Federal Government Chapter 6

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What is the penny press

Cheap, tabloid styled newspaper produced in the nineteenth century when mass production of inexpensive newspapers first became possible due to the steam powered printing press. A penny press newspaper costs 1 cent, compared with other newspapers which costs more than 5 cents

What type of media provides a better context for analysis

Print and digital media as written text provide more detailed and complete information than radio or television media

What is the difference in regulation for the broadcast media and print media

Print media is essentially free from government interference but broadcast media is regulated

What is freedom of the press

The right to circulate information and opinions in print and digital media without censorship by the government.

What is selection bias in the media

The tendency to focus news coverage on only one aspect of an event or issue, avoiding coverage of other aspects

What caused the trend in concentration of traditional media ownership?

The trend in concentration occurred in large part due to the relaxation of government regulations in the 1980s and 90s

Why is the news media sometimes referred to as the fourth branch of government.

They provide a check on the power of government and political leaders

What is U.S. media more focused on?

U.S. media is more focused on soft news such as entertainment, sports and celebrity news

What is the fairness doctrine?

Under the fairness doctrine, broadcasters who aired programs on controversial issues were required to provide time for opposing views It was revoked in 1987

What is broadcast media

television, radio, or other media that transmit audio and/or video content to the public

What 3 important roles does media serve in American democracy

1-To help inform the public about current political issues and events 2-To provide a forum through which candidates, politicians, and the public can debate policies and issues 3-To act as a watchdog on the actions of the government and political actors

What percentage of American adults get news on social media

67%

In 2018 what percentage of Americans were digital citizens

73%

What percentage of people under age 50 get their news from social media

78%

What is the right of rebuttal

A Federal Communications Commission regulation giving individuals the right to have the opportunity to respond to personal attacks made on a radio or TV broadcast

What is a digital citizen

A daily internet user with high-speed home internet access and the technology and literacy skills to go online for employment, news, politics, entertainment, commerce and other activitities

What are news aggregators?

Applications or feeds that collect web content such as news headlines and blogs, podcasts, online videos and more in one location for easy viewing. Examples are Google News, Reddit and RealClearPolitics allow users to share and comment on the news

What are some examples of niche reporting

Bloomberg News the Hill the Blaze Vice Vox BuzzFeed DrudgeReport Brietbart News FiveThirtyEight

What country owns the broadcast media

Britain Britain owns the BBC

What tactic does politicians and others use to seek to manipulate the news

By providing sound bites that will dominate the news coverage

What is the media of choice for all age groups below 50

Digital media

What is a specific requirement under the Telecommunications Act

During the 45 days before an election, broadcasters are required to make time available to candidates at the lowest rate charged for that time slot.

Where do FCC regulations not apply

FCC regulation does not apply to cable television, the internet, or satellite radio

What 2 companies generate the most digital advertising revenue for newspapers

Facebook and Google

What are some websites devoted to checking the accuracy of political claims

FactCheck.org Snopes.com PolitiFact.com

What are 2 primary concerns over online news

Fake news and the impact on tolerance

What Amendment protects freedom of the press

First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

What is the contrast between public broadcasting in other democratic countries vs. in the United States

In contrast, public broadcasting in the United States, such as National Public Radio or PBS, plays a very small role in the media system, at just 2% of the market share, compared to 35% in France, 40% in Germany, and 65% in Denmark.

Where did the Communications Decency Act come from

It came from the Telecommunications Act of 1996

What is the effect of the filter bubble and self-selection bias

It screens out exposure to information that might challenge or broaden or worldview

What is an important news source for older Americans

Local TV

What does the Communications Decency Act do?

Made it illegal to make indecent sexual material on the internet accessible to those under 18 years old. The act was challenged in the Supreme Court in 1997 and ruled unconstitutional and an infringement on the First Amendment's right to freedom of speech

What remains the popular and important sources of news

Major newspapers and TV networks

Where do most leaks come from

Most leaks originate with senior government officials, prominent politicians and political activists

What 2 sources are the leading newspapers in the United States

New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and the Washington Post

What shift did the Telecommunications Act of 1996 cause

Opened the way for additional consolidation in the media industry, that caused a wave of mergers and consolidations that further reduced the field of independent media across the country.

What is public broadcasting

Refers to television, radio, and digital media that receive funding from the public through license fees, subsidies or tax dollars

What Supreme Court case used the right of rebuttal regulation as an argument

The 1969 case of Red Lion Broadcasting Company v. Federal Communications Commission. In this case the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the FCCs determination that a radio station was required to provide a liberal author with an opportunity to respond to a conservative commentator's attack

Which entity declared that access to the internet is a human right

The United Nations

What does the term digital citizenship refer to

The ability to participate in culture and politics online

What is setting the agenda

The ability to shape what issues Americans think about

What is framing and priming

The ability to shape what opinions Americans hold about the issues that were presented when setting the agenda

What is a key feature of the traditional media in the United States

The concentration of its ownership. A small number of giant corporations control a wide area of media holdings, including television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels and local cable providers, book publishers, magazines, newspapers and digital media outlets.

What is the digital divide?

The gap in access to the internet among demographic groups based on education, income, age, geographic location and race/ethnicity

What is framing

The media's ability to influence how the American people interpret events and policies The arguments made by elected officials and other political actors or "frames" are critical to the process of forming opinions During the 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump framed Hillary Clinton as a criminal for her use of a private email server even though no charges were ever brought.

What is agenda-setting media power

The power of the media to bring public attention to particular issues and problems

What is net neutrality?

The principle that all data and content on the web must be treated equally and not blocked or slowed for certain users. Under net neutrality, internet providers were regulated like a utility They could not block websites, slow some data transmission while imposing fees for fast transmission, or charge consumers to connect to certain sites.

What is a leak

a disclosure of confidential information to the news media

What is citizen journalism

news reported and distributed by citizens, rather than professional journalists and for-profit news organizations

What is niche journalism?

news reporting targeted for a demographic of readers based on content or ideological presentation.

Where do Americans get their news from

newspapers and magazines broadcast media digital media

What is media

print and digital forms of communication, including television, newspapers, radio, and the Internet, intended to convey information to large audiences

What is priming

process of preparing the public to take a particular view of an event or political actor Calling attention to some matters while ignoring others The public will be primed to use certain criteria when evaluating a politician or an issue and to ignore other criteria

What is the equal time rule

the requirement that broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public


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