FCS 331: Exam 3 w/ Ritchie

Other factors that influence body weight include:

*-Environment* •Advertising •Style of meal *-Physical inactivity* •Labor saving devices •Sedentary during leisure time •ACSM—150-250 min/week of mod intensity activity to prevent weight gain *-Psychological state* •Bored, anxious, angry, depressed

Physical activity questionnaires can be used to measure a person's regular physical activity to estimate their energy expenditure.

-Information required includes: •typical activity •duration •speed •intensity •distance •body weight

Possible outcomes of bariatric surgery:

-Loss of 48-62% of excess body weight (Maintenance still a challenge) -Overeating leads to discomfort or vomiting (Lifestyle change is required) -Dumping syndrome -Micronutrient deficiencies

Dietary supplements:

-May claim to be the "magic bullet" -Have *not* been scientifically tested for safety and effectiveness •Advertising often sounds too good to be true •Some have been linked to serious side effects or death

Factors that increase the BMR:

-fever (7% for every 1° above normal) -excess Thyroid hormone -periods of growth -greater body surface (tall ppl) -lactation -exercise -caffeine; amphetamines -HIV infection -stress (injury)

The stomach helps regulate eating behavior by: (2)

-producing certain physical sensations -expanding

Factors that decrease the BMR:

-starvation/low-calorie diet -insufficient thyroid hormone -aging -less body surface area (short ppl)

Men's Healthy Fat Range:

13-21%

Healthy BMI Range:

18.5-24.9

Women's Healthy Fat Range:

23-31%

1 lb of fat = __________ kcal

3,500

About ______% of Americans try to lose weight each year

50 -Less than 20% of overweight/obese individuals who intentionally lose weight can avoid regain for 1 year

Almost _____% of American adults over the age of 20 are either overweight or obese.

69 •1/3 of Americans are overweight •1/3 of Americans are obese -17% of American children/adolescants are obese

Optimal waist circumference women:

<35"

Optimal waist circumference men:

<40"

_________________ is a hormone produced by adipose tissue that increases muscle cells' uptake of fatty acids from the bloodstream and metabolism of the fatty acids for energy.

Adiponectin

_____________ tissue refers to fat cells

Adipose

_______ _______________ is a method of estimating body composition by determining body volume.

Air displacement

______________ is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that *slows gastric emptying and reduces hunger.*

Amylin

_______________ obesity is storage of excess body fat in the upper body or abdominal region, leading to an "apple shape".

Android

________________ is the desire to eat appealing food.

Appetite

_______________ medicine is a medical specialty that focuses on the treatment of obesity.

Bariatic •Baros= weight; Barys= heavy •-iatric = physician

____________ metabolism is the minimum number of calories the body uses for vital physiological activities after fasting and resting for 12 hours.

Basal

_____________ _____________ requires one to analyze unhealthy behaviors and identify eating cues and "problem" behaviors.

Behavior change

_________________ impedance analysis (BIA) is a technique of estimating body composition in which a device measures the conduction of a weak electrical current through body water.

Bioelectrical

__________ _________________ is the relative and absolute measurement of body tissues, usually expressed as a percent body fat.

Body composition

__________ ___________ ___________ (BMI) is a numerical value of relationship between body weight and risk of chronic health problems associated with excess body fat calculated by dividing weight in kg by height in meters, squared.

Body mass index -BMI = weight (kg)/ height (m)2

_________________ is a measure of heat energy

Calorimetry -The amount of heat a body expends can be measured via direct and indirect methods.

______________ calorimetry measures the amount of heat produced by someone inside of a specialized chamber.

Direct

_______________ balance refers to matching calorie intake to calorie output over the long term.

Energy

_______________ fat is fat that is vital for survival; found in cell membranes, certain bones, and nervous tissue

Essential

A _______ diet is a trendy practice that has widespread appeal for a period, then becomes no longer fashionable.

Fad -Fad diets typically: •promote rapid weight loss •rely on a gimmick •are abandoned because of the restrictive diet

______________ factors play an important role in the development of obesity.

Genetic •Obesity is primarily an inherited trait •Environmental and other factors can modify the expression of genes

_________________ is a hormone secreted by the stomach and other tissues that *stimulates eating.*

Ghrelin

_____________ obesity is storage of excess body fat in the buttocks and thighs, leading to a "pear shape".

Gynoid

The _______________________ equation is a formula commonly used to *estimate* basal metabolic rate.

Harris-Benedict

______________ is the uncomfortable physiological sensation that drives a person to consume food.

Hunger

__________________ is a structure in the brain that controls hunger and satiety.

Hypothalamus

________________ calorimetry is a determination of the amount of heat someone produces by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed and the amount of carbon dioxide produced.

Indirect

______________ is a hormone secreted by the adipose tissue to signal the brain when enough energy has been stored.

Leptin

_______-_______________ diets are higher in protein and fat.

Low-carbohydrate -Ex. Atkins -These diets may: •be high in saturated fat •lack variety •produce rapid weight loss primarily because of water loss

The ____________________ equation is a method of *predicting* basal calorie needs of individuals who are overweight or obese.

Mifflin-St. Jeor

_______________ energy balance refers to when calorie intake is less than calorie output.

Negative

__________________ activity thermogenesis (NEAT) is the energy expended during involuntary skeletal muscular activities such as fidgeting.

Nonexercise

__________ ______________ _____________ NWO) refers to normal body weight as measured by BMI but elevated percent body fat.

Normal weight obesity -The condition is associated with an increased risk of: •insulin resistance •diabetes •coronary artery disease

__________________ is a condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat.

Obesity

_________________ ______ is a protein hormone that signals the stomach to *reduce ghrelin secretion.*

Peptide YY

_____________ activity increases energy expenditure above basal energy needs.

Physical •This is the component of TEE that varies the most.

_____________ _______________ is crucial in helping individuals maintain a healthy body weight and prevent weight gain.

Physical activity

_______________ energy balance is calorie intake greater than calorie output.

Positive

_____________ metabolic rate (RMR) refers to the body's rate of energy use a few hours after resting and eating.

Resting -a person's RMR is about 10% higher than their BMR

________________ is the sense that enough food or beverages have been consumed to satisfy hunger.

Satiety

_______________ theory is the scientific notion that the body's fat content and body weight is genetically predetermined.

Set-point -most who lose weight will regain

___________________ thickness measurements is a technique of estimating body composition in which calipers are used to measure the thickness of skinfolds at multiple body sites.

Skinfold

_________________ is fat accumulation of adipose cells in the tissue under the skin.

Subcutaneous -This layer helps to: •insulate the body against cold temperatures •protect muscles and bones from bumps and bruises

TEE formula:

TEE= BMR+activity+TEF+NEAT

___________ body fat refers to adipose tissue and essential fay

Total

_______-_____________ method is a method of measuring body composition that divides the body into two compartments: fat mass and fat-free mass.

Two-component •Fat-free mass is the weight of the body that includes body water, bones, teeth, muscles, and organs.

________________ weighing is a technique of estimating body composition that involves comparing weight on land to weight when completely submerged in a tank of water.

Underwater

__________________ fat is the accumulation of adipose cells under the abdominal muscles over the digestive organs

Visceral

Energy Expenditures formula

Women = 0.9 kcal/kg of body weight/hr Men = 1.0 kcal/kg of body weight/hr

Weight _____________ refers to repeated bouts of losing and gaining significant amounts of weight.

cycling

Total energy ________________ (TEE) is the amount of energy needed for all bodily functions throughout the day.

expenditure

Very-low _______ diets supply 5 to 10% of calories from fat.

fat -Ex: Pritkin diet -If these diets contain adequate amounts of essential fatty acids they are not harmful, but can be difficult to follow for long term.

Energy __________ refers to the calories from food and beverages that contain macronutrients and alcohol.

intake

Energy ___________ refers to calories that cells use to carry out their activities.

output

An _________________ person has extra weight from bones, muscle, body fat, and/or body water.

overweight

Basal metabolic _________ (BMR) refers to the measurement of basal metabolism.

rate

The _____________ effect of food (TEF) is the energy used to digest foods and beverages as well as absorb and further process the macronutrients.

thermic

An _________________ individual has a BMI that is less than 18.5.

underweight -Factors associated: •Genetics •Lifestyle •Chronic diseases •Psychological disturbances

Dual-energy-x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a technique of estimating body composition that involves scanning the body with two low-energy ____________.

x-rays

A person could lose or gain one pound of fat in a year for every 10 kcal/day reduction or increase in their calorie intake.

•365 days/year x 10 kcal/day = 3650 kcal/year

_____________________ environment refers to a condition that promotes excessive weight gain.

•High-calorie foods •Reduction in energy-expending activities

The Paleo Diet:

•Is high in protein from meat and fish •Is low in fat •Is moderate in carbohydrate •Includes foods with low-glycemic-index and unrefined foods. The diet lacks: •grains and dairy items •foods with added salt, sugar, and fat

Surgical approaches to treating obesity:

•Roux-en Y gastric bypass •Sleeve gastrectomy •Adjustable gastric banding

There are several medications approved by the FDA for weight loss or weight management. (4)

•Xenical® •Qsymia® •Belviq® •Contrave®

Being overweight can also be associated with:

•discrimination •stigmatization •psychological problems •greater medical costs

To gain weight, underweight adults can:

•gradually increase their consumption of nutrient-and calorie-dense foods •add in a resistance training program

The BMI may be limited when assessing the health of: (3)

•highly muscular individuals •older adults •chronically ill persons (BMI does not take into account sex or race)

Having a BMI under 18.5 is associated with: (3)

•increased risk for mortality •weakened immune system •osteoporosis

Safe and effective weight-loss methods include:

•use of portion control •incorporation of 3 to 4 servings of low-fat dairy foods •eating a variety of fruits and vegetables •spreading total caloric intake through the day •self-monitoring •reduction of energy-dense foods and monitoring of portion sizes when eating meals away from the home