Final
Bone healing may be impaired by
nicotine use.
Pain with passive stretching of a muscle is indicative of
noncontractile tissue injury.
It is true that Bell palsy is a
paralysis of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve.
The classic manifestations of Parkinson disease include
rest tremor and skeletal muscle rigidity.
The first indication of brain compression from increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) may be
sluggish pupil response to light.
The primary reason that prolonged seizure activity predisposes to ischemic brain damage is that
the lack of airway maintenance can lead to hypoxia.
A tool used to assess levels of consciousness is
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS).
What type of fracture generally occurs in children?
Greenstick
The pathophysiology of osteomalacia involves
Inadequate mineralization of osteoid.
________ occurs when a brainstem impaired patient exhibits a persistent rhythmic or jerky movement in one or both eyes.
Nystagmus
Which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency?
Osteomalacia
The disorders characterized by softening and then enlargement of bones is referred to as
Paget disease.
Orthostatic hypotension may be a manifestation of
Parkinson disease
The earliest manifestation of scleroderma is
Raynaud phenomenon.
What effect do demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis have on neurotransmission?
Slower rate of action potential conduction
Which statement is true about the incidence of multiple sclerosis?
The age of onset ranges from 20 to 50 years.
Parkinson disease is associated with
a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra.
The displacement of two bones in which the articular surfaces partially lose contact with each other is called
subluxation.
Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm should be suspected if the patient reports
sudden, severe headache.
Manifestations of acute brain ischemia (Cushing reflex) are due primarily to
sympathetic nervous system activation.
In contrast to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis may be associated with
systemic aching in the musculoskeletal system.
A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis would be
systemic manifestations of inflammation.
A unique characteristic feature of fibromyalgia is the presence of
tender point pain.
Complete healing of a bone fracture occurs when
the callus has been completely replaced with mature bone.
The ________ is the level of painful stimulation required to be perceived.
threshold
The final stage of gout, characterized by crystalline deposits in cartilage, synovial membranes, and soft tissue, is called
tophaceous gout.
"Tell me again the name of that chemical that makes crystals when my gout flares up," asks the client. The nurse's best response is
uric acid.
Referred pain may be perceived at some distance from the area of tissue injury, but generally felt
within the same dermatome.
"Please explain the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis to me," says another nurse. "Is it just wear and tear so that the cartilage wears out?" Your best response is
"No; cells in bone, cartilage, and the synovial membrane all get activated and secrete inflammatory mediators that destroy cartilage and damage bone."
Intracranial pressure normally ranges from ______ mm Hg.
0 to 15
A level of ____ on the Glasgow Coma Scale indicates likely fatal damage.
3
The person at highest risk of a greenstick fracture from falling off a tall ladder is age
8.
What type of seizure usually occurs in children and is characterized by brief staring spells?
Absence
Which neurologic disorder is commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig disease?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Which treatment is helpful in neuropathic pain but not used for acute pain?
Anticonvulsants
Which group of clinical findings indicates the poorest neurologic functioning?
Assumes decorticate posture with light touch, no verbal response
Muscular dystrophy includes a number of muscle disorders that are
genetically transmitted.
One of the most common causes of acute pain is
headache.
The stage of spinal shock that follows spinal cord injury is characterized by
absent spinal reflexes below the level of injury.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which
acetylcholine receptors are destroyed or dysfunctional.
Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke include
acute hypertension.
The complication which is not likely to result from a compound, transverse fracture of the tibia and fibula is
air embolus.
Upper extremity weakness in association with degeneration of CNS neurons is characteristic of
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Rheumatoid arthritis is commonly associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be
an autoimmune process.
The most common source of osteomyelitis is
an infection that migrates via the bloodstream.
Rheumatoid arthritis involves joint inflammation caused by
autoimmune injury.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rheumatic disease attributed to
autoimmune mechanisms.
To avoid the progression of cutaneous lesions, a patient diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) should
avoid sun exposure.
The stroke etiology with the highest morbidity and mortality is
intracranial hemorrhage.
Leakage of CSF from the nose or ears is commonly associated with
basilar skull fracture.
It is true that encephalitis is usually
because of a viral infection in brain cells.
The most important preventive measure for hemorrhagic stroke is
blood pressure control.
People who have osteoporosis are at risk for
bone fractures.
The most common symptom of multiple myeloma is
bone pain.
A severe complication of elevated intracranial pressure is
brain herniation.
Secondary injury after head trauma refers to
brain injury resulting from the body's response to tissue damage.
A compound, transverse fracture is best described as a bone that is
broken and protruding through the skin.
Inflammation of the sacs that overlie bony prominences is called
bursitis.
The most important determinant for prescribing therapy for acute stroke is
ischemic versus hemorrhagic cause.
The physiologic change most likely to lead to an increase in intracranial pressure is
cerebral vasodilation.
Pain in fibromyalgia involves
changes in pain transmission in the spinal cord.
It is true that epidural bleeding is
characterized by a lucid interval immediately after injury.
A fracture in which bone breaks into two or more fragments is referred to as
comminuted.
The gate control theory of pain transmission predicts that activity in touch receptors will
decrease pain signal transmission in the spinal cord.
The chief pathologic features of osteoarthritis are
degeneration of articular cartilage, destruction of the bone under the cartilage, and thickening of the synovium.
A patient diagnosed with diabetes, smokes a pack of cigarettes daily and eats very few green leafy vegetables. After experiencing a fractured toe, this patient is at risk for
delayed healing.
Steroids may be used in the management of acute exacerbation of symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis, because
demyelination is mediated by immune mechanisms
Following a bone fracture, the most likely event to occur is
development of a blood clot beneath the periosteum.
A risk factor for osteoporosis is
early menopause.
Modulation of pain signals is thought to be mediated by the release of
endorphins.
In older women, osteoporosis is thought to be primarily because of
estrogen deficiency.
Paget's disease is characterized by
excessive bone resorption followed by excessive formation of fragile bone.
Pain that waxes and wanes and is exacerbated by physical exertion is likely related to
fibromyalgia syndrome.
Acceleration-deceleration movements of the head often result in polar injuries in which
focal injuries occur in two places at opposite poles.
Prosthetic joint infection is most often because of
hematogenous transfer.
The most common type of osteomyelitis is
hematogenous.
Autonomic dysreflexia is characterized by
hypertension and bradycardia.
An example of inappropriate treatment for head trauma would be
hypoventilation.
The pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis involves
immune cells accumulating in pannus and destroying articular cartilage.
Individuals diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at risk for developing numerous complications of various organs because of
immune injury to basement membranes.
Gouty arthritis is a complication of
inadequate renal excretion of uric acid.
Dopamine precursors and anticholinergics are all used in the management of Parkinson disease, because they
increase dopamine activity in the basal ganglia.
It is true that scleroderma involves
inflammation and fibrosis of connective tissue.
Enteropathic arthritis is associated with
inflammatory bowel disease.
Assessment of an extremity six hours after surgical alignment and casting demonstrates pulselessness and pallor. The priority action to take is to
initiate action to have the cast split or removed.
It is useful to conceptualize pain physiology according to the four stages because each stage provides an opportunity for
intervention.
Ankylosing spondylitis causes
intervertebral joint fusion.
Clinical manifestations of a stroke within the right cerebral hemisphere include
left-sided muscle weakness and neglect.
The most common site affected in Paget's disease is the
lower spine.
The initial treatment of an individual experiencing a seizure is concentrated on
maintaining an airway.
A college student living in a dormitory reports a stiff neck and headache and is found to have a fever of 102°F. This information is most consistent with
meningitis.
Anticholinesterase inhibitors may be used to manage
myasthenia gravis.
It is recommended that women of childbearing age take folic acid daily for prevention of
neural tube defects.
A bone disorder that results from insufficient vitamin D is referred to as
osteomalacia.
A malignant bone-forming tumor is referred to as a(n)
osteosarcoma.
Before making a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease
other potential causes of dementia must be ruled out.
The most common presenting sign/symptom with rheumatic fever is
polyarthritis.
A laboratory test result that helps confirm the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is
positive antinuclear antibodies.
Systemic disorders include
rheumatoid arthritis.
The disease that is similar to osteomalacia and occurs in growing children is
rickets.