Final

dental caries

A disease process that creates demineralized areas in dental tissues, leading to cavities; demineralization is caused by acids produced by bacteria That metabolize carbohydrates.

Treponematoses

A group of related diseases caused by bacteria treponema - which causes pathological changes most often to the cranium and tibiae.

What are the global trends in population?

A rapidly growing pop that lives longer is now participating in the global economy future

Tuberculosis

An infectious disease that may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs.

Neandertal Time period And geological range

Begins in the eastern Europe at the krapina site in Croatia, which dates to 130,000 yBP. • Southern and middle Europe and the Middle East.

Anemia

Below normal number of red blood cells

fossil fuels

Combustible material -oil, coal, natural gas, composed of organisms remains preserved in rocks.

Osteoarthritis

Degenerative changes of the joints caused by a variety of factors, especially physical activity and mechanical stress.

What is so modern about modern humans?

Distinguishing characteristics of modern humans include small faces, jaws, and teeth;a vertical and high forehead; narrow nasal apertures a d body trunks; long legs.

Colvis points

Earliest Native American (paleoindian) culture of North America? Technology known for large, fluted, bifacial stone projectile points used as spear points for big-game hunting.

What do Homo sapiens fossils tell us about modern human origins?

Early archaic h sapiens evolved from homo erectus 40,000-30,000 yBP, multiple hominin groups occupied Europe; Neanderthals, Modern h. Sapiens and Denisovans

Folsom points

Early native Americans (immediately following Clovis) culture of North America technology known for large, fluted, bifacial stone projectile points used as spear points for big- game hunting.

hygiene hypothesis

Extreme cleanliness decrease exposure to endotoxins

Mural art ( where and when)

Found at caves sites in France and Spain • oldest dates 36,000 yBP

portable art (where and when)

Found throughout the old world starting 35,000 yBP.

periosteal reaction

Inflammatory response of a bone's outer covering due to bacterial infection or to trauma.

Mousterian tools

Neanderthals made of these tools out of fling the use of such tools would have replaced the use of front teeth as tools reducing the amount of anterior teeth wear in some later Neanderthals.

Global dimming

Reduction in the level of solar radiation revived by the Earth - causes smog, jet contrails

Anthropogenic

Refers to any effect caused by humans

the multiregional continuity hypothesis

Regards the transition to modernity as having taken

out of Africa hypothesis

States that modern h. Sapiens first evolved in Africa and then spread to Asia and Europe, replacing the indigenous archaic h. Sapiens populations (Neanderthals) living on these two continents.

What can we learn about human health in the past from fossils from humans?

The shift from forging to farming had generally negative consequences for lifestyle and health. • changes in food consumption in food preparation technology alterations to skull and teeth. • workload and activity in general altered populations around to begin to produce their food by farming/ herding.

Soft food and it's relationship to biological change in humans?

The shift to agriculture and the eating of softer resulted in biological changes to face, jaws, and teeth of modern people. Tendencies characterized the skull and teeth of hunter-gatherers.

Masticatory -functional hypothesis

The shift to from hard foods to soft foods read to a reduction in jaw size.

Levallois technique

To produce the mousterian tools, Neanderthals used a specific Technique to remove flakes from Flint cores. the use of such a technique indicates that Netherthals could visualize the shape of size of a tool from Stone core, an advanced cognitive ability.

Endotoxins

Toxins released by bacteria when they break down or die

Are the pathogens that cause disease still evolving?

Yes, pathogen's just begin to adapt and become resistant to disease is and viruses etc..

Are we still evolving?

Yes, there are environmental circumstances that can continue does affect evolutionary changes.

What are some effects of increased urbanization?

cutting down or fragments of forests results in loss of trees and loss of habitat for the plants and animal that are adapted. To a forest landscape.• world -wide owing to economic-driving deforestation • loss of natural habitats link to aggressive agribusiness.

Theories about peopling of America's: evidence

fossil evidence——> for E.Asia origin of native Americans - both population have shovel shaped incisor • genetic evidence —> 95% of living Native American have mtDNA from 1-4 halogro: A, B, C, D common among pop northern Asia

global warming

increase in the average temperatures on Earth Atomsphere in response to the greenhouse effects; a cause of climate change.

Genetic modified organisms (GMO)

is an organism whose genome has been altered by the techniques of genetic engineering so that its DNA contains one or more genes not normally found there.

Beringia

land and maritime area bounded on the west by the Lena River in Russia; on the east by the Mackenzie River in Canada;

nanotechnology

the branch of technology that deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometers, especially the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules.

the "western disease"-

the result in the "globesity" epidemic (500 mil) leading to cardiac, circulatory and metabolic disease.

nutrition transitions

the shift in diet to one that is high in saturated fat and sugar; a cause of the global obesity epidemic

Manoic

woody shrub native to South America of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae.

Denisovans (who, what, and why)

• (archaic homo sapiens), newly discovered Hominins known only by A few bones dating to 41,000 yBP and their genome • found in Denisova cave in alti mountains of Siberia • interbed with modern humans and neanterthals. • some human populations have up to 6% of DNA from this ancestors.

Important milestones Upper Paleolithic

• 50,000 to 10,000 yBP •a period of cultural fluorescence when fully modern humans (fmh) move in Europe • advances include -> tool technology highly specialized utilizing bone anther, shell, and ivory • invention of the Attatl for hunting • domestication of dogs • appearance of many types of art and decorations • FMH spread it to all areas of the earth.

What are some of the nutritional consequences of becoming an agricultural society?

• Heights have declined • with the height decreasing comes from stress • smaller body does not confer an adaptive advantage.

What are some the disadvantages becoming an agricultural society?

• Increased demands on the environment • pollution • creates social stratification and conflict • decline biodiversity • health cost and quality of life implications.

Globesity vs. malnutrition

• about 7.5 Bil people on earth 1 bill is suffering from malnutrition • many countries globalize and raise living standards they also do high fat, carbohydrates diet. • 5000mil leading to a lot health issues (west disease)

How did agriculture affect human living circumstances?

• agriculture (cause of population increase) crowding - causing conditions conductive to spreading and maintenance of infections and diseases. • Nutrition shifted - Poor diet • agriculture caused declining in workload and activity.

Regions where agriculture was invented independently and their chief products

• domestication- started in at least 11 different regions around the world. • farming began in the southwestern Asia —> 11,500-8,000 bYP.

when, where, and why did agriculture develop?

• during the Holocene epoch, (most recent 10,000 years) people included domesticated plants and animals in their diets for the 1st time. • their earliest agriculture occurred in the eastern Mediterranean (the levant). It rise in 11 other centers independently around the world. • plant/ animal domestication May have arisen to feed the ever- increasing human population.

Theories about peopling of America's (when, how, evidence)

• people from Asia populated the new world via the Bering land Bridge connecting Asia the North America b4 15,000 yBP. • maybe by sea route along the pacific coast and maybe even along the Atlantic coastal ice. •

How did agriculture affect human biological change?

• poor-quality diets led to a decline in health. • the shift from hard foods to soft ones resulted in facial bones reducing in size faster then the teeth. -causing orthodontic issues requiring braces. • the decline in health did not affect human reproductive performance.

Homo floresiensis

• specimen LB1 aka "the hobbit" found by austrianlin/ Indonesia in 2003 by mike morwood •time period updated to b4 60,000 yBP •tiny brain • 3ft tall • ape like limb prop • associated with stone tools • some scientists believe the hobbit is a human with microcephaly.

What are some the advantages becoming an agricultural society?

• supports larger populations • long-term food storage • surplus food allows for occupation specialties -> creates hierarchy to organism and control.

People of the Pacific (when and how)

• the first humans reach Australia, Iansmina, and new guinea by 50,000 YBP evidence (at lake Mungo) Australia • remainder of the Pacific Islands weren't populated until 3500-600 yBP • Australian peoples remained hunter gatherers until the time of colonization.

Homo naledi

• was found in 2013 South Africa by lee Berger's team in the rising star cave system • fossil dates about 250,000 yBP are very primitive in many ways but modern in others. • this discovery reflects the complexity of our evolutionary history.

archaic humans

•(350,000 - 130,000 yBP) , •the earliest humans emerged 350,000 yBP in Africa • they evolved in modern humans in Africa at least as early as 200,000 yBP • "broken hill man" - Zambia

Skeletal traits of modern humans

•A round and tall vertical forehead and small brow ridges. • small face and teeth, well defined chin. • More gracile post-cranial skeleton.

The rise in allergies, and asthma,

•Allergic reactions to food and the modern environment are becoming more common • causes induced genetics, diet, overuse of antibiotics and environmental pollutant

What human evolutionary trends do we see in the fossil within the transition to agriculture?

•Consumption of various grains brought about both nutritional deficiencies and growth disruptions • because of high carbohydrate content corn and other grains promoted tooth decay. • population crowding in close proximity to herd animals lead to appearance of new infectious diseases.

Monte Verde

•Early human site in South America • 500 miles from Santiago, Chile - dates 14,500 yBP evidence —> of a coastal migration route to South America due to the presence.

Assimilation model for modern human variation

•Fully modern humans arose in Africa and then peopled the world. • met up with archaic Homo sapiens such had Neanderthals and denisovan (they were descendants of homo Ere population is Asia) • who contributed to the gene pool.

What are the most important forces shaping human biology today?

•Global warming is altering the environment. Left unchecked can cause threaten food production and continue to negatively affect health. • population increase -nursing resources and reducing well-being. • tech is creating new opportunities for us but new threats

What are the biological consequences on global climate change, population increase and tech?

•Global warming is threatening further food supplies for the growing world pop worsening poorer new regions • increase places stress on resources including food supplies. • lowering earths biodiversity • many common tech changes promotes obesity/ poor healthy

What other developments took place in H. Sapiens evolution?

•More advanced tools, diet diversification, symbolism appeared first in Africa and later in Europe and Asia. • Neanderthals were likely capable of articulate speech

How may new technologies affect human evolution?

•Our immune system will be weaker • There will be a hierarchy of genetically modified people • we're going to get weaker

Neandertal physical characteristics and behaviors

•Round Eye orbits wide space between Eye orbit wide nasal aperture and protruding made facial region. • evidence of housing structure,?large game hunting, fishing use of Rome materials besides stone, skilled tool production buried loved ones, symbolic behavior.

What are the trends in global climate change

•Shifting patterns of precipitation and dryness put agriculture and food systems at risk. •rising sea levels due to melting glaciers will is all.

How has variation in fossil H. Sapiens been interpreted

•The out-of-Africa model argues that modern h.sapiens migrated from Africa to Asia and Europe, replacing native late archaic h. Sapiens, including Neanderthals. • physical characteristics and dna in fossils Neanderthals were assimilated through admixture with early modern h. Sapiens and did not go extinct.

When and where did fully modern humans arise and where did they go next?

•out of Africa hypothesis • the multiregional continuity hypothesis