final

t/f Monroe's Motivated Sequence is most useful for speeches that seek immediate action.

true

t/f One of the reasons to use evidence when speaking to persuade is that it can make your listeners more resistant to counterpersuasion.

true

t/f Research shows that if members of a small group work together, they can almost always solve a problem better than one person alone.

true

t/f The bandwagon fallacy assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

true

t/f When reasoning from specific instances in a persuasive speech, it is usually a good idea for a speaker to supplement the specific instances with testimony or statistics showing that the instances are not atypical.

true

t/f Study of the methods of persuasion began with communication researchers early in the twentieth century.

false

fact

"To persuade my audience that eating yogurt prolongs human life" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of _____.

small group

3-12 people

designated

A _____ leader is elected or appointed at the time the group is formed.

c. low initial credibility

A local landlord with a reputation for failing to return security deposits at the end of a lease has been invited to present his viewpoint at a meeting of the local tenants' union. To everyone's surprise, the landlord accepts the invitation despite the fact that he will be facing an audience with a decidedly negative view of his integrity. What factor will the landlord have to overcome if his speech is to have any chance of being persuasive?

Emergant

A person who by ability , force, or personality, or just talking the most, takes a leadership role in small group is called a(n):

true

A problem-solving small group should vote only when it has failed to reach a consensus solution.

initial

The credibility of a speaker before he/she starts to speak is called ______ credibility.

t/f The following is an example of reasoning from specific instances: "If you like apple pie, then you'll love our cinnamon apple chewing gum."

false

problem-solving group

Although there are many kinds of small groups, your notes focus on communication in a:

Emotional Appeals

Appeals intended to evoke sadness, anger, happiness, pride, etc.

ethos

Aristotle's name for credibility

logos

Aristotle's name for logical appeals Evidence & reasoning

Slippery Slope

Assuming first step will lead to later steps that can't be prevented

Appeal to Novelty

Assuming something new is automatically better than old

Appeal to Tradition

Assuming something old is automatically better than new

Ad Hominem

Attacking person rather than dealing with real issue

Passive Agreement

Avoids encouraging action to support policy

True

t/f Persuasive speaking requires credibility, logic & evidence, and emotional appeal combined to be most successful.

Bandwagon

Because something is popular, it is good or correct

Question of Fact

Deals with truth or falsity of assertion

Question of Value

Deals with worth, rightness of idea or action

common good

Committed to achieving the group goal rather than winning a personal argument.

Maintenance Needs

Communicative actions that maintain relations in group

Analogical Reasoning

Comparing two similar cases What is true for first case is also true for second Cases must be essentially alike

Immediate Action

Convinces audience to act in support of policy

t/f The either-or-fallacy assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

false

t/f The first step in the Reflective Thinking Method for small group discussion is to analyze the problem.

false

t/f The red herring fallacy is often referred to as a false dilemma.

false

implied

A(n) _____ leader is a person to whom others defer because of his/her rank, expertise, or some other quality.

Causal Reasoning

Establishing relationship between causes & effects

reasoning

Ethical group members avoid presenting faulty arguments; they build valid arguments & recognize & label fallacies.

the social code

Ethical group members promote an open, supportive, & group-centered climate for discussion.

Logos

Evidence & reasoning are the two major elements of persuasion that Aristotle called:

t/f Arguments guilty of the ad hominem fallacy argue in a circle without making a clear point.

False

Reflective-Think. Method

Five-step method for directing discussion

Either-Or

Forcing choice between two alternatives when more than two exist

Morality

Group ignores ethical & moral consequences.

Invulnerability

Group is overconfident; willing take big risks

Rationalization

Group makes excuses; discounts warnings

Mind guarding

Group shields members from adverse info or opposition.

Red Herring

Irrelevant issue diverting attention from actual subject

Hasty Generalization

Jumping to conclusion based on insufficient evidence

Pressure on Dissent

Members are pressured to agree.

Stereotyping Outsiders

Members believe opponents are too weak or unintelligent to make trouble.

Self-Censorship

Members doubt their own reservations; are unwilling to disagree.

False Cause

Mistakenly assuming that because one event follows another, first event causes second

Illusion of Unanimity

Most members erroneously believe that everyone agrees.

Reasoning from Principle

Moving from general principle to specific conclusion

Specific Instances

Moving from particular facts to general conclusion

Credibility

Perception of speaker's competence & character

Target Audience

Portion of audience speaker most wants to persuade

Symposium

Public presentation in which people give speeches on different aspects of topic

need, plan, practicality

Regardless of whether your aim is to encourage passive agreement or immediate action, you must deal with three basic issues whenever you discuss a question of policy. What are they?

procedural needs

Routine "housekeeping" duties necessary for efficient conduct of business in a small group are:

authority rule

Sometimes a single person makes the final decision. When used, the group is asked to gather information for & recommend decisions to another person or a larger group.

Panel Discussion

Structured conversation among people in front of audience

false

T/f "To persuade my audience to become regular blood donors" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech seeking passive agreement.

target

The _____ audience is the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

value

To persuade my audience that discrimination on the basis of marital status is unfair" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of _____.

Invalid Analogy

Two cases being compared not essentially alike

hidden agenda

Unstated individual goals that may conflict with group goals

Question of Policy

Whether course of action should or should not be taken

lawyer arguing for the acquittal of her client

Which of the following is an instance of persuasive speaking?

In small group communication, maintenance needs are:

actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in group

t/f A persuasive speech on a question of fact is essentially the same as an informative speech.

false

intial

before speech

t/f In a problem-solving group disagreements should be avoided at all costs.

false

terminal

end of speech

What contemporary researchers term credibility, Aristotle termed:

ethos

t/f As defined in your notes, a small group consists of two to twenty people.

false

t/f Because persuasion aims to change the beliefs or actions of listeners, speaking to persuade is one of the few cases in which a speaker does not need to consider her/his ethical obligations.

false

t/f False cause, or post hoc, ergo propter hoc, is an error in reasoning in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because two things are similar in one respect, they are similar in all respect

false

t/f The following statement is an example of reasoning from analogy: "The United Nations charter establishes the right of all people to live free of political oppression. The government of North Korea subjects its people to political oppression. Therefore, the government of North Korea is violating the U.N. charter."

false

leadership

is the ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals of the group.

True

t/f "To persuade my audience that Congress should revise the laws governing medical malpractice" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of policy.

derived

produced during speech

consensus

represents group agreement which all members have a part in shaping & find at least minimally acceptable means of accomplishing some mutual goals.