FED GOV MODULE 2

In 2014, Congress cut the food stamp program by ______.

$8 billion

Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of Black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely Black.

95

The effort of the writers of the Constitution to devise a governing system that would guard against tyranny of the majority resulted in which consequence?

America's system of divided power provides abundant opportunities for interest groups to achieve their policy goals.

What was the first result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Cesar Chavez?

California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements describe how U.S. campaigns are both party centered and candidate centered? (Choose every correct answer.)

Candidates organize their own campaigns. The same parties are represented nationwide.

Select all that apply Which of the following accurately describes Native Americans today?

Casino gambling has raised Native Americans' average income level, but it is still far below the national average. They are less than half as likely as other Americans to have completed college.

True or false: Americans in the lowest 20 percent of income earners have the highest levels of participation in the United States.

False

How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"?

He did not believe there was a precise meaning.

Which statement is true about the Head Start program?

Head Start doesn't have enough funding to allow all qualifying children to participate.

Select all that apply Which of the following are examples of the effect economic class has on political opinion?

Income levels affect Americans' opinions on some public policy issues. Welfare assistance has higher support among lower income Americans than higher income Americans.

In 1968 Congress passed a law, the ______, that granted Native Americans constitutional rights similar to those held by other Americans.

Indian Civil Rights Act

How have advances in technology affected the free-rider problem?

It has lessened it.

What accurately describes the passage of the Affordable Care Act?

It was supported exclusively by Democrats.

Why did the communist movement fail in America?

Its goals were too at odds with American values.

Which political leader wrote that the government must dilute the influence of factions and interest groups by filtering their views through properly structured governing institutions?

James Madison

Which of the following is true of people who consider themselves political independents?

Most of them lean toward one party or the other.

blue states

Northeast, West Coast

The original regional divide between the North and South has been decreased by which of the following?

People from less conservative areas have relocated to the South.

red states

South, Great Plains, Rocky Mountains

Which of the following voting blocs migrated to the Republican Party during the 1980s and 1990s?

Southern whites

The Supreme Court ruled that the forced busing of children for the purpose of achieving racially integrated schools was constitutional in ______.

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County

Medicaid

The 2010 Affordable Care Act expanded eligibility requirements for _______.

Which statement about women's rights is correct?

The women's rights movement began in the era of World War I and within a few years achieved voting rights for women.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements are accurate representations of the Hispanic population in the United States? (Choose every correct answer.)

Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years. The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands.

Select all that apply Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?

Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections. A state requires separate public bathrooms for Black and white people.

The federal government began to play a larger role in public education at the end of ______, when economic and social changes made the public more aware of deficiencies in the nation's education system.

World War II

What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?

Wounded Knee

Which policy requires the federal government to implement measures aimed at reinforcing equal access to employment by mandating recruitment procedures that gave qualified minority workers an equal opportunity to gain government jobs?

affirmative action

Generally, protests ______ have not been popular in the United States.

against U.S. military action

Which of the following types of interest groups is classified as an economic type?

agriculture

Which of the following terms refers to a feeling of powerlessness, such as that rooted in the belief that government pays no attention to an individual's interests?

alienation

congressional committee

budget support for a program

All party organizations have a responsibility to ______.

build support among voters

Which of the following is a way in which special interest groups can donate money to candidates?

by forming a political action committee (PAC)

Select all that apply Which of the following are the components of an iron triangle?

congressional committees interest groups executive agencies

government agency

constituent service

Which of the following types of interest groups is not classified as an economic interest group?

consumer

Student loan debt now exceeds that of ______ debt in the United States.

credit card

Which of the following refers to a situation in which multiple group loyalties diminish a person's identification with a single group?

crosscutting

One characteristic of political socialization is that its effects are ______.

cumulative

Select all that apply Which practices were banned as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1968?

discriminatory practices in housing discriminatory practices in mortgage lending discriminatory real estate practices such as steering African American families to certain neighborhoods

The Black Lives Matter movement has sought, primarily, to highlight ______.

disparities in local officials' treatment of Black and white citizens

When does the process of political socialization begin?

early childhood

Americans tend to prefer government programs whose benefits they feel have been _____ in some way.

earned

In general, Americans who believe that government should use its power to help people who are economically disadvantaged are ______.

economic liberals

Asian Americans emphasize _____ as a means of achieving upward mobility.

education

members of Congress

electoral support

interest groups

electoral support to members of Congress

In order to expand employment opportunities for traditionally disadvantaged groups, the federal government requires agencies and businesses that receive federal funds or contracts to ______.

establish policies aimed at ensuring that all job applicants are treated fairly

The Head Start program gives ______.

free preschool education to poor children

Select all that apply The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following?

given moral strength to diverse movements been foundational in legal decisions inspired a hope for eventual equality

Select all that apply The text explores which three major frames of reference through which Americans evaluate political developments?

group attachments ideological leanings party identification

Select all that apply The text explores which three major frames of reference through which Americans evaluate political developments?

group attachments party identification ideological leanings

The law refers to the rights of individuals; however, ______.

groups more often fight for civil rights

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 addressed

housing.

The interest group strategy that includes face-to-face meetings with legislators and providing policy information to policymakers is known as ______.

inside lobbying

Select all that apply Interest groups rely on what two main lobbying strategies? (Choose every correct answer.)

inside lobbying outside lobbying

For a movement to succeed, it must ______.

institutionalize its goals

A(n) ______________________ ______________________ is an organization that seeks to influence government decision making. It is also known by the names faction, special interest, or organized interest.

interest group

Polls show that most Americans believe that the solution to poverty lies in ______ rather than public assistance programs.

jobs

Which of the following lawmakers were the original targets of the Tea Party movement?

lawmakers who supported federal spending and higher taxes

In the United States, political opinions are affiliated more with ______ than with income.

occupation

An election in which voters choose the party's nominees is called a ______ election.

primary

A(n) ______ income tax is defined as a tax where the rate of taxation increases as income rises.

progressive

Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal contained which of the following pro-labor policies?

progressive income taxes a minimum-wage law collective bargaining rights

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

prohibits discrimination in voting and voter registration.

Which type of third party arises from a belief that partisan politics is a corrupting influence that needs to be changed?

reform parties

The national, state, and local organizations of the Republican and Democratic parties are ______.

relatively independent; that is, each level does not have much control over the others

Which of the following is a key result of the civil rights movement?

removing discrimination in voting requirements

An interest group is an organization that ______.

seeks to influence government policy

Unlike participation through interest groups or political parties, participation in political movements ______.

takes place largely outside established institutions

Which of the following voting restrictions increases the burden on citizens who move frequently?

voter registration requirements

In 1892, Congress suspended Asian immigration to the United States on the grounds that Asians ______.

were an inferior people

When do private thoughts become public opinion?

when they are revealed to others

What is another name for the plurality system?

winner-take-all system

While Medicare provides health care mostly for people sixty-five years old and older, Medicaid was designed to provide health care for people ______.

with low incomes

According to United States government statistics, roughly ______ percent of Black children live in poverty, compared to ______ percent of white children.

35; 12

Asian Americans account for about ________ of professionals and technicians in the United States.

5 percent

6.2 percent from both employee and employer

6.2 percent from both employee and employer

Select all that apply Which of the following continue to impede progress toward equality for Black Americans?

About a third of African American children live below the poverty line. The median net worth of households heading by retired African Americans is about 10 percent that of retired white people. The jobless rate of African Americans is two times that of white Americans.

The Supreme Court decision in what case led many affirmative action opponents to believe that the Court may have been on its way to abolishing affirmative action completely?

Adarand v. Peña

Select all that apply Which of the following groups are currently most likely part of the Democratic coalition?

African Americans 18-29 year olds union members

Select all that apply Which statements are true about public education in America?

American schools are less likely than school systems in other countries to put students on different tracks for different occupations. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, southern Black children were often given poor schooling, if any.

Why does the United States provide less support for the poor than nearly all European democracies?

Americans are more likely to believe that individuals have a responsibility to succeed on their own without a lot of government support.

Select all that apply Why is participation in local organizations twice as high in the United States as it is in Europe?

Americans have an incentive to participate because there is more local control over policy in the United States than in Europe. Americans are more likely to attend church and engage in church-related community work.

Select all that apply What are some influences that shaped American democracy and Americans' views of providing for the general welfare?

An emphasis on personal liberty A belief in self-reliance A tradition of limited government

Which statement best describes the political engagement of most Asian Americans in the 1960s?

Asian Americans were not politically active to any great extent.

If you were lobbying Congress, what would be the safest strategy for you to use?

Be aboveboard with members.

Which of the following is true of discrimination against the disabled in the United States?

Before 1975, four million children with disabilities were getting either no education or an inappropriate one.

People who believe that citizens ought to participate in political affairs are likely to describe voting as an exercise in ______.

Black civil rights

Which of the following was the 1954 landmark case that ended segregation in public schools?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Where in American politics is the impact of public opinion felt most clearly?

Congress

When a Pew Research Center poll asked Americans whether they would support a tax increase on the wealthy and corporations to expand aid to the poor, what group replied overwhelmingly (75 percent) in the affirmative?

Democrats

Which proposed amendment to the Constitution was passed by the Congress in the early 1970s but failed to receive the necessary three-fourths majority?

Equal Rights Amendment

True or false: In the period after World War II, income inequality increased dramatically due to tax policy.

False

True or false: Local party organizations are stronger today than they were in the days of the political machines.

False

True or false: Local, state, and national party organizations are hierarchical in structure.

False

True or false: The Occupy Wall Street movement was limited to New York City

False

True or false: The idea that "all men are created equal," as stated in the Declaration of Independence, has always been understood to include all people in the United States.

False

Select all that apply Which two political parties were competitive during the first party system?

Federalists Democratic-Republicans

Select all that apply Which two presidential candidates lost by overwhelming landslides in part because they diverged too far from the middle of the ideological spectrum?

George McGovern Barry Goldwater

Who was the first woman to run on the national ticket of a major political party?

Geraldine Ferraro

Select all that apply Which of the following are true about political contributions called hard money?

Hard money is money given directly to a candidate. Hard money is subject to legal limits. Hard money can be spent as the recipient chooses. Hard money is money political parties give to candidates.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between income and political participation in the United States?

Higher-income citizens are the most active because they have the resources to participate effectively.

A(n) _________________ ________________ is an informal but relatively stable group of persons from Congress, executive agencies, and interest groups with a mutual interest in a particular policy area.

Iron Triangle

Select all that apply What purpose does party competition serve in American politics?

It narrows down options for voters. It allows groups of voters to act in unison.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements about the Americans with Disabilities Act are true?

It requires government agencies to take steps to make their buildings accessible to persons with disabilities. It grants certain employment protections to persons with disabilities.

Select all that apply Which of the following are true about women's equality in the workplace?

Jobs traditionally held by women pay less than many of the jobs traditionally held by men. The average pay for women workers is only 82 percent of the amount earned by male workers.

______ refers broadly to efforts by groups to influence public policy through contact with public officials.

Lobbying

Which of the following are ways in which members of Congress benefit from ties to lobbyists?

Lobbyists identify bills that need their attention. Lobbyists provide information on specific pieces of legislation.

What is the primary reason that the loss of manufacturing jobs hurts the financial well-being of America's workers?

Manufacturing jobs generate far more economic activity than do jobs in the service sector.

About half of all Hispanics in the United States were born in ______.

Mexico or have Mexican ancestry

Which of the following statements about African American children in the United States is true?

More than half grow up in a single-parent family.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements about negative ads and negative campaigning are true? (Choose every correct answer.)

Negative campaigning in presidential elections was used as long ago as when Thomas Jefferson ran for office. Abraham Lincoln was the target of insulting comments about his appearance during election campaigns.

Select all that apply Which of the following states have 800 or more registered lobbyists within the state?

New York Texas California

Which constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote?

Nineteenth Amendment

What problem has recently arisen in using telephone polling?

Nonresponse rates have increased sharply.

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?

Obergefell v. Hodges

Of the 500 largest U.S. corporations, about ______ percent are headed by women.

Of the 500 largest U.S. corporations, about ______ percent are headed by women.

______ lobbying involves bringing public pressure on policymakers, such as organizing a letter writing campaign to members of Congress.

Outside

___________________ lobbying includes initiating letter-writing campaigns and influencing the news media.

Outside

What is at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in the United States?

People hold deep-seated prejudices based on such characteristics as race, color, and religion.

What explains why spending on TANF has decreased in recent years while spending on Social Security has not?

Poverty lobbies are weak.

The strongest reform party in U.S. history was the ______.

Progressive Party

Which statement best describes the prevalent view of the public concerning protest activists in the United States?

Protest activity should be tolerated.

______ incentives for joining an interest group include the satisfaction that you are participating in a worthy effort.

Purposive

Select all that apply Which are the major political parties in the United States?

Republican & Democrat

Which president appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court?

Ronald Reagan

Select all that apply Which of the following are true of grassroots parties?

The are open to all citizens. They operate at the local level.

Which of the following statements is true regarding a single-member district electoral system?

The candidate with more votes than any opponent wins the election in the district.

When a realignment in the electorate occurs, which of the following happens?

The parties reorganize themselves.

Select all that apply Which of the statements below are true of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program?

The program was established by the Obama administration in 2012. The Trump administration's attempt to rescind the program was invalidated by the Supreme Court.

Which of the following accurately describes Native Americans today?

They are less than half as likely as other Americans to have completed college. Casino gambling has raised Native Americans' average income level, but it is still far below the national average.

Which of the following is true of social welfare programs in the United States?

They are means-tested so that only the poor qualify for benefits.

Which of the following statements about televised debates in presidential campaigns are true?

They are usually part of presidential campaigns.

Which of the following is a primary reason for low voter-turnout rates among young adults?

They change addresses frequently and need to re-register.

What has happened to the New England states since the 1980s?

They have shifted toward the Democrats.

Select all that apply Which of the following are distinct disadvantages of the rise of candidate-centered campaigns? (Choose every correct answer.)

They provide opportunities for powerful interest groups to donate money to candidates. They make it easier for officeholders to deny responsibility for government actions.

True or false: Americans are often inconsistent in their preferences with regard to government policy.

True

True or false: Even though lower-class Americans constitute a larger share of the American population today, their share of the nation's income is much smaller than it was in 1970.

True

True or false: Saliency refers to how important people think an issue is compared to other issues.

True

True or false: The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned segregation in public accommodations such as restaurants and movie theaters, is based on Congress's power to regulate commerce.

True

True or false: The accuracy of a poll is reduced when respondents express an opinion on an issue even though they have not thought about the issue before.

True

True or false: Those interest groups that are poorly organized run the risk of being ignored politically.

True

False

True or false: Retired lawmakers cannot become lobbyists because they are forbidden by law to take a lobbying job.

______ are representatives who take their constituents' desires into account when taking positions on policy issues, but do not always do exactly as their constituents wish.

Trustees

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?

United States v. Virginia

less than 20 percent

What percentage of voters today cast a split ticket?

State party organizations are usually small and are directed by ______.

a full-time chairperson

Select all that apply What three basic elements are usually involved in a party realignment?

a shift in voters' partisan support in elections an enduring change in the parties' policies and coalitions unusually powerful and divisive issues

Current election laws in the United States favor ______.

a two-party system

The Supreme Court has stated that states are obliged to give all children a(n) "______" education.

adequate

In order to have the best chance to win in a two-party system, political parties have generally ______.

aligned themselves near the middle of the voting spectrum

In the unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court found that segregated schools made Black students feel like they had _____ in the community and were thus "inherently unequal."

an inferior status

Which of the following refers to a total lack of interest, such as a total lack of interest in politics?

apathy

Which of the following best describes why many interest groups form political action committees (PACs)?

because contributing to candidates' campaigns can help gain access for interest group lobbyists

interest group

beneficial policy decisions

How do Americans participate virtually in politics?

by using resources and joining discussions on social media

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

came in response to the passage of the Civil Rights Act.

Select all that apply Today's political campaigns rely on which of the following to be successful?

campaign strategists pollsters media producers

Although party organizations still manage many tasks related to elections, the lead role in elections now lies with the ______.

candidate

Because of the increasing cost of political campaigns, ______.

candidates must constantly work to raise funds

A tax on profits in capital investments such as stocks and property is called a(n) ______ tax.

capital gains

Select all that apply Which of the following groups are most affected by poverty?

children people living in rural areas minority-group members

Which type of group typically has to deal with the problem of free riders?

citizens' groups

Which term refers to the rights and privileges guaranteed to all citizens under the equal protection and due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments?

civil rights

Select all that apply On which issues have regional differences persisted to the present day?

civil rights social welfare

Benefits that belong to everyone, not just the members of a group, are referred to as ______.

collective goods

The incentives that most noneconomic groups offer include ______.

collective goods

______ refers to whether people have a pro or con position on an issue.

direction

Which type of discrimination is based on the law?

de jure discrimination

Select all that apply Which of the following forms of political participation require citizens to spend a comparatively large amount of personal resources?

demonstrating for political causes volunteering in a political campaign

In 2007 the Supreme Court ruled that the pursuit of racial integration in public schools through busing

deprived students of their Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection.

The overlap between groups has ______ in America's residential neighborhoods and workplaces.

diminished

What is "America's curse," according to the author of An American Dilemma?

discrimination

The 1964 Civil Rights Act banned ______.

discrimination in public accommodations

Select all that apply Even if a third-party candidate fails to win an election, the candidate will sometimes accomplish which of the following?

encourage one or both major parties to address issues introduced by the third party draw attention to an issue previously ignored by the two major candidates

Which clause of the U.S. Constitution was at the center of the argument in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

equal-protection clause

The requirement that those who receive help from public assistance be truly poor adds to the _____ administering these programs.

expense of

Lobbying elected officials includes which of the following activities?

face-to-face meetings with members of Congress

In debates over income policy, Democrats tend frame arguments for increasing taxes on the wealthy as a matter of ______.

fairness

The ______ shapes our political values and ideology from childhood and has the strongest impact on our political perspective.

family

Which of the following is a component of the 1965 Higher Education Act?

federal loans that help students pay for college

The term explaining the relatively large increase in the number of female-headed households with children living in poverty is known as the ______.

feminization of poverty

In the era of Jacksonian democracy, the efforts of local party organizations, along with the extension of voting rights to citizens without property, contributed to an almost ______ increase in election turnout.

fourfold

During the Trump presidency, the opinions of and policies supported by congressional Republicans regarding a specific issue changed, illustrating how abrupt shifts in public opinion can alter the boundaries of acceptable action. On which issue did Republicans change their opinion?

free trade

In Rostker v. Goldberg (1980) the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of __________________________ classifications even though such classifications need to be scrutinized more closely than classifications by age or income.

gender

The fact that more white women than white men vote for the Democratic Party is an example of a(n) ________________ gap.

gender

Select all that apply Secondary socializing agents who influenced public opinion during the COVID-19 pandemic include which of the following?

health care experts public officials

Select all that apply The Tea Party movement did not support which of the following policies?

higher taxes government subsidies for health insurance

Which group of Americans have the highest level of voter participation?

highest 20 percent of income earners

A person's sense of loyalty to a political party is known as party ______.

identification

Select all that apply Americans' opinions about politics are formed in large measure through which of the following frames of reference?

identifying with political parties leaning toward particular ideologies

Political parties began to emerge in the United States ______.

in spite of many of the founding fathers' mistrust of them

The Occupy Wall Street movement was aimed predominantly at which issue?

income inequality

Select all that apply Which of the following are ways that American children are taught patriotism in schools?

learning to admire the Founding Fathers reciting the Pledge of Allegiance

Select all that apply Which of the following are the dominant ideologies in the United States?

liberalism conservatism

Select all that apply Which of the following tactics were used to disenfranchise Blacks in the post-Civil War South despite the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment?

literacy tests publicized lists of voters

Select all that apply The rise of candidate-centered campaigns has had which of the following positive effects?

made it easier for political newcomers to win high office encouraged national officeholders to respond to local issues

In the case of United States v. Virginia (1996), the Supreme Court ruled that

male-only admissions policy at a state-supported military academy was unconstitutional.

Which of the following groups has the highest rate of voter turnout?

middle-aged people from the upper class

A state that permits all registered voters, regardless of party affiliation, to vote in a primary election has what type of primary system?

open

Responding to public opinion has recently become more challenging for policymakers because ______.

misinformation means that people's opinions are often not grounded in reality

Compared to citizens in Europe, Americans are ______ likely to contribute time and money to political campaigns.

more

Compared with Europeans, Americans are ______ likely to belong to a voluntary group or association.

more

The states that border Mexico all have ______ registered lobbyists.

more than 800

Senior citizens in the United States have a ______ rate of voter turnout than voters under the age of 30 do.

much higher

A ______ political system is made up of at least three political parties.

multiparty

In a 1930s Supreme Court case that challenged the application of the separate-but-equal doctrine, the Court ruled that Blacks ______ public facilities reserved for whites in those cases where they didn't have separate facilities.

must be allowed to use

The type of interest group that addresses issues of concern to the general public and not just the group's members is called a(n) _______________ interest group.

noneconomic

Select all that apply Which of the following are current policy issues for Native Americans?

obtaining economic self-sufficiency preserving their culture and languages preventing casino gambling from eroding tribal traditions

The "upper class" constitutes ______ of the American population and receives almost half the available income.

one-fifth

Local party organizations generally play an active role ______

only during campaign periods

A(n) ______ primary is one in which any registered voter, regardless of party affiliation, may vote.

open

Which of the following would policymakers be likely to rely on when they want to act as delegates in formulating and implementing policy?

opinion polls

Most Americans support the idea that people should have a chance to succeed if they make adequate efforts. This idea is known as equality of ______.

opportunity

The highlighting of candidates' attributes and policy positions to appeal to voters is called ______.

packaging

Who is eligible to receive benefits from a social insurance program?

people who paid special payroll taxes while they worked

A public opinion _______________ is designed to estimate the views or sentiments of the public.

poll

Southern states used a number of devices to prevent African Americans from voting, including which of the following?

poll taxes whites-only primaries literacy tests

Which of the following accurately ranks the amount of media coverage of candidates from highest to lowest?

presidential candidates, Senate candidates, House candidates

Internet political participation peaks during which of the following?

presidential elections

Select all that apply Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal contained which of the following pro-labor policies?

progressive income taxes a minimum-wage law collective bargaining rights

In debates over tax policy, Republicans tend to argue that tax cuts are a means of ______.

promoting economic growth

Voting for a candidate's promises rather than his or her past actions is an example of what is called ______ voting.

prospective

Outside lobbying is aimed at bringing ______ pressure to bear on policymakers.

public

To provide equal opportunity and help people of all backgrounds succeed, the American federal government has created a number of programs that stress education at ______ schools.

public

The politically relevant views that people hold and express openly are known as ______.

public opinion

Select all that apply Which of the following are part of the money chase of politics?

pursuing wealthy patrons raising funds

A permanent shift in party allegiances or electoral support is known as a party ______.

realignment

Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?

reasonable-basis test

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large Black populations.

redlining

Select all that apply Which of the following are private goods? (Choose every correct answer.)

retirement plans jobs

Voting for a candidate's past performance rather than future promises is an example of what is called ______ voting.

retrospective

Through various methods of random ______, pollsters attempt to select a subset of the population that is representative of the population's views.

sampling

Select all that apply Over 70 percent of Americans' political participation via community activities takes place in which of the following?

school-related groups civic organizations church-related groups

Since the 1970s, the largest area of job growth in the United States has been in the ______ sector; areas such as banking, health care, and fast food.

service

Today, political candidates tend to ______.

set up and run their own campaign organizations

Third parties formed to promote a stance on a particular issue are known as ______.

single-issue parties

The tendency of people to pay more attention to issues highlighted in the media is an example of ______.

socialization

Many voters cast a ______, where they only vote for candidates of one party.

straight ticket

Any law that attempts a racial or ethnic classification is subject to the

strict-scrutiny test.

federal agency

support for their administrative programs

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of ______.

suspect classifications

The creation of income security programs was largely inspired by which event in American history?

the Great Depression

Which one of these groups is an example of a citizens' group?

the National Organization for Women

Select all that apply Which of the following are ancestral countries for many Asian Americans?

the Philippines China India

De jure discrimination and de facto discrimination are two ways in which some Americans are treated as less equal than others. Examples of governmental actions or public policies designed to address each of these forms of discrimination are

the Supreme Court's busing decisions (de jure), and affirmative action decisions (de facto).

The in-party's chances of staying in power has historically depended primarily on ______.

the condition of the economy

One reason some Democrats and Republicans oppose forgiving student debt is that ______.

the cost would be prohibitive

What sparked the Black Lives Matter movement?

the killing of unarmed young Black men by police officers

Select all that apply Concerning age discrimination in employment, the courts have given employers the right to force individuals to retire based on ______.

the nature of the job the performance of a particular employee

Compared to other cabinet-level agencies, the Department of Education is ______.

the smallest

An important feature of private goods for an economic group is that ______.

they are benefits the group can withhold

America's plurality, or winner-take-all, system of electing candidates works to the disadvantage of ______.

third parties

What was the intention of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling?

to maintain segregation while claiming equality

Why did states start registering voters?

to prevent individuals from voting multiple times in the same election

Suffrage is the right to ___________________

to vote

Primaries in which candidates of both parties are on the same ballot and the first and second finishers compete in the general election are called ______ primaries.

top-two

Free societies thrive on the ______ of citizens in the civic and political life of their communities.

turning out to vote on Election Day

The Supreme Court decision in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) ______ affirmative action.

upheld

What demographic group is most likely to support same-sex marriage?

younger adults