is likely at least 5% dehydrated

Trichostrongyles - Importance Greatest in Young Animals

* Immunity develops over several years * Subclinical infectons - most common in US -decreased weight gain and growth from anorexia, gastric distribution * Clinical -diarrhea -weight loss -unthriftiness -hypoproteinemia

Udder Edema

* Impaired blood and lymph circulation -fetal pressure -decrease in protein oncotic pressure as IgG's put into udder * Heifers > cows (almost always a heifer problem) -do not have milk vein yet to draw fluid out; collects as they send blood and nutrients to this area and doesn't get pulled away * Multifactoria -genetics -dry cow nutrition (electrolytes)

Weaning Piglets

* In general, pigs are weaned at 3 weeks og age * Moved to nursery or wean-to-finish facilities -supplemental heating is needed -feed available on mats during first few days -sort pigs according to size (and possibly gener) * Plan for treatments or preventative therapies -water or feed medications >> especially if in line >> we use a lot of tetracycline -injections - vaccination boosters and/or antimicrobials

Pig Scrotal Hernia

* Incise skin, dissect tunica vaginalis from the scrotum * Grab testicle and twist, this will push the intestines down into the abdomen * Tansligate the spermatic cord as close to inguinal ring as possible * Cut off distal to suture

Swellings in Piglets

* Inguinal hernias * Umbillical hernias and/or infections * Arthritis or polyarthritis - Strep species, Staph species, T. pyogenes, etc. are common secondary invaders * Remember to ocnsider options for euthanasia to collect samples -carbon dioxide -blunt mechanical truama -electrocution (doesn't work very well) -injectable barbituates

Type II Photosensitization

* Inherited aberrant pigment metabolism -Congenital Erythropoeitic Pyrphyria >> rare hereditary disease of cattle, pigs, cats, and people >> holsteins, shorthorn and hereford >> homozygous recessive >> reddish brown discoloration of teeth, bones and urine -Bovine erythropoietic protophyria >> very rare inherited defect of cattle * Pigmented skin is also infected!

Calf Fractures

* Physeal fractures common - salter 1 and 2 -distal metatarsus/metacarpus, distal femus and radius or proximal tibia * Immune system needs to be considered - increased risk of psot-operative infection and concurrent diseases - pneumonia, naval ill * Angular limb deformities possible

Bovine Ketosis

* Ketones provide 10%+ of daily energy in normal cows -Acetoacetate -B-OH butyrate -Acetone * Ketosis is a metabolic disorder that occurs in cattle when energy demands (high milk production) exeed energy intake and result in a negative energy balance * Ketone production exceeds ketone utlization by the cow, and ketosis results Clinical Signs * Dullness * Lack of appetite * Hard feces * Dull hair coat * Decrease in milk production * Nervous ketosis -ataxic, hyperaesthetic, aggressive, wandering, head pressing Spontaneous Ketosis * High producing cow * 3-6 weeks of lactation * Normal yesterday, ketotic today * Low blood glucose and insulin * Has been compared to Type 1 Diabetes Secondary Ketosis * Cows in first 30 days of lactation * Has: -retained placenta -metritis -mastitis -hypocalcemia -DA -and is also ketotic likely because she is off feed

Field Necropsy Supplies

* Knives * Sharpening steel * Saw * Scissors * Scalpel holder/blades * Forceps * Sterile specimen containers/whirl-paks * Formalin * PPE

Sudden Death: Exogenous Toxins

* Lead * Copper toxicosis in sheep * Poisonous plants: rare when pasture or feed is adequate -Japanese Yew - neighbors throw over the fence -Nitrates -Cyanogenic plant * Urea toxicosis -looks like salt, someome picked up the wrong bag * Monensin toxicosis * Insecticdes -don't store herbicides, insecticides and feed mineral in the same building * Find the source of the toxin

Approaches for Abdominal Exploratory

* Left or right paralumbar celiotomy -abdominal exploratory >> always examine the caudal abdomen first, then the cranial abdomen >> risk of contamination if they have hardware disease (most common finding) -abomasal surgery -right side - intestinal, cecal surgery * Procedure -anesthetize paralumbar fossa with appropriate nerve block anesthesia -make an incision in center of paralumbar fossa >> 6-8 cm (2.5-3 in) below the transverse process and 4-6 cm (2-3 in) caudal to the last rib >> dorsoventral direction for 20-25 cm (8-10 in) -going through: >> skin >> external oblique (caudoventral) >> internal oblique (craniovetntral) >> transversus abdominis (fibers run horizontally) >> peritoneum * Right paramedian celiotomy -abomasal displacement -procedure >> cow is placed on her back >> anesthtize the area of the incision >> make an incision 4-6 cm (2-2.5 in) lateral of midline and 6-8 cm (2.5-3 in) caudal to the xiphoid >> craniodistal direction for 15-20 cm (8-10 in) >> skin >> external sheath of rectus abdominis >> muscle of reductus abdominis >> internal sheath of rectus abdominis and peritoneum * Ventral celiotomy -c section or removal of emphysematous fetus (if you can't do fetotomy) >> latearl to the milk vein and extends dorsally * Ventral midline celiotomy -c-section or removal of emphysematous fetus -analgesia with a line block -skin -linea almba -approach for pigs and equine * Left oblique celiotomy -c-section or removal of emphysematous fetus * Right paracostal approach -abomasum, better exposure to abdomen in calves .incision is made parallel and 5-10 cm (2.5-5 inches) caudal to the last rib

Displaced Abomasum

* Lift or right DA, gas accumulates within the abomasum and the abomasum "floats" to the left or right becoming trapped between the abdominal wall and adjacent viscera Epidemiology * Often associated with postparturient diseases (ketosis, hypocalcemia, mastitis, metritis) as these conditions result in decreased abomasal contractility * Most commonly observed within the first 2 weeks postpartum * Associated with cattle on high grain diets, especially if no transition diet is provided * High producing dairy cows 2nd or greater lactations * Note: small ruminents can have DA's as well as beef cows and dry cows * Deep chested cows * Cows with elevated NEFAs or BHBA during the prepartum and postpartum period have increased chance of displacement -NEFA = non-esterified fatty acids -BHBA = beta hydroxy butyric acid -both of these increase during the breakdown fo fat usually due to inadequate DM intake or energy demandsof the fetus or milk production Pathophysiology * Atony of the abomasum -increased VFA's -hypocalcemia -effects of endotoxins -increased ketone bodies * Gas accumulates in abomasum * Abomasum floats to the right or left and gets trapped Prognosiis * LDA and RDA: good if not long standing and predisposing diseases are resolved * RTA: poor prognoiss because of vascular compromise, similar to gastric torsion in the dog * Abomasal atony and didarrhea may occur post correction * Animals with diarrhea prior to correction have moderate to poor prognosis Preventionn * Decrease the incidence of postpartum diseases * Prevent hypocalcemic conditions * Increase the effective fiber in diets, reduce grain * Transition ratio to get cattle used to eathign a high grain ration * Introduce cattle concentrates slowly

Tips for Barnes Dehorning

* Local anesthesia -cornual block and SQ line block caudal to the horn * Clip hair - cleaner, less debris * Pain meds * Have blades positioned at the start of the hair * Stop bleeding -large hot burner -pull the small vessels with hemostats * Use a gauze to cover wound if open to the sinus?

Sole Ulcers

* Localized horn destruction that perforates the claw capsule leading to exposure and infection of the underlying corium * Risk factors -CHD or subacute laminitis -Lack of proper claw balance/length -Hard abrasive walking surfaces -Excessive weight bearing (standing) * Failure of suspending and supporting structures -mechanical problems -metabolic problems * Leads to dislocation of the pedal bone, damage to the corium and disruption of horn production * Common in lateral claw (rear) because of overgrowth of the hele horn in this region

Internal Fixation in Ruminants

* Long bone fractures proximal to carpus and tarsus because it is difficult to immobilize joints above (elbow and stifle, respectively) -advantages: can bear weight and ambulate early -disadvantages: cost, general anesthesia, equipment, can't slaughter Types * Bone plates * Screws * Intramedullary pins, interlocking nails, wire * Requires stall confinement - up to 9 months in adults * Infection and implant migration/breaking most common complications

Category 2 Calf Protocol

* Lower risk of BRDC * Should be vaccinated within 24 hours after arrival * Uusually not beneficial to use metaphylaxis * Implants * Parasite control -deworm and delice -coccidiastat Processing plan (within 24 hours of arrival) * 5-way MLV (IBR, BVD I and II, PI3, BRSV) * Blackleg * Parasite control * +/- Implant

Spinal Nerve Damage

* Lymphosarcoma * Disc disease * Abscess * Treatment is unrewarding

Duddingtonia Flagrans

* Nematophagous fungus naturally found everywhere * Feed to animals to increase amount in manure -nematodes in manure are mostly parasite larvae - happily eaten by fungus * In environment form net of hyphae that trap and consume nematodes larvae * Two formulations -BioWorma fungus only for mixing with feed -Livamol containing BioWorma nutritional supplement * Only available since 2019, no published data on use in US, but should work

How Swine Quarantine Works

* Make sure quarantine area is not close to resident pigs * Make sure the quarantine area is cleaned, disinfected and dried prior to entry of new pigs * New pigs are protected from the elements * Use separate equipment for resident and quarantined pigs * Use separate clothing at the quarantine facility and wash separate from resident clothing * Feed, water and handle the quarantined pigs LAST! * Regardless of whether a pork producer is purchasing replacement animals from the same genetic supplier and health monitoring program, an islation facility and program should be in place * Because the incubation period for different disease agents is highly variable and the replacements may not exhibit any signs of sickness for some time, it is essential thse replacements remain in quarantine until test results and observation give reasonable assurance they are healthy

General Principles for Sample Submission

* Make sure the sample is packaged appropriately -leak proof containers -fresh tissues on ice -formalin fixed tissues and swabs at room temperature * Make sure the accession for is filled out appropriately -including your information and client information -species, sample type, tests requested -HISTORY * Select diagnostic tests based on the clinical question

BRD Bacteria

* Mannheimia haemolytica * Pasteurella multocida * Histophilus somni * Bibersteinia trehalosi -unable to experimentally induce this disease -how big of a role it is really playing??? -high death, not responding well to tx - usually this bug * Mycoplasma bovis

Weed Toxicity

* Many of these are present i fields with livestock in them. They are toxic if consumed but most of the time animals will not consume them unless forced to by not having access to anything else to eat * Rarely a problem

Acute Mastitis Treatment

* Milk out with oxytocin * Teat infusions * Systemic abx? -fever over 104 degrees -severe depression -no rumen motility Antibiotics * Tetracycline * Florfenicol - save for does milking for babies, longer withdrawals * Teat infusions (same amount as cows) -sterile technique -tip placement - just into the orifice -tom cat catheters - small teat orifices (not required on the vast majority) Withdraw times * Suggested to double cattle withdrawal * Test milk -Penzyme -Delvo P (25% false positive due to natural inhibitors in milk)

Headchute

* More expensive * Better access to the animal -neck to give vaccinations -access to feet, legs, and rest of the animals * Better animal restraint

How Long is Swine Quarantine Period?

* Most clinical signs from infectious diseases develop within 7-10 days of arrival but can take up to 2 weeks * Quarantine can be a minimum of 2 weeks but most commonly it is 30 days * This is generally followed by an acclimatization period to allow for the new pigs to be exposed to or immunized for diseases affecting the resident pigs (an additional 15-30 days)

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

* Most common cancer in cattle -in high risk herd; 10% of adults per year * Spontaneous -but there are risk factors * Leading cause of whole carcass condemnation in US -other costs include >> treatment >> decreased production >> early culling Preferred locations * Conjunctiva * Corneascleral junction * Cornea * Eyelid Risk factors * Age - 7-8 year old cattle (reports as young as 3) * UV light -disease is more prevalent in SW US and lower latitudes and higher altitudes -white face cattle: lack of pigment worsens the effects of the UV light * Breeds -Herefords and Hereford crosses (black baldy); Holsteins * Genetics - family lines -a single parent having SCC=11% increase rate of progeny having the disease; both parents 22-26% Viral Component??? * Herpes -presnce of intranuclear inclusion bodies in cancer eye lesions -the isolation of herpes virus from OSCC -the fact that herpes viruses induce tumors in their natural hosts -the ability of UV light to induce herpes viruses to transform cells the presence of several types of herpes virus that infect cattle -evidence >> one study found IBR isolated from OSCC tumors; with an increase in IBR serum neutralizing anitbodies >> another one found no evidence if IBR isolated from tumors * Papillomavirus -thought to be potential for "precursor" lesion formation

Epidural Anesthesia (Sacrocaudal)

* Most common clinical uses: -prolapses -dystocias * Clip and scrub (ideal) * Stand directly behind cow (find midline) * Move tail up and down to find intervertebral space (locate S5-C1) -go caudal (C1-C2) if you can't feel it well * Make sure tail down when placing needle through skin -opening that space * Needle size for adult cow? -18 G, 1.5 in (sm ru: 20 G, 1-1.5 in) * Direct needle perpendicular to skin Hang and drop technique * Push needle hard through skin * If negative pressure (suction sound), that means you're in! * Place drop of lidocaine in hub of needle * Advance needle until anesthetic solution is drawn in by negative pressure * Hold needle hub and attach syringe * Anesthetic will push in easily * Dose for lidocaine -cattle: 0.5 ml per 100 lbs -small ru: 0.75-1 ml per 33 lbs >> hang and drop doesn't work well in small ruminants >> inject lidocaine when it will go easily * Can add xylazine (and other meds) to epidural to help with duration (but can cause systemic effects) -increase duration from (2-3 hours) but makes them very sedate; consider pregnancy status, etc. -can be good for prolapses to get them to stop pushing

Category 3 Calf Protocol

* Most difficult group to design 1 program for * Depends on all of the additional factors * Do you have more time or more money * Parasite control -deworm and decline -coccidiastat Processing plan * At arrival -remove cattle from the market as soon as possible -fresh clean water (CRUCIAL) -free choice excellent quality grass hay * Within first 24 hours -5 way MLV (IBR, BVD I and II, PI3, BRSV) -Blackleg -Parasite control -+/- Pasteurella toxoid vaccine -Selenium (+/- copper, zinc, manganese) -Start on palatable grain diet -Consider metaphylaxis

Hepatic Lipidosis Treatment

* Mostly empirical -treat like ketosis -rumen support >> fresh cow drenches -IV fluids (if she's really sick) -release that the cow is entering hepatic failure thus many of the important functions of the liver are impaired >> albumin >> clotting factors >> acute phase proteins >> energy metabolism

Porcine Respiratory Diseases of Growers and Finishers

* Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae * Pasteurella multocida * Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae * SIV * PRRSv * PCV2 * Ascaris suum (verminous pneumonia)

Castration

* Need plenty of drainage -Newberry knife - split scrotum -Remove bottom 1/3-1/2 of scrotum -Tetanus so important to avoid! Pre vaccinate or antitoxin * Younger the better -Hemorrhage -Infection * Considerations -local anesthesia -pain meds * No topicals improved healing * FLY SPRAY essential in summer

What Does the Quarantine Area Include?

* No contact between resident pigs and new additions * No common water or feed sources - keep separate * Easy to clean surfaces for the floors, walls, etc. (minimal dirt) * Ease of removal of organic material and not in close contact with resident pigs for waste disposal * Use of foot bath and hand washing stations * Changing area for boots and coveralls (+/- gloves)

Inverted L Block / Backwards 7

* Non-specific block, simple to perform * Area of anesthesia under the inverted L (behind 13th rib and ventral to transverse procsses of the lumbar vertebrae) * Needle size and length for this block: -18 G, 1.5 -trying to get down to the peritoneum ideally (lots of nerves there) * Minimizes incisional hematoma and edema * Incision 3-4 fingers down from transverse processes, 2-3 fingers caudal to last rib * Approximately 100-200 ml lidocaine in adult cow * Get low behind last rib - nearly as low as where we're going to cut * Disadvantages -time consuming -if you don't get it right then sometimes it just doesn't work well

Hyperkeratosis of Teat Skin

* Not an infectious disease but it is a big problem in dairies * These teats can't form a seal, letting bacteria enter, and are difficult to clean Normal (1) * Normal teat end with no ring around the teat canal Smooth (2) * Smooth raised ring or slightly rough ring with no keratin fronds Rough (3) * A raised roughened ring with isolated fronds of old keratin extending 1-3 mm form the orifice; the category includes some breakdown in epithelial integrity Very rough (4) * A raised ring with rough fronds of old keratin >4 mm from the orifice; the rim of the ring is rough and cracked, giving the teat end a "flowered" appearance * Goal scores in a herd wbould be less than 5% teats socring very rough and less than 15% teats scoring rough; these categories increase the risk for the development of a new intra-mammary infection Risk factors * Cow -long "pointy" teats -older cows -later lactation -things that lead to longer time for the milking machine >> higher production >> slower milkers -genetics? * Machine -higher vaccuum -more movement in liner * Frequency of milking -3x > 2x Prevention * Ensure proper milk let-down -appropriate timinig of milking procedure and claw attachment * Adjust automatic take offs if needed * Teat cleansing and post dip with emollients -emollients soften skin (as a treatment/supportive care)

Isotonic Solutions

* Not commonly used in the field -valuable animals -severely dehydrated animals -animals with on-going losses * Can be done relatively cheaply * Commercial saline bags -$1.5 L Homemade Ringers Solution * 18 L of Deer Park Water * 140 g of NaCl * 90 g of KCl * 10 g of CaCl * Max rate: 20 L per hour * Nephrosol solution -100 cc per gallon of water

Greasy Pig Disease

* Nursery pigs * Staphococcus hyicus * Can start on the face and ears and then can become generalized -scaly, crust, doesn't feel as well -keep an eye on those that are starting to develop as they move through various phases - usually at the end of farrowing and nursing * Generally from fighting wounds - check teeth * Treatment usually with topical disinfectants - dilute bleach works~

Fat Infiltation: Liver Biopsy

* Occurs in liver of all dairy cows in the periparturient period -moderate 30-50 mg of triglyceride/g liver (wet >> 12-15% of fat on dry basis -severe > 50 mg of triglyceride/g liver (wet) >> >15% fat on dry basis * Moderate/severe occurs in up to 30% of dairy cows in periparturient period * Look or feel the liver when doing a R sided omentopexy

What to do During Swine Acclimation

* Once the intiial 30 days are completed and tests have come back negative or similar status to the resident herd, can begin to acclimate the incoming pigs to the resident organisms * Vaccinate for specific organisms that are proven to be an issue in the resident herd * Expose animals to a sentinel pig * Treat with antiparasitics (internal and external) prior to entry into the resident herd

Anthelmintic Resistance Effects of Formulation

* Oral administration most effective treatment route -some drug remains in GIT -remainder reachers worms sytemically * Pour-ons show more variability in efficacy/persistence -administration or environmental issues -cattle behavior - lickers -means potential for more anials with subtherapeutic levels that select for resistance * Persistent anthelmintics considered to select more rapidly for resistance - Longrange (injectable eprinomectin) * Practices for minimizing resistance for these drugs -don't use year after year as sole method of parasite control -consider combination therapy - administer benzimidazole or levamisole at the same time to remove as many worms as possible -don't treat all the animals - leave a refugia -use other methods of parasite control, including pasture management * FOR ALL DEWORMERS - MAINTAIN REFUGIA -don't deworm cattle unneccesarily -minimize treatments when refugia is low (seasonally, etc.) -use targeted selective treatment program

Category 1 Calf Protocol

* Paid a premium for calves -VQA calves * Already been vaccinated * Little benefit to additional vaccines or metaphalysis * Parasite control -deworm and delice -coccidiatstat in feed or mineral (rumensin: ionophore with increased feed efficiency) * +/- Implant (all natural cannot be implanted)

Bovine Warts

* Papillomavirus * Clinical signs -small, raised, non-painful lesions -can be "filamentous" or frond-like - larger or on teat end that may interere with milking >> may require excision * Transmission - direct or indrect contact

Pseudocowpox

* Parapoxvirus (related to contagious ecthyma - Orf) * Clinical signs -small red papules to vesicles/pustules -small scabs form around the granulation tissue -lesions can persist for several months -very short immunity - reinfection is possible * ZOONOTIC - painful scabby sores on hands/arms -GLOVES WHEN MILKING!!!

Fly Strike - Myiasis

* Particularly sheep -wool retains mositure - feces and sweat -flies lay eggs -larvae can damage live tissue * Clinical signs -discolored wool -wool falling out -decreased activity/eating * Prevention -shearing/clutching at appropriate times (back end trimming) -mulesing? other countries - taking some skin tissue off specifically in merino sheep, which have a lot of extra skin -environmental fly control Treatment * Clip all fiber - leaving a 5cm area of intact healthy skin without fiber around the wound -put the maggots/contaminated fiber in trash bag and dispose of immediately * Spray aggressively with Catron to kill the maggots * Clean the wound thoroughly - debridement and lavage as described - remove all maggots * Systemic abx, pain meds, and topical skin treatments * Spray aggressively with Catron (screw worm spray) daily until skin is healed - can go directly onto wounds

Mycoplasma Problems

* Pneumonia -just as deadly as Pasteurella * Joint problems -severe lameness; almost as bad as a fracture * Ear infection

Sudden Death: Respiratory

* Pneumonia -lack of observation in prey species * Bloat -diet >> grain or legums -positional >> stuck downhill -choke (something stuff in esophagus) >> apples, potatoes * Bloat line -most dead ruminants will eventually bloat! >> hours in summer time >> days in winter >> thus the bloat line may be a post-mortem artificat

Arthritis and Associated Disorders in Nursery Pigs

* Polyserositis/arthritis -Strep suis type 2 -Hemophilus parasuis -Mycoplasma hyorhinis and hyosynoviae -septic arthritis from other secondary invaders from neonatal infections * Swollen toes and knees from tauma * Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae -typically more in growers and finishers * Systemic clinical signs can lead ot CNS disorders

Ruminant Fracture Exam

* Presence of sepsis, nerve damage and vascular trauma -DECREASE prognosis for any repair -need to access patient thoroughly to rule out these confounders * Digital radiographs -can be VERY helpful - diagnostically and to determine treatment plan -disadvantages: expensive, limited penetrative power of portable machines in field (femurs) * Many repairs can not be accomplished in the field; need to get them safely to a hospital -further damage (even irreparable) can occur in the trailer Other considerations * Economics -owner needs accurate information about costs (money, time, and effort) and prognoses to make THEIR decision * Genetics -value of males often > female; unless an embryo donor * Cause of fracture - human error involved * "Pets" * AFTERCARE -small dry area (best if covered) to stall rest * Open or articular is BAD * Proximal limb is bad in adults

Primary Photosensitiziation

* Pretty rare in cattle but when it occurs can be severe * Ingestion, injection or absoprtion through skin of photodynamic agent -photodynamic agent: high energy molecule that react to UV light within the skin to release free radicals - damaging the outer cell membrane and the lysosomal membranes of skin cells causing skin ulceration, necrosis and edema * Occurs in healthy cattle * Non-pigmented skin, nose, udder -dakr skin has enough melanin to prevent absorption of UV Plant causes * Buckwheat -often a cover crop or seed crop * St. John's wort - NW normally * Smartweed - SE Forage causes * Primarily legumes and Brassica -alfalfa, bird's foot trefoil, red clover and milk vetch all implicated -turnips, kale, field mustard, rape * Most commonly cause issues when -cattle have been eating dry hay -turned into lush green pastures (that may not have adequate weed control) in spring/fall * Too much chlorophyll turns into phylloerythrin by microorganism in the GIT which causes photosensitization in skin (liver overwhelmed) Treatment * Stop intake * Provide shade * Prevent secondary infections and provide pain relief if necessary -ceftiofur, oxytetracycline

Hypomagnesemia (Sm Ru)

* Primarily an issue in animals grazing lush, apidly growing pasture (spring/autumn) -pastures well fertilized with nitrogen and potassium * Sheep and goat that graze lush cereal grains (wheat, rye) in early lactation or late gestation are predisposed * Rare in ewes and does raised under intensive conditions -limited ability mobilize Mg body reserves and rely on daily intake Pathophysiology * Complex etiology w/ multiple factors -stress increases free fatty acids in blood and decreases magnesium -poor quality grass hay (low Mg intake) -poor dentition * Main risk factors: increased potassium (alflafa hay/haylage) and/or reduced sodium content and increased milk yield -reduced Mg absorption from GIT

Primary Closure of Wound

* Primary closure: suture -muscle and fascia with absorbable suture - chromic gut typical in FA -skin with non-absorbable monofilament - Polyamid or Braunamid

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

* Prions * Cattle and humans -progressively fatal neurologic disease * Transmission -consumption of scrapie-infected feed -spontaneous mutation * Worldwide distribution Cattle (BSE) * Incubation period: 2-8 years * Initial signs subtle * Final stages: excitable, hypermetria, ataxic, condition, death Humans (vCJD) * Incubation: unknown * Neurological signs progressing to death * 26 years old (mean age of onset)

Open Fractures in Ruminants

* Prognosis - poor to grave -for casting even worse * Need very good debridement of skin, soft tissue, and even bone curettage * Antibiotics for 2 weeks minimum * External skeletal fixation - allows access to the wounds for lavage

Neurologic Disease Overview

* Proper diagnosis is the key to proper r/o list which leads to proper treatment selections * Localization of clinical signs is the first key step * Thiamine is almost always used if clinical signs are localized to the brain: -on the hope that it is the primary problem -it provides secondary protective help in other diseases * Florphenicol has the best penetration of the blood brain barrier * Steroids and NSAIDs are often used to minimize or decrease brain swelling * Shotgun therapy with Thiamine, Nuflor, and Dex/Banamine is not a proper approach to neurological disease

Preventing and Treating Piglet Diarrhea

* Proper hygiene and biosecurity for the farm and farrowing house * Vaccination of sows for specific disease conditions * Perform appropriate diagnostics * Treat according to the conditions diagnosed * Supportive care if vital! -electrolytes, warm and dry environment -other nutritional support, colostrum or milk replacer Other management tools * Provide creep feed starting around 7 days of age * Provide waterers at the piglet level * Transition environmental temperatures over time * Monitor for other diseases such as exudative dermatitis (greasy pig) * Observe pigs for noaml behavior and locomotor activity -watch for swollen joints and skin lesions -kyphosis or hunching -lethargy and ears back

Rectal Prolapse

* Protrusion of rectal mucosa * Species: cattle, sheep, swine * Not necessarily an emergency, but should be addressed sooner rather than later Risk factors: * Straining - tenesumus (colitis, coccidiosis), dysuria (cystitis, urolithiasis/dystocia) * Neuropathy - tail docking (sheep), alochol epidural (show animal), spinal lymphoma (old animal) * Chronic coughing (respiratory disease) * Genetics * Neoplasia * Diet (estrogenic feedstuff) * Obesity * Hormone treatments Treatment * Treatment and prognosis depends on severity and chronicity -grades I and II: good prognosis with prompt treatment -grades III and IV: risk for severe vascular injury to descending colon, requires surgical resection, poor prognosis

Vaginal Prolapse

* Protrusion of vagina * Species: cattle, sheep, swine * Not an emergency, but should be evaluated promptly -maybe a step more emergent than rectal, but still not going out at 2am Risk factors * Advanced stage pregnancy (intraabdominal pressure) -especially multiparous ewes (last 3 weeks of gestation) * Exposure to hyperestrogenic agents > vaginal tissue relaxation -growth stimulants -molds -superovulation (used as an embryo transfer cow) * Gentrics/breed (Herefords) Treatment * Treatment and prognosis depends on severity and chronicity

General Rules of Swine Quarantine

* Purchase animals from a known source and health status - make certain to check with the source herd for history of disease conditions * Additionally, make sure testing has been performed to "match" the diseases in the resident herd * Man production units will have a "vet to vet" call to discuss the health histories of both herds to make a health plan * Maintain good animal health records Vet-vet calls * Have your veterinarian consult withe source herd's veterinarian to: -confirm that the source herd has not had any recent disease outbreaks, -determine what diseases have or have not been detected or tested for in the source herd, -determine what vaccinatino programs are used, and -determine what antimicrobials are being used in the feed or water

Coccidiostats (SR)

* Reduce coccidia levels to lesser degree than treatment * Treat animals before disease expected -examples: preweaning, sometimes uesd in adults before lambing, kidding -feed for several weeks -do not use continuously * Administered in feed (amprolium as coccidiostat can be given in water, crumbles for cattle also available) * Approved products have 0 meat withdrawal * No milk withdrawals established * Interest in curcurmin, oregano, sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) - little data to support use

Goals of Fluid Therapy

* Rehydrate the animal * Rehydrate the rumen * Encourage appetite * Deliver any needed medicines

Managing Deworm Resistance

* Resistance problem most widespread now with macrocyclic lactones -heavily used: effective against internal/external parasites -pour-on convenience -cheap * Value for producers in testing for resistance with a Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) -for practice purposes - looking for drug efficacy over 90% Combinations * 2 or 3 drugs from different drug groups -don't mix together, give seperately * Additive effects of treatments -if use two drugs with 75% efficacy, first one kills 75% of the worms, the second kills 75% of the remaining worms, yields greater than 90% efficacy

Treatment of DA's

* Return abomasum to normal position Left displacement * Lay cown in right lateral recumbency and roll her to her left side * Abomasum will float up and over * Remain in this position for 5-10 minutes to allow emptying of abomasal gas and contents -give oral fluids - rehydrate -replace chloride, potassium, calcium deficits >> 120 g KCL BID for 2-3 days >> NaCl >> Calcium borogluconate, oral calcium chloride -fix ketosis >> IV dextrose >> propylene glycol/propionate * If leave this way, the DA is more than likely to reoccur * Note: this does not work for teh RDA as it may cause RTA Surgical * Roll and tack, toggle method -LEFT displacements ONLY * Law cow in right lateral recumbency, pull cow up on her back slowly while pushing on the area of the abomasum. Listen for the pin when the abomasum is just to the right of the distal sternal process. Punch trocar through the abdomen, hands breath behind the lateral-right of the sternum and into the abomasum. Gas will be released, smells like burnt almonds or rancid butter. Drop toggle down into trocar, remove trocar and repeat 3 inches caudal to first trocarization. Tie the 2 toggle leads together. Turn the cow completely over to the left. Stand her up, listen for ping. Right flank omentopexy * Can be used to fix ALL abomasal displacements * Enter the right paralumbar fossa * Reach across the rumen in case of the LDA and stick a needle attached to a drip set into the abomasum to allow removal of gas * When abomasum is deflated, push abomasum down and it will usually go into the right spot * Grab omentum and pull up into incisionsite until the pylorus is located * At the level of the pylorus, looking for the sow's ear, a fold in the omentum, and suture the omentum into the first loayer of body wall closure * in case of RDA or RTA, correct torsion, delate and push abomasum down. Look for pylorus and proceed as above * Advantage: can correct for all three DA's * Disadvantage: if adhesions on the left, can't break down from the right side >> will need to perform a left sided approach, break down adhesions and then replace Right paramedian abomasopexy * Roll cow up on back and enter abdomen about a hands breath on the right laterla to the midline and caudal to the sternum * Abomasum should be in the incision line. Suture the abomasal wall to body wall while closing the peritoneum and muscle bellies. Do not enter into the abomasum * Advantage: good exposure * Disadvantage: need to lay the cown down, possible dehiscence Left Flank Abomasopex * Enter the left paralumbar fossa and locate abomasum * Get 2 striahgt needs with 6 feed of suture material and place 2 horizontal mattress sutures in the greater curvature of the abomasum * Deflate the abomasum and replace * Have assistant direct placement of the 2 stitches to the right and cuadal of the distal sternum * Punch needles through vnetral abdominal wall and tie ends of sutures togther * Advantages: can see the abomasum and be sure of placement of sutures -If the abomasum is adhered to the abdominal wall you can break adhesions down * Disadvantage: need long arms to place sutures -may tear abomasum while placin gsutures Adjunct therapy - just as important as surgery * Fluids - most cows are dehyfrated, standard is 10 gals of water with salt * Calcium proprionate as wel lbecause many of these cows are slightly hypocalcemic * Probiotics for rumen changes * Fluids helps restore fluid deficit and adds weight to keep the abomasum in place and stimluates the rumen * IV fluids - needed in cases of RTA and possible RDA if animal is severely dehydrated * Do not use alkalinizing agents as these cows are alkalotic unless RTA in which case the cow is more likely to be acidotic. Phyioslogic saline ins best * NSAIDs - make cow feel better getting back on feed quicker, relieve pain of surgery * Calcium therapy important to get muscular contractions going again * If ketotic, some glucose precuroses orally and 50% dextrose IV

Why Local Anesthesia?

* Ruminants are poor candidates for general anesthesia * Cost of general anesthesia -95% of procedures are standing, under local anesthesia +/- sedation Why are they poor candidates * Compartmentalization syndrome * Expense * Ruminants like to bloat - in order to do GA, need to be fasted for at least 24-48 hours

Signs of Pink Eye

* Scleral injectino * Neovascularization * Corneal edema * Central corneal ulcer * Excessive lacrimation Occasional Sequelae * Secondary glaucoma and buphthalmos * Blindness

Coccidiosis (Small Ruminants

* See at the time of weaning * Clinical signs -diarrhea without blood >> lesions tend to be in the SI rather than LI -wasting away Treatment * Amprolium -higher dose than in cows might predipose them to polio (thiamine analog) >> leave dose for farmer to give if they start to act off Prevention * Clean environment around feeders and waterers * Lasalocid or Monensin * Decoquinate

Breeding Stock (Swine)

* Selection of breeding stock is very important and involves evaluation of all of the "systems" to ensure superior quality * Once on the farm, it is important to keep them healthy for longevity of the production/reproduction of the whole herd * Sows and boars are affected by moany of the disorders of growers and finishers * There are some unique disorders related to breeding and age in pigs

Sudden Death: Cardiovascular

* Selenium deficiency/white muscle disease -sudden death in young animals after exertion * Rupture of aorta, cranial mesenteric or uterine artery -sudden death -abdomen full of blood -some people try to associate with copper deficiency -uterine artery: can occur when you "detorse" the uterus * Cardiac tamponade (fluid around the heart) -hardware -heart tumor -probably in heart failure at some level

Udder Clef Dermatitis

* Sequale to udder edema * Necrotic, foul smelly scabby area -between the two halves of the udder -cranial to the udder on mid-line if heifers...often between the leg and udder * Assocation with sarcoptic mange -scrape - particularly if herd problem * Treatment -clean with antibacterial daily -dry thoroughly -mild astringent (witch hazel, alcohol) applied

Cooperia Spp

* Several species in small intestine of cattle -especially in young animals (calves-1st/2nd calf-cows) * Generally considered not highly pathogenic * Most strongylid eggs in the manure of young cattle are Cooperia * Requires higher level of ML dewormers than Ostertagia

Packaging and Shipping Samples

* Shipping biological samples is regulated by the IATA * All veterinary diagnostic specimens are ocnsidered an infectious subtance category B (biological specimen not known to contain a pathogen infectious to humans) and MUST have an UN3373 label * IATA regulations require that the sampel be triple packaged -a leak proof primary receptacle -a leak proof secondary packaging -an outer rigid package of adequate strength for its capacity, mass and intended use * Each completed package must be capable of passing the IATA drop test from a height of not less than 1.2 m. For liquids, absorbent material in sufficient quantity to absorb the entire contents must be placed between the primary and secondary packaging.

Goals for Stocker Production

* Sickness <10-33% -depending on the type of cattle purchased * Death loss 1-4% -depending on the type of cattle purchased * >1.5 ADG

Measuring Hydration Status

* Skin tent * Sunken eye balls * MM * Skin on the neck and upper and lower lids * Every second the skin stays tented = 1% dehydratin * Sunken eyes = >7% dehydration

Targeted Treatment to Maintain Refugia

* Slow rates of development of resistance by treating only a portion of the animals * Would be great if could determine which individuals need treatment -fecal egg counts not predictive -weights at start of grazing season not highly predictive * Current recommendations -leave a proportion of animals untreated - selective nontreatment >> 10-20% >> treat by group: calves but not cows, for example

Frothy Bloat

* Small bubbles trap the gas resulting in a rumen full of froth * Only free gas can be eructated Predisposing factors * Diets of lush legumes or feeding of alfalfa hay * Animals turned out on lush pasture -frothy ruminal fluid - higher is chloroplast membrane fragments, soluble protein and fine particles compared to non-froth ruminal fluid * High concentrate/grain diets -particle size and rate of fermentation -bacteria produce a mucoprotein slime - more common in low pH rumens

Bovine Ulcerative Mammilitis

* Sporadic or outbreaks -assocation with cold weather (replicates at lower temperatures) -heifers > cows (don't have the same immunity) -transmission by flies possible * Decreased milk production and increased mastitis * Clinical signs -mild small edematous lesions -vesicles that rupture -ulcerated area that scabs (usually progresses in ~4 weeks) -painful and resist milking > mastitis * Treatment - supportive care -Iodophore teat dips with emollients >> Idodine based teat dip -isolate affected cows and milk last (or use separate equipment)

Grower and Finisher Pigs

* Start with ~60 lb pigs (~10 week old) up to slaughter at 275-280 lbs * Can be separate stages of production or just continued growth in a wean-to-finish facility

Risks at Piglet Birth

* Stillbirths can be high in gilt litters and from older sows -can't saev, document that gilt had problems, may not want to keep her * Trauma (laid on), hypothermia and hypoglycemia/starvation * Piglet losses increase in pigs that are <2.5-2.75 lbs at birth * Loack of colostrum intake -can split sucke or tube feed piglets >> split suckle: take biggest ones and put them in a cart or something to let the smaller ones nurse for a while and switch -cross-foster piglets between sows

Switching Antibiotics for BRDC

* Studies have shown that it is more economical to follow an appropriate Post Treatment Interval * Monitor calf for improvement -attitude and appetite -temperature - at least 2-3 degree reduction in temperature * Try to have producers wait at least 48 hours after choosing an appropriate treatment regimen ebfore giving a different antibiotic

BRD Disease Sequence of Events

* Suceptible animal exposed * Incubation is the period (time) from the first replication of the disease causing biological agent until sufficient compromise of the target organ(s) occurs causing loss of function of the target organ(s) -primary viral BRD: 3 days -secondary bacterial BRD: 3-5 days behind the initial viral infection * Virus destroys cellls that protect the lung * Bacteria move from their hang out to lung * Lung cells provide lots of food with very little defense

Lack of Treatment Success for Mastitis

* Superbug -Rule out of exclusion -If it is IS superbug, prevention is key * Slow detection of disease * Bad treatment protocol

Castration Restraint

* Tail jack and squeeze part of chute * Hold against chest in the case of lambs and piglets

Parts of the BRD Puzzle

* The disease * Calf purchasing * Receiving info * Metaphylaxis * Recognizing BRDC * Treatment of sick calves

The Purpose of Swine Quarantine

* The prevent transmission of disease from a new pig to a resident pig * to allow for better observation of new pigs * To identify disease, behavioral issues, nutritional issues in new pigs * Quarantine is NOT done to allow pigs to begin socialization by allowing new pigs and resident pigs to get ot know one another across a fence

Reproductive Failure in Pigs

* There a variety of causes of reproductive failure and blame can be assessed on either the male or female * Managemnet of replacement stock is very important to ensure that they animals are able to breed properly -involves nutrition, appropriate herd health program, genetic selection, and farm biosecurity plan -breeding management -heat stress

What is Preconditioning?

* They've had all their shots * They won't get sick their home raised calves * Calves from a defined program with vaccination and other requirements Pre * Vaccinated before shipping Conditioned * Weaned (should be at least 45 days) * Trained to eat and drink out of a trough -used to eating something besides momma's milk and grass

Thomas Schroeder Splint

* Tibial fx - 12% and radial fracture - 7% in ruminants * Difficult to do in field - unless a small calf * Animals >500kg need 1" steel and heat to make (farrier) * Confined for 6-10 weeks; examined multiple times a day in first week - can not get up if splinted leg is down and then bloat * Prognosis best if <500kg or <1 yr old * Complications - prolonged recumbency, skin ulcerations, and pressure sores, delayed union

Line Block

* To block a specific area of the paralumbar fossa * Lidocaine directly where you're going to cut * 18 G, 1.5 in needle * Place needle SQ, into muscle layer and peritoneum (ideally) -fan like you would with other techniques * For heavy muscled cattle use a longer needle * Delayed healing is possible complication (hematomas, edema) but if you put lyaers back together appropriately it should heal * C-section (Schramm's most common use) -very quick compared to other techniques -not worried about the block working or not

External Skeletal Fixation in Ruminants

* Transfixation pin and an external frame * External frame -<150 kg commercially available ->150kg make them usually out of methylmethacrylate -can also use fiberglass casting * Less equipment/cost than internal fiaxation * Requires stall confinment

Fluid Therapy Philosophy

* Treat underlying condition * Rehydrate cow * Rehydrate rumen * Encourage feed intake * Rarely replace 100% of fluid deficit * Get the cow halfway there, kick her in the pants, and tell her she has to do the rest

Histophilus Somni

* Treatment with parenteral abx usually unrewarding * Best treatment is prevention -1 gm CTC per 100 lbs bw for 5 days

Secondary Photosensitization

* Unhealthy cattle with impaired hepatibiliary secretion -bile duct occulsion -hepatic dysfunction due to: >> toxins: pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Senecia spp, Crotolaria spp, ragwort), blue/green algae >> infections * Clinically -typically non-pigmented but can progress to pigmented -icterus -prognosis is poor due to liver damage (much different than type I) Prevention and treatment * Provide appropriate quantity of quality feed/forage -won't eat the weeds if they have grass or hay to eat * Improve pastures with appropriate weed control mechanisms * Treatment

1st Pull Treatment After Metaphylaxis

* Use a different class of antimicrobial than what was used for metaphylaxis

What all Small Ruminant Owners Should Know about H. Contortus

* Use as many other elements of integrated parasite management as possible and reduce drug use * Use the FAMACHA system * Select animals with higher genetic resistance to parasites -powerful tool for sheep, immunity not as strong in goats so progress may be slower -fecal egg counts (McMaster test) better tool for genetic selection -estimated breeding value (EBV) for fecal egg count avialable for National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP) Elements for Integrated Control * Animal based -dewormers >> copper oxide wire particles lodge in folds of rumen/abomasum, kills H. contortus only >> deworming plants -targeted treatment - maintain refugia -genetic selection -nutrition - parasites always worse when diet deficient, always check tos ee what is being feed * Pasture based -put most vulnerable aniamls on pasture with the fewest worms -rotation/sward height >> 8 weeks rest at least for larval numbers on pasture to decline >> parasite L3 usually don't go higher than about 4-6 in -reduce stocking rate/time on pasture >> watch out for barnyard effect -alternate or mixed grazing >> cows/small ruminants/horses usually kill L3 of species fro other hosts >> calves can be infected with H. contortus -predatory fungus

High Volume Caudal Epidurals

* Used to block to abdominal, udder, urogenital sx, c-section * Cow, calf, or SR is down for surgery * Same technique as caudal epidural, just a higher volume used * Dose: 4-6mg/kg (up to 8)

Digital Sepsis

* Usually almost non-weight bearing, reluctant to stand or walk * Need to think about animal welfare * Often cellulitis and significant weight loss * Secondary to: -white line abscess extending into the retroarticular structures -complicated sole ulcers -puncture wounds -late-treated foot rot * Euthanize if unable to stand Options * Euthanize, slaughter, or perform surgery -severity of the deep infection -production status (calf on side, breeding bull) -sentimental value -age of animal -cost -ability for client to provide adequate aftercare Radiographs * Absence of radiographic changes carries a better prognosis so antibiotic treatment alone may be warranted * Deep infections (with radiographic changes) have a better prognosis if prompt surgical treatment and antibiotics right away * Fractures of the bones or sequestrum evident

Healing by Second Intention

* Very common in food animals -excessive contamination -delayed response -field conditions * Wound left to heal by granulation tissue formation, wound contraction and epithelialization -possible because cows don't tend to form proud flesh > wound contraction is very easy

Timely Disease Recognition of BRDC

* Very difficult to diagnose (no one wants to admit) -visit to farm to go through pens with farm crew -records with temperatures of treated calves >> if every calf pulled for treatment has a fever either the crew is perfect or not enough calves are being pulled

Initial Wound Assessment

* Wear latex gloves (don't need to be sterile) * Clip the hair - visualize the extent -use water-soluble, sterile lube to protect wound from clipped hair * Clean wound with mild neutral soap an dwater to remove gross debris -surgical scrubs are for intact skin (too powerful for wound) >> use on skin around wound - particularly if suturing but not for wound * Using clean gloves or "cold pack" instruments explore -do not enter joints unless with sterile instruments

If You Have a Cute, but NO Foot Restraint

* What does the chute need to have in order to tie up a foot effectivel? -ideally something overhead or top board of a gate in a pinch * Clove-hitch with a lariat -if the cow gets down while working her, one snap will release her limb -a halter works well for the front foot * Make a pulley system * Standing sedation if needed -Xylazine: 0.02-0.05 mg/kg IV -RARELY needed -try not to sedate in heavy pregnant

Swine Quaratine Facilities

* What would be ideal for a quaratine facility? -location from resident herd -equipment, supplies and restraint for animals (including chutes) -isolated fed, water and entry to facility -ease of observation of pigs for signs of illness -maintenance of good records -all in/all out procedures and ability to clean and disinfect properly

Key Principles of Field Necropsy

* You are all diagnosticians and necropsy is a valuable diagnostic tool * Many states have a single diagnostic lab that may be too far away for a producer to use * FEDEX, UPS, etc. make overnight shipping to a diagnostic lab relatively easy -can use any lab in the country with the same ease

Small Ruminant Dehorn

* Young as possible * Don't cook their brains * Do not perform on adult goats due to high risk of sinusitis * Use socking to protect wound -gauze with triple abx ointment

A Herd Level Approach to Lameness

* Your role as an advisor -turn data into knowledge -facilitate change >> create a sense of ownership >> understand risk factors and areas to improve >> focus on what to do to be successful Overall success factors for lameness * Low infection pressure * Low forces on the feet * Early detection and treatment * Good horn quality and shape

Right ParaLumbar Approach

-abdominal exploratory >> always examine the caudal abdomen first, then the cranial abdomen >> risk of contamination if they have hardware disease (most common finding) -abomasal surgery -right side - intestinal, cecal surgery * Procedure -anesthetize paralumbar fossa with appropriate nerve block anesthesia -make an incision in center of paralumbar fossa >> 6-8 cm (2.5-3 in) below the transverse process and 4-6 cm (2-3 in) caudal to the last rib >> dorsoventral direction for 20-25 cm (8-10 in) -going through: >> skin >> external oblique (caudoventral) >> internal oblique (craniovetntral) >> transversus abdominis (fibers run horizontally) >> peritoneum * Right paramedian celiotomy -abomasal displacement -procedure >> cow is placed on her back >> anesthtize the area of the incision >> make an incision 4-6 cm (2-2.5 in) lateral of midline and 6-8 cm (2.5-3 in) caudal to the xiphoid >> craniodistal direction for 15-20 cm (8-10 in) >> skin >> external sheath of rectus abdominis >> muscle of reductus abdominis >> internal sheath of rectus abdominis and peritoneum * Ventral celiotomy -c section or removal of emphysematous fetus (if you can't do fetotomy) >> latearl to the milk vein and extends dorsally * Ventral midline celiotomy -c-section or removal of emphysematous fetus -analgesia with a line block -skin -linea almba -approach for pigs and equine * Left oblique celiotomy -c-section or removal of emphysematous fetus * Right paracostal approach -abomasum, better exposure to abdomen in calves .incision is made parallel and 5-10 cm (2.5-5 inches) caudal to the last rib What can be felt? * Explore the caudal abdomen first * Reproductive traact * Bladder * Left kidney * Descending colon * Go behind the omental sling -rumen -displaced abomasum on left side -spleen - upper left quadrant * Explore anterior * Reticulum and diaphragm * Omasume (feels like a head of cabbage) - caudal and medial to reticulum - feels like a head of cabbage * Liver - right lobe - edge is slightly rounded -gallbladder * Abomasum -fluid consistency, feel the rugae -ingesta in pyloric region is roughy - level of 9th and 10th costochondral junction -can remove the pylorus and 3-4 inches of abomasum * Duodenum -leaves pylorus going towards liver, covered by greater omentum -descending portion is deep to the adbominal incision >> careful not to cut too deep! * Right kidney -under the last 2 ribs dorsally * Pull the omentum sling forward -cecum - near the pelvic inlet -spiral colon - rotate the cecum 180 cranially -ileum and jejunum -rectum and descending colon

What Kills Scouring Calves

1) Dehydration 2) Acid base imbalance 3) Electrolyte imbalance 4) Septicemia 5) Hypoglycemia

Recording Lesions

1) Digital dermatitis 2) Foot rot 3) Sole ulcers 4) White line disease 5) Upper leg lameness

Rating Preconditioned Cattle

1) Weaned calves, vaccinated and from 1 source or calves comingled prior to purchase 2) Weaned calves, vaccinated from multiple sources 3) Unweaned calves, vaccinated from single source 4) Unweaned vaccinated calves from multiple sources

Ruminal Acidosis (Grain Overload, Lactic Acidosis)

A severe acidotic condition caused by excessive ingestion of high carbohydrate feeds Epidemiology * Occurs when animals consume excessive amounts of readily fermentable carbohydrates -grain -fruits: apples, oranges, figs -tubers: potatoes, beets * Occurs if animals are exposed without adaptation -animals on feed receive an excessive amount: competition at feed bunk, some gorge -animal has been off feed and returned without adaptation period Pathophysiology * Over consumption of highly fermentable feeds causes an increased population of Steptococcus bovis, which produce lactic acid as an end product * Lactate production and increased VFA's decrease the rumen pH to 5 or less and rumen osmolality increases causing fluid to enter the rumen * Protozoa and other bacteria die * Increasing rumen aciditiy enhances growth of lactobacilli which produce more lactic acid * Some lactate is absorbed systemically. Lactate is also formed from absorption of VFA's in the ruman wall * Increased rumen osmolality causes extracellular fluid to enter the rumen resulting in increased rumen fluid volume, distension, and severe dehydration * Severe dehydration causes circulatory impairment, decreased renal blood flow and glomerular filtration in some cases resulting in anuria * Poor peripheral perfusion results in hypoxic metabolism which increases sytemic acidosis * Have both L and D lactate produced in the rumen. L is metabolized by the animal whereas D is not resulting in higher levels of D lactate in the blood * Lactate may cause sloughing of the rumen lining, resulting in fungal rumenitis and liver abscesses * Gram (-) bacteria die off in the rumen may result in endotoxic crisis * After initial crisis, rumen fluid may become alkalotic because of putrefecation and fluid influx into the rumen

Peri-Parturient Hypocalcemia (Sm Ru)

AKA Parturient paresis, lambing sickness * Incidence: <5%, occasionally up to 20% * Acute or subacute pathologic condition -occurs shortly before or after parturition >> greatest Ca demand in non-dairy aanimals at 3-4 weeks before parturition >> high producing dairy goats usually post-partum * Reduced serum Ca concentrations (<4-5 mg/dL) Pathogenesis * High intake of calcium, phosphorous, or some cations (K, Na) decreases production of parathyroid hormones * Less 1,25-dhidryoxycholecalciferol produced * Lowered absorption and Ca mobilization form intestines and bones * Older animals more susceptible -reduced ability of absoption and mobilization of stored Ca

Pregnancy Toxemia (Small Ruminants)

AKA: pregnancy ketosis, pregnancy disease, twinning disease, fatty live syndrome, lambing/kidding paralysis Causes * Caused by abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and fats in the last trimester -rapid fetal growth (80% during last 6 weeks of gestation) -increased metabolic demand (150-200% increase maintenance) >> competition between dam and fetuses for glucose (30-40% of maternal glucose production goes to fetal-placental unit) -stress (management, weather, transport, predatos, etc.) -decreased rumen capacity (limited rumen fill due to space occupyinig fetus) -individual animal susceptibility (genetic) Types 1) Primary pregnancy toxemia * Common, results from decline in plane of nutrition during late pregnancy or mangement changes that create a brief period of fasting 2) Fat ewe/doe pregnancy toxemia * Results from overconditioning of the flock, herd or individual during early pregnancy; sometimes followed by late gestational decline in nutrition * Excess abdominal fat contributes to reduced rumen capacity 3) Starvation pregnancy toxemia * Excessively thin ewes resulting from mismanagement or unavailability of feed resources following peiods of drought, heavy snows, or flooding 4) Secondary pregnancy toxemia * Sporadic and results from concurrent disease in affected females Secondary causes * Result of conditions that cause decreased feed intake and increased energy needs -acidosis -thin/malnourished animals (pneumonia, parasitism, chronic wasting disease) -water deprivation -hypocalcemia -infectious pododermatitis (foot rot) -vaginal prolapse -poor dentition

Trichostrongyles

Adults in GIT (small intestine or abomasum, depending on species) * Eggs passed in manure * Larvae devlop in manure -takes about 5-7 days minimum to L3 -cooler - the longer it takes * Adults start egg laying in about 3 weeks -adult lifespan measured in mnonths * Low long do larvae survive on pasture? * Important in cattle: -Osteragia >> interferes with pH of abomasum (create basic environment) >> interfere with the conversion of pepsinongen to pepsin -Cooperia -Other species present and contribute to parasite gastroenteritis, but rarely primary pathogen >> Haemonchus pasae, etc.

Contagious Foot Rot in Sheep and Goats (Classical Virulent Foot Rot)

Agent: Dichelobacter nodosus (formely Bacteroides nodosus) and Fusobacterium necrophorum * F. necrophorum is a normal inhabitant of the rumen * Dichelobacter bodosus is an obligate parasite of the sheep/goat hoof and survives in teh soil for 10-14 days Diagnosis * Lameness is the usual clinical sign * Animsl may adopt a praying posture when grazing -infection invades the sole of the foot causing undermining of the horny tissues -characteristic foul odor -one or more hooves may be involved Tranmission * Spread from infected animals to the ground, bedding, manure, etc. -introduced by purchase of an infected/carrier animal -use of facilities that recently housed infected animals (e.g. fairgrounds) -spread occurs best when temperatures are from 40-70F and the environment is wet -carrier animals within the flock remain a constant source of infection Prevention * Never buy animals with foot rot or aniamls from an infected flock -avoid buying animals at livestock markets -avoid using facilities that may have housed infected animals in teh last 2 weeks -properly clean and disinfect vehicles prior to transporting animals -trim feet and treat all new arrivals, re-examine at the end of the 30 day quarantine -vaccination: no longer available Treatment * Foot trimming, soaking and antibiotics -foot trimming: remova all of the infected hoof so the organism is exposed to aira nd miedcation/foot soaks. Foot trimming should be done once or twice a year as part of routine healty. Disinfect trimming instruments between animals -Foot baths/soaks: zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, formalin >> should be used 1-2x per week for several weeks >> can add tag wool to reduce splashing >> can add detergent to bath to increase agent pentration into cracks 1) Zinc sulfate - 10% solution = 16 lbs in 20 gallons of water -least toxic of the three soaking angets -soak for 15-30 minutes 2) copper sulfate (bluestone) - 10% solution -toxic if sheep drink it and stains the wool -soak for 15-30 minutes/treatment 3) Foramlin - 5% solution -soak for 5-10 minutes, may scald the foot, causes feet to harden -least desirable of the 3 agents * Antibiotis -procaine penicillin G -LA-200 -Gamithromycin Eradication * Combination of trimming, abx usage and foot soaks * Clean animals must go on clean pasture * Infected animals are trimmed, treated, and given weekly foot soaks for 6 weeks and then reevaluated and placed in a clean pasture if apparently free of infection

Foot Scald or Interdigital Dermatitis

Agent: fusobacterum necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus - different less virulent strains than those causing foot rot, Benign Foot Rot -fusobacterium necrophorum and trueperella pyogenes - ovine interdigital dermatitis Epidemiology * Usually seen during wet weather or when there is a lot of dew on the grass Clinical signs * Inflammation of the skin in the interdigital space * Skin looks like it has been scalded, white and shriveled * Necrotic smell - goats can smell before touch the foot * Swelling above the coronary band - goats mostly * Severe lameness - 3-legged lame Treatment * Penicillin or tetracycline injections * If no swelling of tissues, 4g tetracycline powder in 1 qt isopropyl alchol sprayed in between toes * Foot soak Prevention * Foot soak * Keep off wat pastures so feet have some time to dry out

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAEV)

Agent: lentivirus - one of the retroviruses Transmission * Infection most commonly occurs when virus present in colostrum or milk is ingested * Prolonged contact in high desnity goat populations -respiratory and salivary secretions: if a positve doel icks her kids maybe amean of spread -shared milking machines: transfer of infected milk between animals -transmission of infected macrophages during breeding - vaginal, preputial, or seminal fluid -shapred surgical equipment and tattoo equipment - blood and exudate Clinical signs * Leukoencephalomytelitis of kids 1-4 months of age -affected kids show a rear limb paralysis that progresses to the front limbs, is an irreversible paralysis * Most cmmon sign is a chronic hyperplastic polysynovitis-arthritis of mature goats -carpal joints are almost affected -arthriti may involve the stifle, hock, coxofemoral and atlanto-occpital joints -mammary gland and pulmonary fibrosis may also bee seen * Only about 35% of infected aniamls will develop clincal signs may be years usually 1 year or older, but can occur as early as 6 months of age Diagnosis * Clinical signs - chronic arthritis in adult goats * Serology - AGID or ELISA Control and prevention * Immediate removal of kids from their dam at birth, prevent contact between dam secretions and kids * Isolate kids and separation from infected goats by at least 2 months * Provide CAEV free colostrum, heat treated colostrum (133 F, for 60 minutes) or cow colostrum * Provide CAEV free milk or pasteurized goat milk, goat milk replacer or cow milk until weaning * Serologic testing and separation of seropositive and seronegative animals * MIlk seronegative animals first and then seropositive, milk younger does before older does * Use seronegative bucks for breeding seronegative does * Clean surgical instruments, tattoo equipment, dehorning equipment between animals

Mycoplasma

Agents: M. caprocolum, M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, M mycoides subsp mycoides the organism can be isloated from the joints as well as milk. Imporatnt disease of kids 1-2 months of age. Ear mites may also be source of infection Clinical signs * High fever, cough, painful joints, dyspnea, and anorexia. Kids may show signs of encephalitis. Usually seen in kids from birth to 2 months of age. Kids often infected via ingestion of milk. Pasteurization is used to control outbreaks. Necropsy * Diffuse non-suppurative pleuritis and peribronchiolar lymphocytc infiltrations, joint effusions Prevention * Raise kids separate frmo adults, heat treated milk/colostrum Treatment * 20 mg/kg IM BID of Tylosin for 5 days; or 11mg/kg IV * 20 mg/kg of LA 200 every 48-72 hours

Vaginal Prolapse Treatment

Always address risk factors first if possible * Late gestation ewes: increase concentrate consumption and reduce hay consumption (decrease intra-abdominal filling) * Management factors, such as increased incidence of respiratory disease or improper tail dockign (should be left long enough to cover anus when pulled ventrally) * Do not keep dam or offspring as breeding stock * Perform epidural as described for rectal prolapse * Depending on severity, may need to apply hydroscopic agent to reduce edema -sugar, dextrose, hypertonic saline, Epsom salts, glycerol * Small ruminants -retention harness >> discourages straining; needs to be removed before lambing -prolapse paddle >> tie to wool/hair and it generally comes out at lambing >> can prolapse through them so not always effective Short term retention techniques: * Caslick's suture -Best for non-pregnant animals that experience Grade I eversion during estrus (embryo donors) * Buhner stitch -better for advanced grade and chronic prolapses -need to untie at parturition (or leave untied overnight if not monitoring) -most commonly performed * Bootlace technique * Horizontal mattress (Halstead) technique * Vertical mattress * All of these have good retention, vulvar edema if performed incorrectly, remove before parturition Permanent treatments (referral procedure) * Minchev and modfied Minchev vaginopexy * Winkler technique for cervicopexy

Acorn Toxicity

Clinical signs * ADR * Often hemorrhagic diarrhea -distinct smell * Sometimes ruminal fluid distension Organ system affected * Kidney -most important -renal tubular necrosis * GI -watery black diarrhea Onset time and toxic dose * Days until clinical signs are apparent * Unknown toxic dose Diagnosis * History of exposure -September to December * Clinical signs -ADR, dark diarrhea, hugely elevated BUN/Creatinine * Necropsy -presence of acorns in rumen Treatment * Supportive -IV and oral fluids * Usually unrewarding Other facts * Oak trees are most common hardwood tree * Tannins are the toxin -deer can eat because they have an enzyme in saliva that breaks tannins down * Can cause birth defects if non-lethal doses consumed by pregnant cows

IBK Pathogenicity

Bacteria * Moraxella bovis * Moraxella boviculi?? -may be secondary invader Moraxella bovis * Pilli: bacteria can interstrain/intrastrain ie a single strain of bacteria can produce both types and alternate -Q: enhance attachment of bacteria to corneal cells -I: local persistence and establish of infection * Cytotoxins: B hemolytic, corneatoxic and leukotoxic AND hydrolytic/proteolytic -corneal epithelial cell lysis with formation of a "pore" through the cornea - ulcer -lysis of neutrophils and release of enzymes that damage the corneal epithelium -damage of membrane phospholipids causing cell lysis Other Pathogenecity Factors * Can be "assisted" by previous damage caused by or concurrent infection with: -mycoplasma -infectious bovine rhinotracheitis * There are CARRIER cattle -M. bovis in conjunctiva and ocular secretions without clincial signs or history of disease -Moraxella in top 10 types of bacteria isolated rom eye swabs regardless of disease status * Irritation to the cornea "assists" the bacteria to penetrate the defensice mechanisms of the eye - epithelium, tear flow, complement, phagocytic cells, secretory abs -UV damage to cornea -scarification by dust, plant material, feeds (hay) -female face fly (M. bovis survives on their legs for 3 days)

Oral Fluid Delivery

CPS-Cattle Pump System * Pumps a pint a pull on the way up * Tube is located one third of the way down the esophagus * Can pump faster than a cow can swallow * Care must be taken to make sure that pump is located in the right locationa nd you do not pump too fast * CAN KILL COWSS - COWS SHOULD NOT BE KILLED!!! -make sure you palpate tht tube int he esophagus -pump slowly >> company recommends 10 seconds on the upstroke >> 5 seconds is enough for most cows >> need to pay attention because there is a lot of cow variation

Calf Categories

Category 1 * Preconditioned calves -been weaned, been vaccinated, less stressors, etc. Category 2 * Calves bough straight off one farm and brought to another -buying your neighbor's calf Category 3 * Fresh market calves Category 4 * Stale calves -wrung out, stressed out (multiple livestock markets, etc)

Hypothermia in Kids/Lambs

Caused by * Hypoglycemia/starvation * Cold environment Treatment * IV glucose: 2-3 ml of 50% dextrose (1ml/kg) * IV fluid: warm in microwave (45 s increments, shak around) or throw them on dashboard while you're driving -10 lb lamb (5kg) -5 kg x 0.05 = 250 ml -80ml/kg/hour so rate is 400ml/hr = 6/6 ml/min = 60.6 drops per minute or 40 minutes * Place in warm water bath -Temp 104F; too hot > peripheral circulation increases > internal organs anoxic -place on heating pad or in box with hair dryer * Tube with 2-4 oz of warm milk or colostrum -warm them up on the inside -gut motility is compromised, so don't give if they're severely debilitated; wait until they're sitting up and have been warmed a little * Antibiotics? if they're septic > nuflor

Lead Intoxication

Causes * Cattle develop lead intoxication because of their: -tendency to lick or chew on foreign objects -propensity to drink petroleum distillates -access to materials contaminated with lead >> batteries!!! Sources of lead * Batteries * Used motor oil * Shot * Roofing felt * Lead based paint * Machinery grease * Caulking compounds Acute vs. Chronic * Cattle may develop signs of lead intoxication from ingestion of: -single dose of lead (400-800 mg/kg) -low levels of lead (6mg/kg) for longer periods of time Clinical signs * Neurologic signs -early signs include dullness, hyperesthesia, muscle fasiculations and rapid twitching of the eyelids or facial muscles -lateral signs include ataxia, blindness, head pressing, odontoprisis, bellowing and seizures * GI signs -rumen hypomotility/atony -bloat -diarrhea -constipation Diagnosis * History of potential exposure * Blindness * Scours * Easily confirmed by blood lead levels Treatment * The goals of treatment of cattle with lead intoxication include: -removal of lead from the GIT -chelation of absorbed lead -nutritional support * Calcium EDTA at various doses * Thiamine 10mg/kg -roughly half as effective as EDTA * Fluid and nutritional support till eating again Treatment Controversy * EDTA treatment requires compounding * What slaughter withdrawal do you give a calf with lead toxicity: 6-12 months * Possibility for future release from rumen * Don't seem to grow at rate that they would have otherwise * Don't treat unless you're certain they'll be kept for adequate withdrawal time

Rectal Prolapse

Causes * Increased abdominal pressure - pigs piling * Excessive coughing * Short docking (sheep) * Diarrhea * Vaginal or uterine prolapse Repair * Epidural * Put back in -may need to squeeze to get edema out >> towel or vet wrap >> sugary * Purse string suture * Amputate -pig whistle or syringe case * NSAIDs

Polio (polioencephalomalacia)

Causes * Ingestion of plants containing Thiminases * Lack of production of Thiamine (rare sequela of acute grain overload) -rumen acidosis from too much high starch grain * Consuming a diet containing >0.4% sulfur (MOST COMMON) -eating high levels of corn gluten or distiller's grain Clinical signs * Blindness (normal looking eyes) * Staggering * Down * Seizures * Early signs: dullness, inappetance, blindness, hyperesthesia, muscle tremors * Later signs: ataxia, head-pressing, dorso-medial strabismus * Latest signs include: recumbency with opsthotonos, coma or seizures Pathogenesis * Thiamine (vitamin B1) is a co-factor for enzymes associated with energy production in the brain * A deficiency of thiamine reduces energy available for sodium/water transport mechanisms in the cells of the brain * Cells of the cerebral cortex swell * Cerebral edema * Increased intracranial pressure * Cerebrocorticonecrosis Differential diagnoses * Lead poisoning * Vitamin A deficiency -fat soluble (long term reserves) -usually comes from greens -not common in this area * Salt intoxication/water deprivation Therapy * Non sulfur induced -thiamine -10mg/kg -IV or IM -BID -for 1-2 days >> significant response in 5 minutes to an hour >> usually better after 1-2 doses * Sulfur induced -thiamine -10mg/kg -IV or IM -BID -for 3-5 days >> significant improvement in 1-6 hours >> takes days for 100% improvement >> good chance for relapse if tx stopped too early * Cattle with PEM often are unable/unwilling to drink or eat and should be treated with: -oral fluids, electrolytes, minerals -alfalfa pellet slurry -transfaunation

Wild Cherry

Clinical Signs * Exercise intolerance * Down * Down and seizures * Dead (most cases) Organ system affected * Blood -oxygen is irreversibly bound to hemoglobin -cyanide (Prussic acid) toxcity * Venous blood is bright "cherry" red Onset time and toxic dose * 15-20 minutes * 1-5 lbs for 1200 pound cow Diagnosis * History of exposure * Clinical signs -bright cherry red blood * Necropsy -presence of wild cherry leaves in rumen Treatment * Na Thiosulfate/Na Nitrate (detoxifying) * 100-250 mL IV Other facts * The leaves are toxic only when wilted -most common tree growing in fence rows -toxicity most common when fence rows are being replaced or after a thunderstorm causing trees to be down or limbs broken out * Leaves have the most HCN potential when they are young and it decreases over time

Jimson Weed

Clinical Signs * Increased RR * Increased HR * Urination * Defecation

Spiny Pigweed

Clinical signs * ADR Organ system affected * Kidney failure

Clinical Signs and Treatment of Rumen Acidosis

Clinical signs * Acute depression and possible death * Atonic, possibly bloated rumen that has a sloshy fluid feel * Dehydration, elevated heart and respiratory rates * Animals have difficulty walking or are recumbent * If live long enough, diarrhea Diagnosis * History * Tap rumen and test pH, <5 * Look for live protozoa, if dead likely acidosis Treatment * Correct dehydration and acidosis - alkalinizing fluids - sodium bicarbonate given IV * Try to empty the rumen via Kingman tube or rumenotomy if early in the course of the disease * Systemic penicillin. May give oral penicillin as well to control bacteremia and kill rumen lactobacilli * Magnesium hydroxide (Carmalax) orally to neutralize acids * Mineral oil to decrease absorption and speed passage time * NSAIDs * Thibendazole to prevent mycotic rumenitis * B vitamins * Transfaunate - probably the best thing to do to get them to recover Prevention * Prevent exposure to large quantities of fermentable carbohydrates * Make feed changes gradually; over a 2-3 week period * Prevent animals from getting into feed storage areas * Provide adequate feeder space for all animals to eat at one time

Hardware Disease Clinical Signs and Treatment

Clinical signs * Acute: rarely see -dairy - acute drop in milk and acute anorexia -fever, anorexia, decreased or absent rumen contractions, tachycardia -pain: grunting when lying down, urinating, or defecating. stand with an arched back and abducted elows -regurgitation of food -acute death due to rupture of coronary artery or penetration through heart wall and hemorrhage * Chronic: less severe or longstanding, most common presenation of disease -fever +/- -ADR cow -weight loss, rough hair coat, abnormal gait - owner may report lameness Pericardial Sac involvement: * Heart sounds are muffled, may hear a washing machine sound because of a fluid gas interface due to gas production by bacteria and purulent exudate * Signs of congestive heart failure, distended jugulars, edema - especially in area of the brisket Diagnosis * Clinical signs and rule out other possibilities * Grunt test -place a board under the xyphoid process and lift dorsally. Listen with a stethoscope over trachea for a grunt on expiration * Withers Pinch test -pinch a cow over teh withers causeing her to bow downwards, will grunt or be reluctant to bow as stretches adhesions resulting in pain * Abdominocentesis - may not be very rewarding but collection of a sample tells you there is peritonitis -Radiographs, horizontal view with animal in dorsal recumbency, can see foreign body. Not very practical * Exploratory surgery, sweep hand along rumen and reticulum feeling for adhesions. Clin path * WBC, fibrinogen, plasma proteins may be normal in initial stages * Increased fibrinogen and increased plasma proteins commonly observed. INcrease in globulin:albumin ration * Leukogram will vary depending on stage of disease Treatment * Acute and painful -rumenotomy and removal of object * Conservative treatment -administration of a magnet -systemic abx -confinement, have front end of animal elevate -if cardiovascular signs are present recommend slaughter (not likely to pass meat inspection) or euthanasia Prevention * Administer magnets after animals are 6-8 months old * Clean up the environment * Put magnets on feed handling equipment

Simple Abomasal Displacement (Left or Right)

Clinical signs * Anorexia, lack of cud chewing * Ketonuria and acetone on the breath * Rumen - motility decreased rumen pulled away from lateral abdominal wall - paralumbar fossa is deep * Last 2 rips may be "sprung" * Auscultation - gurgling or tinkling sound rather than rumen scratches * Auscultation and percussion -tinny sounding ping between the tuber coxae and the elbow - usually from the lwoer third of the abdomen at the level of the 8th intercostal space back to the paralumbar fossa, slightly beyond last rib >> ping usually doesn't go into the paralumbar fossa * Feces are scant but diarrhea maybe present * Liptak test - 6 in needle into an area below the ping and test pH of the fluid: -abomasal pH 2-4 -rumen pH 5.5-8 * some cows show mild signs of discomfort and elevated heart rate, 80s * Paradoxic aciduria: cows are alkalotic yet urine pH rather than being basic may be acidic -cow is alkalotic so she tries to cnoserve hydrogen ions. Because of dehydrationa nd reduced cardiac output, blood pressure is reduced. The cow responds by renal retention of sodium and chloride. THe nromal exchange product in the kidney would be potassium, but hypokalemia is usually severe thus hydrogen ions are paradoxically secreted so that blood pressure can be maintained by means of maximum sodium retention Clinical pathology * Aklalotic * Hypochloremic - chloride is not absorbed from SI as HCL is sequestered in abomasum * Hypokalemic - potassium intake is decreased, cow is alkalotic * Hypocalcemic - not deficient enough to cacuse overt clinical signs of hypocalcemia but calcium levels are lower tha normal

Spinal Lymphosarcoma

Clinical signs * BAR * Normal mentation * Weakness/knuckling in rear legs * Deficits in placing feet

Japanese Yew

Clinical signs * Dead (almost always) Organ system affected * Heart (STOPS) Onset time and toxic dose * 1-3 hours (potentially even quicker) * 1 lb for 1200 pound cow Diagnosis * History of exposure * Clinical signs -DEAD * Necropsy -presence of Japanese Yew leaves in rumen Treatment * NONE Other facts * Most common decorative bush in the U.S. * Leaves become more toxic as they mature through the year * Exposure -suburban encroachment on farmland -homeowner trims plants and throws clippings over the fence -cattle tear into yard around old farm house and eat Japanese Yew * Toxin is taxine

Pokeweed

Clinical signs * Diarrhea * Colic

Floppy Kid Syndrome

Clinical signs * Muscle weakness * Anorexia * Depression * First 2 weeks of life Causes * Metabolic acidosis with a high ion gap without dehydration or any known cause in young kids that were normal at birth * Thought is you get digestion of milk in SI producing lactic acid > absorbed > acidotic * Intestinal fermentation of milk > lactic acid and absorption of VFAs * Lactic acidosis 2ndary to impairment of cardiovascular function Treatment * Oral baking soda - 1-2 teaspoons -usually back to normal in 30 minutes * 1.3% bicarbonate solution IV, or add 5mg/kg of 8.4% bicarb in saline

Mycoplasma Pneumonia

Clinical signs * Poor response to threapy * Relapses from 1 week-1 month later * Multiple relapse episodes * Hacking cough * Initially mild signs followed by.... * SEVERE labored breathing * Clear nasal discharge * Lower temperatures than other viral/bacterial causes

Buckeyes

Clinical signs * Stilted gait * Down -hyperesthesia * Mimics grass tetany (hypomagnesia) -early spring -cow that just calved (last few days-1 month) -if you have the clinical signs and didn't just calve, probably buckeye toxicity Organ system affected * Brain -neurologic signs similar to grass tetany * Principle toxins are the glycosides aesculin and fraxin, and possibly a narcotic alkaloid Onset time and toxic dose * 12-24 hours * As little as 0.5% body weight of the animal can produce severe poisoning -around 5 lbs for a 1200 lb cow Diagnosis * History of exposure -September to December * Clinical signs -stiff gait, staggering, and down the hyperesthesia * Necropsy -presence of Buckeyes in rumen Treatment * Centered around prevention of animal harm (indirect treatment) -prevent bloat from lateral recumbency -prevent from drowning in pond or creek -prevent injury from falling over cliff etc. * Xylazine/Acepromazine -+/- mineral oil, magnesium oxide -"sleep it off" Other facts * Tree found sporadically in Mid-Atlantic * Toxin is glycoside aesculin

Right Torsed (Displaced) Abomasum

Clinical signs same as simple displaced abomasum PLUS * Signs of shock - decreased capillary refill, cool extremities * HR 100+ * Acutely ill, dehydrated * Abdominal distension, borborygmi are absent

Gastric Ulcers in Swine

Epidemiology * Associated with stress * Dietary factors -finely ground grain -vit E and Se defeiciency -Copper toxicity -Irregular feedings Clinical signs * Apparently healthy animal found dead * Animals may be: pale, anemic, weak with increased respiratory rate -grinding teeth, anorexia, bloody tarry feces -off and on anorexia and weight loss and intermittent tarry feces Diagnosis * Clinical signs * Necropsy - ulcers in the aprs esophagea with blood clots within the stomach Treatment * Aluminum hydroxides and magnesium silicate * Reduce stress * Tagamet Cimetidine * Oats/alfalfa hay * Omeprazole (Prilosec) Prevention * Adequate Vit E and Se * Reduce stress * Consistent feeding intervals and increase courseness of feed

Infectious DIsease in Fresh Cows Immune Suppression Associated with Parturition

Cortisol surge at calving * Stimulates anti-inflammatory cytokines (TFG-B and IL-10) * Inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines (gamma INF, TNF) * Reduction of L-selectin and CD18 - reduces surveillance activity of neutrophils Ketone bodies * Generally considered immune suppressing -reduce chemotaxis, oxidative burst, lymphcyte blastogenesisi Colostrum * Transfer of IgG from Dam to colostrum Metritis, mastitis, and pneumonia are more severe in fresh cows as compared to mid-lactation cows

Bloodless Castration

Elastrator bands * Calves <150 lbs * Rubber band strangulates spermatic cord * Scrotum and testes fall off in 1-3 weeks * Hernia repair -push everything back up and put band around scrotum * Complications -can't count to 2 -tetanus >> give TAT 300-500 IU lambs and kids >> CD and T vaccine to dams 3-4 weeks before parturition -band not strong enough resulting in granulation tissue formation Calcitrate bander * Used in larger animals * Go back and cut off scrotum 3-4 days after application * Tetanus, with vaccine, 1 in 500 -vaccine should still be given, but still risky Burdizzo * Scrotum is not cut and remains * Testicular circulation is disrupted, testes atrophy * Each spermatic cord is clamped at different levels to ensure collateral circulation * lots of swelling the day after

Traunatic Reticuloperitonitis (TRP, Hardware Disease)

Defined as a foreign body penetration through the anterior wall of the rumen or reticulum resulting in inflammation and infection. May result in abscess, peritonitis, liver abscess, or classic traumatic pericarditis Epidemiology * More common in dairy than beef, small ruminants not very common ebcause of being discretionary eaters * Associated with environments contaminated with metal. However, just because a farm doesn't have a junk pile or a falling down building doesn't mean it isn't hardware. Pieces of wire from fencing, hay bales, equipment etc. find their way into animals' mouths. * Often seen after calving because of breakdown of adhesions or because of increased abdominal pressure during calving causing pieces of metal to move Pathophysiology * Indiscrimnant eating habits leading to accidental injestion of foreign bodies. 3-4 inch pieces of bent wire and nails most common * Heavy objects gravitate to the ventral sac of the rumen and then contractions push them into the reticulum * Normal reticular contractions push objects through the cranial wall of the reticulum. Depending on the direction and length of the object dictates what the object penetrates. * Bacteria follow the object producing local infection along the length of the object * Pain and inflammation lead to decreased appetite and rumen hypomotility

Dehydrated Cows: Alkalotic or Acidotic

Depends on the underlying cause! Acidotic * Calf scours Alkalotic * RTA - chloride gets sequestered in the abomasum; if you correct this condition > chloride is still tehre so it will correct itself since we didn't lose it out of the body * Off feed cows - usually SLIGHTLY alkalotic; don't necessarily need correction UNLESS they have grain overload

SCC Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis * Not all runny eyes are IBK * White faced cattle should have their eyes examined annually as part of processing! * Assess the depth of invasion To Treat or Cull * Depends on staging and location -stage 1: placques -stage 2: keratomas/keratocanthomas -stage 3: papillomas -stage 4: carcinomas (ability to metastasize - lungs and lymph nodes) -location: nictitating membrane and lower eye lid - often more aggressive * Carinoma - cull? -uncomplicated: condemnation of head -complicated with extesnsion into lymph nodes or massive infection - condemnation of entire carcass; euthanize??? -how will she be sold - on the rail? or the market? * Stage 1-3: benign but will progress to OSCC - treatment??? -method? -how long do yo need? (is she pregnant?) >> pregnant? calf by side? Treatment Options * Surgical excision - 90% cure but reoccurrence ~45% -keratectomy: 2-3mm around lesion -3rd eyelid removal -ventral eyelid papilloma removal -exenteration * Cryotherapy - 60-90% efficacy but lesion <2.5 cm -often after surgical debulking * Hyperthermia - 90% cure but lesion <2.5 cm -make hashtags, otehrwise - corneal perforation

Hypomagnesemia (Sm Ru) Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis * Signalment, history, response to treatment * Serum magnesium levels: -<1.5 mg/dL suggestive -<1.0 mg/dL diagnostic * Post-mortem serum Mg of limited value -CSF: 12 hours post-mortum -urine: 24 hours post-mortem -anterior eye chamber fluid: 48 hours post-mortem Treatment * Requires IMMEDIATE treatment -death occurs within hours of onset of neurlogical signs * IV administration of 4-5% magnesium chloride and 20-25% calcium borogluconate solution (50 mL) -combination of products based on commercial availability * Recovery is quick, but reslapses may occur -additional SQ or oral administration 12-24 hours later is recommended * If outbreak in flock/herd, advise to give 7 g/animal magnesium oxide PO to clinically healthyl animals * Prevent with appropriate mineral supplementation and properly balanced fertilizers

Leading Cause of Lameness in Dairy Cattle in US?

Digital dermatitis aka heel wart * Classic location: back of the heel bulbs in between, strawberry like lesion * M2 lesion * Can also be seen interdigitally Proliferative, chronic form of digital dermatitis * See these lesions in hers where this is a major issue * Fair amount of herd infected * Usually if they get to this point they're ont finding these soon enough Total percent of lameness from bovine DD * Lameness in bred heifers: 62% * Lameness in cows: 49% Stages * M0: no lesion * M1: predisposing * M2: classic; when cow gets lame - when we want to identify and treat * M4: bacteria associated with this disease are encysted and deep in the tissue -become carriers for associated bacteria -tepanema is a big bacteria as well as other anaerobes If continue cycling between M2-M4-M2, what may be the management issue? * FOOT BATHS! Treatment * Topical treatment: oxytetracycline * On gauze and wrapped * Usually a superficial lesion so cna be treated topically Top three major areas for controlling DD 1) Management 2) Hygiene 3) Nutrition DD in beef cattle * Feedlots - heel wart issues because of how they are housed * Increasing problem in calf-cow operations * Starting to become endemic within some herds * Typically if they bring in new bull or heifer

Three Drug Groups

Macrocyclic Lactones * Ivermectin - injectable, pour on * Doramectin - injectable, pour on * Eprinomectin - pour on, long acting injection * Moxidectin - injectable, pour on Benzimidazoles * Fenbendazole - (oral) suspension, various feed formulations * Albendazole - (oral) suspension * Oxfendazole - (oral) suspension Nicotinics * Levamisole - oral soluation, injectable approved but doesn't seem to be available * Morantel - oral top dressing for feed

Intussusception

Epidemiology * Most common in calves less than 2 months of age * Adult attle, predisposing factor is intraluminal lesions (lymphosarcoma) Pathophysiology * Oral portion of the gut (intussusceptum) is engulfed and propelled distally into enveloping portion (intussuscipiens) * Jejunum most common portion but small and large intestine can be involved * Initially acute pain but reside after intussusception becomes devitalized and may slough * Development of severe peritonitis, toxic shock if gut ruptures * Causes most idiopathic, enteric viruses, aburpt dietary changes Clinical Signs * Pain (colic) of sudden onset * Depressed and anorexia * Abdomen slowly distends over several days, difficult to assess * +/- dehydration Diagnosis * May be able to feel a firm sausage shaped mass and distended small bowel via rectal palpation. Mid to distal jejunum afftcted mostly * May get a small gas ping on the right side Treatment * Supportive and fluid therapy, abx * Sometimes the intussusception will slought out after a few days and animal will go on with life * Surgical correction Prognosis * Good if treated early but dififcult to diagnose so often times too late when decide surgery is needed * Poor if ileus devleops and if peritonitis is present

Abomasal Ulcer

Epidemiology * Seen in high producing dairy cows in early lactation * Associated with stress -stress of calving -lactation * Diet - high grain diets * Lymphsarcoma of abomasum * Calves - seen around the time of calves begin eating solid feed -associated with copper deficiency -associated with calves on milk for long periods of time - veal * Use of NSAIDs Clinical signs * Will vary depending on severity of the ulcer and if perforation ahs occurred * Varying degrees of anorexia, decreased milk production * Decreased rumen motility * Colic * Classic symptoms are melena, dark tarrry feces * Acute death - ulcer ruptures a major vessel * Anemia Diagnosis * Fecal occult blood along with other sings * Grunt test, especially if apply pressure in area of abomasum Treatment * Change diet to more forage, less concentrate * Protects and antacids are generally ineffective * Blood tranfusions * Treat for peritonitis - abx, fluids

Cecal Dilation, Retroflexion, and Torsion

Epidemiology * Sporadic occurrence, usually in dairy cows * Cause is related to the same factors and displaced abomasums * Associated with high grain diets, allowing gas to accumulate and distention causing an ileus * Once dilation has occurred, retroflexion or torsion may result Clinical signs * Anorexia, drop in milk * Scant feces * Signs of colic, if torsed or retroflexed have rapid progresion of signs and increased HR Diagnosis * Rectal palpation can feel dilated cecum, may not feel the tip of cecum if retroflexed, torsions may be fluid filled. Dilation and torsions feel like a loaf of bread or a long balloon like structure * High pitched ping over the right lumbar area from teh ribs back to tuber coxae Treatment * Simple dilation - oral fluids with laxatives/antacids, calcium supplementation, forage diet, exercise * Torsion - surgery decompress, empty, detorse Prevention * Increase forage in the ration and decrease the grain

Atresia Ani, Recti, and Coli

Epidemiology * Sporadic, detected in newborns * Some thought that ani results from rectal palpation of pregnant uterus around day 42 Clinical signs * No feces observed, gradual distension of abodomen * Newborn normal first day or 2 then depressed and off feed -may show signs of colic but ersolve in 12-24 hours -pigs may go sevearl weeks before being diagnosed, they just get distended -females with atresia ani may have a rectovaginal fistula and not noticed until one observes feces coming from the vulva * Straining to defecate Diagnosis * Atresia ani - observation * Atresia recti - rectal digital palpation, may feel where the rectum ends * Atresia coli - lesion is in the region of the spiral colon so lack of feces and distension * Perform an enema and see if fecal material is produced Treatment * None - euthanasia * Rectovaginal fistula - feed out * Atresia ani - may be able to create an ostium if patent

Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis

Etiology * Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) is a fulminant neurologic disease of cattle caused by Histophilus somnus bacteremia Pathogenesis * H. somni causes bacterial pneumonia and spreads hematogenously to brain, synovium and pleura * VERY RARE Signalment * TME usually occurs in feedlot cattle -much more common in the northern 1/3 of US -feedlot cattle * Outbreaks of TME often occur during water after shipping, overcrowding or recent additions to the herd * The attack rate ranges between 2-7% Clinical signs * Fever (104-107) * Dullness/inappetance * Respiratory disease (coughing, nasal discharge, dyspnea, abnormal pulmonary sounds) * Ophthalmic disease (hypopyon, hyphema) * Synovitis (lameness, joint effusion) * Early neurologic signs: ataxia, conscious proprioceptive deficits, nystagmus, strabismus, and blindness * Late neurologic signs include recumbency with opisthotonos, seizures or coma Treatment * Antibiotic based on treatment of pneumonia and brain tissue penetration -florfenicol * NSAIDS -flunixin * Cattle should be treated with oral fluids if they are unable to eat and/or drink

Vaginal Prolapse Classifications

Grade I * Small intermittent protrusion of vaginal mucosa through vulva lips when animal lies down * Benign neglect vs. retention suture * Good prognosis Grade II * Vaginal mucosa protrudes continuously * Replace, retention suture * Good prognosis Grade III * Entire vaginal mucosa and cervix protrude continuously; trapped urinary bladder, exposed cervical mucous plus (placentitis, fetal death) * Cystocentesis, replace, retention suture, +/- induce parturition * Guarded prognosis Grade IV * Chronic eversion that has resulted in necrotic and fibrosed vaginal tissue; fetal death; peritonitis * Parturition induction, replace, abx; euthanize * Poor prognosis

Mineral Deficiency

Hypocalcemia (milk fever) * Uncommon in beef cattle * First 24 hours post calving * Exact same clinical signs and treatment as dairy cows -IV calcium (CMPK) * Clinical signs -dull -down -hypothermia * Rare enough that no specific attempt to prevent Hypomagnesaemia (grass tetany) * Usually 2-5 days or around 20-30 days post calving -IV magnesium (CMPK) * Clinical signs -staggering -down -hyperesthesia * Prevent with >10 mg mineral mix (12-14%) * Ensue proper intake * Month before first calving and month after last calving

Rectal Prolapse Treatment

If straining persisting * Epidural analgesia using 2% lidocaine (60-120 min), lidocaine and xyalzine (180-240 mins) or morphine (12-18 hours) -cattle: caudal epidural -others: lumbosacral epidural * Alcohol epidural > usually a salvage procedure (get the animal to slaughter) -stops them from straining Manage risk factors * Cull * Treat for respiratory disease, diarrhea, etc. If mucosa looks healthy, replace and place purse string suture with suture or umbilical tape * May need to reduce swelling -hypertonic saline, dextrose, sugar, vet wrap * Lubricate * Remove suture in 5-10 days * +/- Inject iodine or oxytetracycline around rectum (12, 3, 9 o'clock positions) to cause adhesions -not 6:00 because of risk of urethral swelling Removal * If replacement is not possible, then remove * Submucosal resection (more common in small ruminants/pets) -decreased incidence of peritonitis and stricture -more time and money * Placement of prolapse ring with band or suture around area being amputated -causes vascular compromie and necrosis; sloughts off in 7-10 days -quick, easy, and cheap -complications: strictures, peritonitis, abscesses -abx, make sure they are UTD on tetanus

Anesthesia for Abdominal Exploratory

Local block * Lidocaine * Non-specific nerve block - diffusion (local line block) Specific nerves * Paralumbar fossa -last thoracic 1st and 2nd lumbar nerves -using a 1.5-2 inch long needle, inject 20 ml of lidocaine above and below; the tip of the transverse process of L1, L2, and L4 distal paravertebral block -inverted L (left side) or 7 on right side >> just caudal to the last rib and under the transverse process of lumbar vertebrae

Traumatic Upper Leg Lameness

Luxations or subluxations - coxofemoral most common * More common in dairy cattle (housing) * Difficult to diagnose on PE (usually down on exam) * Craniodorsal, caudoventral, caudodorsal, and cranioventral (order of descending prevalence) * When standing, often do not bear weight on affected limb * Ulstraound best for diagnosis (rads are typically not practical) Fractures * Long bones, spine, hip * Calves with fractures typically heal well -thomas-schoder splint (tibial, radial) -cast (distal to carpus/tarsus) * Larger calves prior to weaning with fracture of femur or humerus can hela well with stall rest Neuropathies * Calving related, traumatic, injection sites, developmental * Sciatic obturator, tibial, peroneal, femoral * Radial (caution; chute injuries) * Peroneal nerve! -the nerve passes over the lateral femoral condyle (superficial and lateral) -treat with anti-inflammatories early on -tibial nerve paralysis looks ismilar, but typically bilateral (dropped hock) Arthritis * Traumatic * OCD -young, fast growing animals * Subchondral bone cysts * Septic arthritis -hematogenous or traumatic injury * DJD or OA - common in older beef cow

Headgate Types

Manual * Advantages -Animals enter much better >> can have the next animal coming up while the first animal is exiting >> hole opens much wider -Hold animals from birth to adulthood without adjustment * Disadvantages -Easier to let animals escape -Difficult to work animals alone -Physically harder * Popular brands -Formost -Preifort Automatic * Advantages -Easier to work alone -More difficult to let animals escape * Disadvantages -Automatic is a big lie -Animals much less likely to stick head in easily -Cannot have animal moving into chute while one is exiting -Increased likelihood of choking if animal goes down * Popular brands -Tox-O-Wix

Location of Different Mastitis Bugs

Milk and epithelial lining * Strep ag * CNS * Strep dysgalactia Deep tissue * Staph aureus -once a staph cow always a staph cow -invades into the tissues -forms abscesses * Strep uberis -environmental * T. pyogenes -causes summer mastitis (spread by flies) -when you milk this stuff out - it's like saw dust (really chunky) -difficult to treat once established Milk and produces systemic reactions * Coliforms - most likely ot become bacteremic (can get with staph auerus as well) -endotoxin produces systemic reactinos -comes from the cell wall > replication or death of organism causes release of endotoxin

Bloat

Over distension of the forestomachs with ingesta or gas Three categories 1) Frothy bloat - diets that lead to formation of a stable froth within the rumen 2) Free gas bloat - excessive gas production and lowered ruminal pH, results in decreased rumen motility and eructation 3) Free gas bloat - failure to eructate from extra-ruminal causes allowing cause accumulation - some type of partial or complete obstruction of the esophagus Pathophysiology * General thoughts: * Low threshold stretch receptors cause cyclic forestomach contractions with stimulated * Stimulation of high threshold stretch receptors inhibit contractions when stimulated * So beyond a certain point, gas continues to accumulate and contractions resulting in eructation decrease * As gas accumulates, pressure on the diaphragm and abdominal vessels results in dyspnea and reduced blood pressure and eventual death Clinical signs * Distention of the left paralumbar fossa above the rib and tuber coxae * Distension may cause the animal to bulge on the right sdie depending upon severity of bloat (gas is pushed into the ventral sac of the rumen) * Signs of colic, frequently getting up and down, stretched out neck, stretched out back legs * Open mouth breathing, cyanosis, collapse and death Treatment * TRUE EMERGENCY - depending on severity and duration of onset * Owner instructions until you arrive -if down and/or in lateral recumbency, place animal in sternal recumbency -keep animal moving, keep ingesta mixed and may reduce pressure on diaphragm -place a gag in animal's mouth to increase saliva production -pass a garden hose -raise the front end of the animal to reduce pressure -drentch with 1 tablespoon soap in 1 qt water -trocarize rumen as last resort * Passage of stomach tube -free gas bloat, the gas will come out; may need to reposition tube to find gas pockets -if no gas relief, apply suction on tube and remove; presence of froth - administer: >> poloxalene >> mineral oil >> dish washing soap * Trocarization -if animal is in respiratory distress -place a trocar in the left paralumbar fossa -emergency rumenotomy to remove froth * Extraluminal bloat -rumenotomy and suture rumen wall to skin leaving fistula -fistula will heal in 4-6 weeks -place a trocar in the rumen and leave in place for a month -treat for acidosis with sodium bicarbonate or magnesium hydroxide ifpH below 5.5 Prevention * Introduce animal to lush pastures slowly, allow grazing for a couple of hours and remove and increase grazing time gradually over a period of time * Feed dry hay prior to turning animals on pasture * Poloxalene blocks * Feeding an ionophore (Monesnsin) reduces the number of lactate producing bacteria nad mucus producing bacteria

Ketosis Treatments

Propylene glcol PO * 300 mls (g) once daily for 3-5 days * Repeat therapy may decrease appetite * Only therapy proven in clinical trials * Small amount degraded in rumen to propionic acid * Most is absorbed by digestive tract and converted to glucose in the liver * Administration increases plama insulin and reduces NEFA * Drenching more effective than adding to ration * Excess Prop glycol, however, will decrease intake 500 mls 50% glucose/dextrose IV * Nervous ketosis * Only meeting 5-10% of needs for the day * Get insulin release > tells fat to stop releasing NEFAs > gives her a sugar rush to hopefully feel better and start eating??? Steroids * Dexamethasone * 10-20mg of PREDEF 2x (isoflupredone acetate)l do not add to IV solutions * Limited clinical trial support for dexmethasone * One trial with Predef 2x, more cows ketotic one week later in treatmed group vs. control group Insulin * Cows are relatively insulin resistant, no evidence of support BST Rumen support, fresh cow drenches * Commonly used as supportive therapy Combo Therapies * Butaphosphan - cyanocobalamin combination -Catosal * Tested in 9 freestall herds, routine screening for ketosis (BHB >1.2 mmol/l between 3-16 DIM) * Treatments -Catosal (Y/N) -Propylene Glycol 300 g orally for 3-5 days * Results -5 vs. 3 day PG: cured severely ketotic cows (BHB >2.4 mmol/L) -cows with glucose <2.2mmol/L produced more milk when given Catosal or 5 d PG

Swine Castration

Restraint for >120 lb * Anesthesia -pentobarbital 15-30 mg/kg IV -pentobarbital 30% solution 1ml/15 lbs intratesticular -TKX (expensive) * Surgery -lay on side, cut over the testicle, remove bottom testicle first -break fibrous tissue down -may need to ligate if big 2 days to 120 lbs * Hold them upside down * Squeeze between legs * Push testes down toward prepuce * Use #12 blade and cut over testes * Pull out straight - NOT down

H. Contortus Anthelmintics

Selecting anthelmintics * Use oral anthelmintics in small ruminants - selects for reistance more slowly than injection * Best to use combination treatment -2 or 3 drugs from different groups at the same time, don't mix in syringe -usually, but not always, provides acceptable efficacy * But don't treat all animals routinely with combinations - will rapidly haev worms with multiple resistance, use only in a selective deworming program * Observe withdrawal times * What about dairy sheep and goats? -Morantel approved for dairy goats, copper boluses also a possibility * What about organic sheep and goats? -Moxidectin and febendazole currently permitted as salvage anthelmintics but treated animals lose organic status - see regulations, copper boluses, often acceptable

Milk Composition

Solids, protein, fat * Highest in sheep % Solids * Cow: 12.01 * Doe: 12.97 * Ewe: 19.3 % Protein * Cow: 3.29 * Doe: 3.56 * Ewe: 5.98 Fat * Cow: 3.34 * Doe: 4.14 * Ewe: 7.00 Ash * Cow: 0.72 * 0.82 * 0.96 * Really important in terms of milk replacer * Can feed cow milk replacer to kids but not lambs * Copper content will also cause copper toxicity in lambs * Whole cow milk is probably cheaper than goat milk replacer

IBK Treatment

Topical * Requires administration so often that nothing is practical Bulbar scleral injections - Penicillin Procaine G (1-2 ml) +/- Dexamethasone (0.5-1.0 ml) * Bulbar sclera better than sub-conjunctivaa * 1 study with Dex didn't show improvement, but anecdotally used a lot Pinkeye Labeled Drugs for Injection * OTC - Oxytratracycline -labeled dose SQ, repeated in 72 hours -fever causes of pinkeye and decreased time of clinical signs * Prescription - Draxxin (valuable animals, aggressive animals) -label dose; single injection SQ -decreased healing time and severity of disease -EXPENSIVE Extralabel Injections - Require Veterinary Oversight * Nuflor -single label SQ dose >> reduced ulcer severity/size; decreased ulcer healing time * Excede (dairy cows - no withdrawal time) -single, label dose SQ at base of the ear -decreased ulcer healing time >> Must be given according to label dose and location * Any active abx intervention appears to help with clinical course of disease * Paucity of well-conducted studies to indicate one intervention is superior to another

Rectal Prolapse Classifications

Type I * Prolapse of rectal mucosa only * These are small and usually intermittent * Common Type II * Complete prolapse of all layers of rectal (mucosa > serosa) * Length is variable * Can be intermittent * Commonl Type III * Type II prolapse with the addition of prolapse of the large colon (intussception of the large colon into the rectum) * These prolapses are longer and more painful, and clinical signs progress rapidly * Uncommon Type IV * Type III prolapse except that the anal sphincter is intact, causing constriction of the rectum and colon (intussussception of rectum and colon through anus

Hypocalcemia (Sm Ru) Treatment

Uncomplicated * Responds immediately (within 5 mins) to IV Ca -30-60 mL calcium borogluconate solution -CMPK + dextrose alternatively -heat to 35-40 degrees C before administration -SLOW administration (5-7 minutes) >> monitor heart rate * Follow up with 60 mL calcium borogluconate SQ or oral calcium for prolonged absorption -repeat after 24 housr in high-yielding animal Complicated * If concurrent pregnancy toxemia present, avoid IV adminstration -Ca solutions fatal in animals with impaired liver function -manage clinical signs * Sequela: dystocia +/- retaind fetal membranes; uterine prolapse (poor uterine contractility) Prevention * Grazing animals: attention to calcium content of feeds during diet formulation and avoiding unnecessary stressors -supplementation required with cereal pastures and kays * Oxalates in feedstuffs precipitate formation of non-absorbent compounds with calcium and should be avoided -beet pulp, alfalfa leaves, sugary beet leaves, sesame meal * Source of calcium supply: inorganic calcium more digestible than calcium contained in feedstuffs * Overall herd/flock management

Freshened Cow Mastitis

What is considered high SCC? * >100K * Transition milk in first few days after colostrum - cells still being flushed out * Would expect trace cells * Pink milk: blood in the milk -during trauma of parturition -does not indicate that they have mastitis Causes in heifers * Drinking waste milk when young -suck/butt on each other after being bottle fed * Poor management - flies -truperella, staph aureus * Dirty environment * Dirty calving area Causes in Cows * Dirty dry cow environment -greatest risk of mammary infection: freshening and drying off (2 weeks each) * Dirty calving area * Previously infected during last lactation Prevention in Heifers * Pastuerize waste milk * Fly management -ear tags, manure control, growth regulators added to feed which doesn't allow for eggs to develop in the manure * Fix environment * Proper milking -heifers have never been milked before, agitated when they come in -milkers need to have patience * Treat 10-14 days prior to freshening mastitis tube Prevention in Cows * Fix environment * Dry cow treatment at dry off