Final

social norms

Deviant behavior is behavior that departs from _______.

general deterrence

The concept of ________ holds that crime rates are influenced and controlled by the threat of criminal punishment.

c

The consensus view of crime links illegal behavior to the concept of: a. political harm b. social power c. social harm d. political power

theory construction

To explain, hypothesize, and test are the basics of _________ and testing.

victim compensation

_________ is money paid to the victim, usually from a state victim compensation program.

offense-specific

If an offender considers such things as the target yield, the effectiveness of police patrol, the presence of occupants and dogs, and possible escape routes, the crime is considered ___________.

Uniform Crime Report

The main weaknesses concerning the validity of the __________ are reporting practices, law enforcement practices, and methodology issues.

cultural deviance theory

________ combines elements of strain and social disorganization.

social harm

__________ is what sets strange, unusual, or deviant behavior apart from criminal behaviors.

social structure theory

___________ maintains that the social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower-class areas are the key determinants of criminal behavior patterns.

social disorganization theory, strain theory, cultural deviance theory

68. There are 3 Branches of Social Structure Theory: 1) ____________, 2) __________ and 3) ___________.

strain theories

70. There are two formulations of __________: 1) Structural and 3) Individual.

crime

According to some theorists, ______ is a political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes at the expense of the poor.

routine activities theory

In _________, three variables which must exist for crime to occur are: the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presence of motivated offenders.

specific deterrence

The theory of _________ holds that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that known criminals will never repeat their criminal acts.

collective efficacy

There are three forms of __________: 1) Informal social control 2) Institutional social control and 3) Public social control.

structural, individual

There are two formulations of strain theories: 1) _________ and 2) _________.

social strata

________ are created by unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige.

utilitarian calculus

According to Bentham's _________, people choose to act after weighing the costs and benefits and determining that their actions will bring them more pleasure than pain.

hot spots

Areas with elevated chances of victimization due to higher concentrations of motivated offenders are known as ________.

b

Research conducted on the links between different crimes and criminals is known as _______. a) phrenology b) crime typology c) sociology d) psychology

sociobiology

________ differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that biological and genetic conditions affect how social behaviors are learned and perceived.

lifestyle theory

According to _________, people who drink, use drugs, and engage in crime, have a much greater chance of victimization.

arousal theory

According to _________, some people seek out risky situations and become more involved with criminal behavior as an avenue toward thrill-seeking due to a variety of genetic and environmental reasons.

evolutionary theory

According to __________, over the history of the human species, aggressive males have had the greatest impact on the gene pool.

deviant place theory

According to __________, people are more likely to become victims of crime and violence if they reside in areas of increased risk of coming into contact with criminal offenders.

differential opportunity theory

According to __________, people in all strata of society share the same success goals; however, those in the lower class have limited means of achieving them.

c

According to rational choice theory, why might a criminal decide not to commit crime? a. The criminal has developed a conscience as he/she matured. b. The criminal has legitimate means to achieve financial success and does not need to commit crime. c. The criminal perceives the crime is too risky. d. The criminal has learned that crime is only one of many solutions to their personal problems.

situational crime prevention

According to the concept of _________, criminal acts will be avoided if potential targets are guarded securely, the means to commit crime are controlled, and potential offenders are carefully monitored; routine activities theory supports this concept!

collective efficacy

According to the idea of __________, cohesive communities with high levels of social control develop mutual trust and shared responsibilities.

genetics

Advocates of the inheritance school traced generations of crime-prone families and posited that criminal tendencies were based on _______.

racial threat

As the percentage of minorities in the population increases, so too does the amount of social control that police direct at minority group members; this is known as the _________ hypothesis.

proportional

Beccaria believed that, to deter people from committing more serious offenses, crime and punishment must be _________.

capable guardians

Concerning routine activities theory, police and homeowners would be considered ________.

b

Crime reduction programs may produce a short-term positive effect, but benefits then dissipate as criminals adjust to new conditions. This phenomenon is known as: a. correction b. extinction c. latent effect d. extinction

d

Criminal law is shaped by all but which of the following? a. shifts in culture and social conventions b. judicial decision-making c. legislative statutes d. social control mechanisms

multidisciplinary

Criminologists have been trained in diverse fields - sociology, criminal justice, political, science, psychology, political science, economics, and natural sciences - because criminology is a(n) __________ science.

legal change

Criminologists interested in the sociology of law focus on the impact of _________ on society.

d

Deviant places are defined as being inclusive of all but which of the following factors? a. poor neighborhoods b. densely populated neighborhoods c. highly transient neighborhoods d. interracial neighborhoods

b

Duress, self-defense, and entrapment are defenses in which the individual usually admits committing the criminal act but maintains that he or she should not be held criminally liable. These are what type of defense? a. excuses b. justifications c. intent d. insanity

James Q Wilson

In 1975, ___________ wrote "Thinking About Crime" which debunked the positivist view that crime was function of external forces, stated that criminals lack inhibition against misconduct, and proffered the idea that wicked people truly did exist.

c

In neighborhoods with high levels of collective efficacy, children are less likely to become involved with deviant peers and to engage in deviant behavior. Rather, kids use their wits to avoid violent confrontations and to feel safe. Doing this is a concept referred to as: a) efficacy effect b) collective effect c) street efficacy d) street savvy

rational choice theory

In relation to ________, and regarding the structuring of criminality, a number of personal factors condition people to choose crime including economic opportunity, learning and experience and knowledge of criminal techniques.

repeat victimization

Individuals who have been crime victims have a greater chance of future victimization. This concept is known as _____________.

b

Not being able to find a job, Jane Smith becomes increasingly frustrated as she visits her unemployment office each month. On Jane's most recent visit, she became verbally abusive and threatening to the unemployment representative. Continuing her abusive tirade, Jane stood up and leaned over the representative's desk. In fear and frustration, the unemployment representative hit Jane with a stapler that was on the desk. Jane's victimization in this case might be termed: a. passive precipitation b. active precipitation c. aggressive precipitation d. reactive precipitation

victimology

One thing that ________ consists of is studying the victim's role in precipitating crime.

incapacitation effect

Placing offenders behind bars during their prime crime years should lessen their lifetime opportunity to commit crime; this theory is known as the __________.

b

Public welfare offenses, such as traffic offenses, are crimes that do not require mens rea to prove legal guilt because they endanger public welfare or violate safety regulations. They are also referred to as: a. mala prohibita b. strict liability crimes c. limited liability crimes d. felonies

cycle of violence

Research indicates that both boys and girls are more likely to engage in violent behavior if they were targets of physical abuse. This abuse-crime phenomenon is referred to as the _________.

dark figure of crime

Self-report surveys help to illuminate the "_________".

a

Several sub-areas of criminology exist within the broader areas of criminology. These subareas are termed: a) the criminological enterprise b) the victim-offender enterprise c) the sociological enterprise d) the justice-offender enterprise

seductions of crime

Situational inducements which directly precede the commission of a crime, and draw offenders into law violations are labeled ________.

b

Social disorganization theory focuses on which of the following conditions in the urban environment? a) age and ethnic differences b) inadequate social control and deteriorated housing c) frustration and stress levels d) unequal distribution of wealth and power

d

Social learning theorists contribute all but which of the following factors to violent and/or aggressive behavior? a) learned aggressive skills b) the belief that aggression is justified and appropriate c) the belief that aggression is rewarded d) consistent relationship between painful attacks and aggressive responses

c

Sociobiology differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that biological and genetic conditions affect: a) how cognitive processes develop from birth to adulthood b) how cognitive processes shape socialization and perception c) how social behaviors are learned and perceived d) how social behaviors are transmitted

ecology of crime

The _________ posits that patterns in the crime rate seem to be linked to temporal and ecological factors, such as day, season and climate, temperature, and region.

c

The abuse-crime phenomenon known as the cycle of violence impacts: a. boys more than girls b. girls more than boys c. girls and boys equally d. girls and boys equally but only if they experienced abuse prior to the age of ten

b

The basic elements of classical criminology do not include which of the following ideas? a. Free will b. Criminal solutions require much effort but hold the promise of a huge payoff c. Deterrence d. Severity, certainty and swiftness are needed to ensure punishment works

a

The best known and most important source of official crime data is: a. the Uniform Crime Report b. the National Crime Victimization Survey c. the Annual Self-Report Survey the Monitoring the Future Study

edgework

The exhilarating, momentary integration of danger, risk, and skill that motivates people to try dangerous criminal and noncriminal behaviors refers to what is known as _________.

defensible space

The idea that crime can be prevented or displaced through the use of residential architectural designs that reduce criminal opportunity is known as __________.

behavioral theory

The major premise of ________ is that people alter their behavior according to the reactions it receives from others, and includes social learning theory.

c

The perspective that views crime as the reflection of the preferences and opinions of people who hold social power in a particular legal jurisdiction is: a. the consensus view b. the conflict view c. the interactionist view d. the Marxist view

b

The rules of evidence, the law of search and seizure, questions of appeal, jury selection, and the right to counsel fall under what category of criminal law? a) substantive law b) procedural law c) civil law d) administrative law

social structure theory

There are 3 Branches of ___________: 1) Social Disorganization Theory, 2) Strain Theory and 3) Cultural Deviance Theory.

informal social control, institutional social control, public social control

There are three forms of collective efficacy: 1) ____________ 2) _____________ and 3) _____________.

Actus reus, mens rea, concurrence

There are three required components in every crime: the _________ or criminal act, the ________ or criminal intent, and _________.

a

Under this view, groups able to assert their political power use the law and criminal justice system to advance their economic and social positions. Criminal laws are viewed as acts created to protect the haves from the have-nots. a) conflict b) consensus c) interactionist d) common

d

What are the three branches of social structure theory? a) social learning theory, social disorganization theory, and cultural deviance theory b) cultural deviance theory, deprivation theory, strain theory c) cultural deviance theory, anomie theory, deprivation theory d) social disorganization theory, strain theory, cultural deviance theory

b

When an individual accepts the goals of society, but rejects or is incapable of attaining them through legitimate means, it is called: a) conformity b) innovation c) ritualism d) rebellion

b

When referring to the evolution of criminal law, which statement is inaccurate? a) The globalization of crime will prompt changes in the criminal law. b) Highly publicized cases may generate fear but rarely prompt changes in the law. c) Criminal law may shift to reflect tolerance of behavior previously condemned. d) Criminal law will constantly evolve to reflect social and economic conditions.

a

Which of the following is least likely to be a characteristic of a high-risk lifestyle? a. participating in sports b. using drugs and alcohol c. being a college student d. involvement in crime

d

Which of the following is not a crime prevention strategy used today? a) increasing the effort needed to commit crime b) increasing the risks for committing crime c) reducing the rewards for committing crime d) reducing the shame for committing crime

c

Which of the following is not among the characteristics that increase the potential for victimization? a. target vulnerabiity b. target gratifiability c. target ecology d. target antagonism

aging-out

______ is the process by which individuals reduce the frequency of their offending behavior as they age.

subcultures

_______ are unique lower-class cultures that develop in disorganized neighborhoods; their values and beliefs are in conflict with conventional values.

cultural transmission

_______ is the process whereby subcultural values are handed down from one generation to the next.

social classes

________ are segments of population that have similar portions of things and share attitudes, values, norms, and lifestyles.

penology

________ involves the correction and control of known criminal offenders; it is the subarea of criminology that overlaps criminal justice.

rational choice theory

________ is rooted in the classical school of criminology developed by Cesare Beccaria.

just deserts

________ is the philosophy of justice that asserts that those who violate the rights of others deserve to be punished.

active precipitation

________ occurs when victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting words, or even attack first.

marginal deterrence

________ says that if petty offenses were subject to the same punishment as more serious crimes, offenders would choose the more serious crimes.

meta-analysis

_________ involves gathering data from a number of previous studies.

early onset

_________ is a term that refers to the assumption that a criminal career begins early in life and that people who are deviant at a very young age are the ones most likely to persist in crime.

data mining

_________ is a type of meta-analysis using multiple advanced computational methods to analyze large data sets from one or more data sources.

displacement

_________ is an effect of crime prevention efforts in which efforts to control crime in one area shift illegal activities to another.

discouragement

_________ is an effect that occurs when an effort to eliminate one type of crime also controls others, because it reduces the value of criminal activity by limiting access to desirable targets.

parental deviance

_________ is the idea that if criminal tendencies are inherited, then criminal parents will produce criminal children.

chivalry hypothesis

_________ is the idea that low female crime and delinquency rates are a reflection of the leniency with which police treat female offenders.

informal sanctions

_________ occur when significant others, such as parents, peer, neighbors, and teachers direct their disapproval toward the offender.

diffusion of benefits

_________ refers to an effect that occurs when an effort to control one type of crime has the unexpected benefit of reducing the incidence of another.

strain theory

_________ says crime is a function of the conflict between goals people have and their means to legally obtain them.

psychodynamic theory

_________ suggests that criminal offenders are aggressive, frustrated persons dominated by events experienced early in childhood. Their egos may be damaged or their superegos underdeveloped.

victim precipitation

__________ generally suggests that some people may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death.

strain theorists

___________ believe that most people share similar values and goals but the ability to achieve these personal goals is stratified by socioeconomic class.

offender-specific

___________ crime is the idea that offenders evaluate their skills, motives, needs, and fears before deciding to commit crime.

cognitive theory

___________ focuses on the mental processes and how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them.

passive precipitation

___________ occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker.

c

_______________ is a characteristic of pre-industrial society, held together by traditions, shared values and unquestioned beliefs. a) organic solidarity b) anomic solidarity c) mechanic solidarity d) systematic solidarity