Final A&P

In the classification of joints, which of the following is true?

All synovial joints are freely movable.

Which letter marks the perforating canal (Volkman's canal)?

B

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Cartilage has no blood vessels.

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth (bone elongation)?

Chondrocytes within the epiphyseal plate secrete matrix and the cartilage grows from within the epiphyseal plate.

Area where yellow marrow is found.

D

Fibrous capsule.

D

Which letter marks an osteocyte?

E

Which letter marks the canaliculi?

F

Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells?

Globet cells

Turning the foot medially at the ankle would be called

Inversion

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?

It diverts blood away from the skin to conserve heat.

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?

Lamellelated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum

Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure?

Meissner's corpuscles

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?

Mesenchyme cells form an ossification center.

If an adult body is deficient in vitamin D, what could happen?

Osteomalacia

Which of the following is true about paranasal sinuses?

Paranasal sinuses enhance the resonance of the voice and lighten the skull.

epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.

Pseudostratified columnar

The apical side of an epithelial cell is:

The free side open to a lumen.

Which of the following statements about microtubules is FALSE?

They are made of actin subunits.

What is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body along the frontal plane called?

abduction

In what strata are keratinocytes located?

all of them

Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are

amphiarthroses

The process of bones increasing in width is known as

appositional growth

Which vertebra does not have a body?

atlas

A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?

basale

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the central canal) is the site of

blood vessels and nerve fibers

Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membranes that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called

bursae

Fluid-filled fibrous sacs lined with a synovial membrane and occurring where ligaments, muscles, and tendons rub together are called

bursae

The heel bone is called the

calcaneous

Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of

calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D

What tissue forms the model for endochondrial ossification?

cartilage

Which of the following statements defines synchondroses?

cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the ends of bones

Only the vertebrae have transverse foramina.

cervical

The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they contain

collagen fibers

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?

communication

What can a deficjency of growth hormone during bone formation cauşe?

decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage

What type of tissue resists tension in one direction

dense regular connective tissue

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would'be a break in the

diaphysis

The shaft of the LONG bone is called:

diaphysis

When you walk on the heel of your foot, what type of special movement are you doing with your ankle?

dorsiflexion

In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause?

elevated levels of sex hormones (estrogen)

Glands that secrete hormones are called glands.

endocrine

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?

epiphyseal plate

The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the

feet

The pelvic girdle does not include the

femur

Look down at your toes. What angular movement did you head/neck do?

flexion

The membranous areas between the cranial bones of the fetal skull are called

fontanelles

What are the 3 main components of connective tissue?

ground substance, fibers, and cells

Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is of greatest importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood?

growth hormone

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

growth hormone

What mode of secretion is characterized by the cell rupturing in order to release its product?

holocrine

In symphysis joints the articular surfacés of the bones are covered with

hyaline cartilage

Bending your head back to look at the celing or until it hurts is an example of

hyperextension

Which of the following is the abnormal curve often seen in pregnant women as they attempt to preserve their center of gravity toward the end of the pregnancy?

hyperlordosis

Which forms the'largest portion of the coxal bone?

ilium

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

in the axillary and anogenital area

The strongest muscle contractions are achieved by

increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus

The ethmoid bone is composed of all of the following except the

inferior nasal concha

The first step in tissue repair involves

inflammation

The term diploë refers to the

internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones

Which term or phrase best describes letter D?

it is the structural unit of the bone

The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane

lining the thoracic cavity

The hip joint is a good example of a(n) synovial joint.

multiaxial

When the body responds to low blood sugar levels and tries to return sugar level to within the normal range, it is using

negative feedback

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the

osteoblast

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

osteoclast

What is the "structural unit of bone?"

osteon

Which hormone Increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium tons into the bloodstream?

parathyroid hormone

The connective tissue membrane on the outside of the bone is called:

periosteum

Which part of the ethmoid bone forms the superior part of the nasal septum?

perpendicular plate

The gliding motion of the wrist uses joints.

plane

Pointing the toes is an example of

plantar flexion

The posterior knee area is called

popliteal

The cruciate ligaments of the knee

prevent hyperextension of the knee

What is the primary function of wave summation?

produce smooth, continuous muscle contraction

Moving your jaw forward, causing an underbite, is called

protraction

Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to

provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints

What is the major function of the axial skeleton?

provide central support for the body and protect internal organs

Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include

resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system

What are menisci?

semilunar cartilage pads

Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue?

simple columnar

What type of cancer affects the keratinocytes of the intermediate or transitional epidermal layers?

squamous cell carcinoma

What type of epithelium is found in high-abrasion areas?

stratified squamous epithelia

The joint between the frontal and parietal bones is classified by materfal as a

suture

Fibrous joints are classified as

sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

Fibrous joints are classified as ----

sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

A joint united by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a

symphysis

The costal cartilage joints between the ribs & sternum are considered a joint.

synchondrosis

Which of these joints HAS a joint cavity?

synovial

Which of the following is not a part of the synovial joint?

tendon sheath

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

the osteon

The antebrachium is composed of which of the following two bones?

the radius and the ulna

Which type of cell junction allows chemicals to pass through hollow cylinders to adjacent cells?

tight junctions

The structural unit of spongy is called

trabeculae

The most important and effective treatment for osteoporosis is:

weight bearing exercise

Olympian Usain Bolt is the world record holder in the 100m and 200m sprints. Scientifically, one would expect him to have highly developed muscle fibers.

white

The flat bones of the skull develop

within fibrous membranes