Final ****A&P II multiple choice

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Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.

) too little oxygen in the atmosphere

Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products? A) enteroendocrine cells B) parietal cells C) zymogenic cells D) mucous neck cells

Graft rejection may be caused by a. using a xenograft. b. total body irradiation. c. treatment with antilymphocyte serum. d. use of immunosuppressive drugs.

Hepatocytes do not ________. A) produce digestive enzymes B) process nutrients C) store fat-soluble vitamins D) detoxify

If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________. A) serosa B) mucosa C) muscularis externa D) submucosa

In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________. A) initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins B) is the first site where absorption takes place C) is the only place where fats are completely digested D) is the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________. A) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form B) about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin C) greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin D) not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules

Inspiratory capacity is ________. A) the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration B) the total amount of exchangeable air C) functional residual capacity D) air inspired after a tidal inhalation

Interleukin ________ inhibits or turns down the immune response. a. 10 b. 13 c. 4 d. 7

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________. A) ciliated mucous lining in the nose B) abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa C) porous structure of turbinate bones D) action of the epiglottis

Nerve impulses from ________ will result in inspiration. A) the dorsal respiratory group B) the chemoreceptor center C) Brocaʹs center D) the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________. A) chief cells of the stomach B) parietal cells of the duodenum C) Brunnerʹs glands D) goblet cells of the small intestine

Possible causes of hypoxia include ________. A) too little oxygen in the atmosphere B) obstruction of the esophagus C) taking several rapid deep breaths D) getting very cold

Select the correct statement about complement. a. A specific immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target. b. Complement can be activated through three pathways: classical, secondary, and alternate. c. The membrane attack complex (MAC) consists of complement proteins C3a through C5. d. Complement proteins C1 through C9 are exclusively in the classical pathway.

Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control. A) The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration. B) The ventral respiratory group (expiratory center) neurons depolarize in a rhythmic way to establish the pattern of breathing. C) The pontine respirator group (PRG) continuously stimulates the medulla to provide inspiratory drive. D) The dorsal respiratory group (inspiratory center) is contained within the pons.

Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called a. haptens b. antibodies c. allergens d. regains

Suppressor T cells a. may function in preventing autoimmune reactions. b. decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases. c. are the most thoroughly understood T cells. d. release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells.

Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body? A) tongue B) esophagus C) nasal cavity D) salivary glands

The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure. A) liver B) spleen C) pancreas D) stomach

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? A) plicae circulares and intestinal villi B) the vast array of digestive enzymes C) Brunnerʹs glands D) the rugae

The anaphylactic reaction is a(n) __________ allergic reaction. a. immediate hypersensitivity b. delayed hypersensitivity c. prolonged

The antigenic determinant of a foreign substance is the a. epitope b. antibody c. complement factor d. perforin

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________. A) digestion B) absorption C) ingestion D) secretion

The formation of antigen-antibody complexes might trigger the complement cascade at C1. This is called the a. classical pathway b. alternative pathway c. C3-convertase inhibitor pathway

The lamina propria is composed of ________. A) loose connective tissue B) dense irregular connective tissue C) dense regular connective tissue D) reticular connective tissue

The larynx contains ________. A) the thyroid cartilage B) a cricoid cartilage also called the Adamʹs apple C) an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds D) lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds

The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the a. cytotoxic cells. b. plasma cells. c. suppressor cells. d. helper cells.

The plicae circulares and intestinal villi are found in which of the four layers of the alimentary tube wall? A) mucosa B) serosa C) adventitia D) lamina propria

The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called a. chemotaxis. b. diapedesis. c. margination. d. phagocytosis.

The propulsion of food down the gastrointestinal tract includes ________. A) the pharyngeal-esophageal phase, an involuntary process B) deglutition, which is the elimination of undigested materials C) the buccal phase, an involuntary phase controlled by swallowing centers in the medulla and pons D) the gastric phase, activated by distension of the stomach receptors

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by a. vasodilatation b. vasoconstriction c. mobilization of phagocytes d. production of complement and interferon

The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by ________. A) Boyleʹs law B) Henryʹs law C) Charlesʹ law D) Daltonʹs law

The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________. A) mesenteries B) lamina propria C) serosal lining D) mucosal lining

The smallest macroscopic subdivision of the lung is the ________. A) lobule B) pleura C) primary bronchiole D) extrinsic ligament

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is ________. A) to secrete surfactant B) to protect the lungs from bacterial invasion C) to replace mucus in the alveoli D) to trap dust and other debris

There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; our Ig ________ antibody-mediated response restricts them from going beyond the mucosa and causing problems. M D A E

There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; our Ig ________ antibody-mediated response restricts them from going beyond the mucosa and causing problems. A) D B) A C) M D) E

There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________. A) before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought B) immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients C) at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long period of time D) when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required

This is the predominant Ig class in body secretions; hence it is called the "secretory antibody." a. IgA b. IgD c. IgE d. IgG e. IgM

Which center is located in the pons? A) pontine respirator group (PRG) B) expiratory C) inspiratory D) pacemaker neuron center

Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds? A) fungiform and circumvallate B) palatine and circumvallate C) circumvallate and filiform D) fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform

Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens? a. reactivity with an antibody b. small molecules c. inhibit production of antibodies d. contain many repeating chemical units

Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system? a. It is specific for a given organ. b. It is antigen-specific. c. It has memory. d. It is systemic.

Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth? A) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge. B) There are 27 permanent teeth, and the first molars are usually the last to emerge. C) The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary teeth. D) The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to the number of lower permanent teeth.

Which of the following produce intrinsic factor? A) parietal cells B) zymogenic cells C) mucous neck cells D) enteroendocrine cells

Which of the following statements is correct? A) H+ acts directly on central chemoreceptors to decrease the rate and depth of breathing. B) Low arterial pH is the most powerful stimulator of respiration. C) Arterial pH does not affect central chemoreceptors directly. D) H+ has little effect on the blood pH.

Which of these is not a characteristic of emphysema? A) bronchial edema B) destruction of alveolar walls C) loss of lung elasticity D) air trapping

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? A) B12 B) K C) A D) C

You have just eaten french fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and whole milk. Which of the following glands would be active in helping you to digest this food? A) the pancreas B) the buccal glands C) the thyroid gland D) the parotid glands

______ determine(s) what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system be able to recognize and resist. a. The type of antigen b. Memory cell production c. Our genes d. Enzymes present at the time of the invasion

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood:

A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal

Commotio cordis is heart failure due to what?

A relatively mild blow to the chest that occurs during a vulnerable interval (2 ms) when the heart is repolarizing.

Select the correct statement about cardiac output.

A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction.

Found in the interventricular septum.

AV bundle.

Damage to what node is referred to as heart block?

AV node.

The point in the conduction system of the heart where the impulse is temporarily delayed.

AV node.

Which is NOT part of conduction system of the heart?

AV valve.

Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.

Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.

Terminates in alveoli.

Alveolar duct

Select the correct statement about complement.

An adaptive immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target.

Define anatomical dead space. What is the relationship between anatomical and alveolar dead space? Which value is likely to increase during lung pathology?

Anatomical dead space is the space in the conducting respiratory passageways. Alveolar dead space is the space in nonfunctional alveoli. Anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space together make up the total dead space. Alveolar dead space will increase during lung pathology.

Distinguish among anemic, ischemic, histotoxic, and hypoxemic hypoxia.

Anemic hypoxia reflects poor oxygen delivery resulting from too few RBCs or RBCs that contain abnormal or too little Hb. Ischemic hypoxia results when blood circulation is impaired or blocked. Histotoxic hypoxia occurs when body cells are unable to use O2 even though adequate amounts are delivered. Hypoxemia hypoxia is indicated by reduced arterial PO2

A patient takes a nitroglycerin tablet sublingually for chest pain. Nitroglycerin acts directly on smooth muscle, producing relaxation and vessel dilation. How would this relieve chest pain?

Angina pectoris is thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium, with resulting decreased oxygen being delivered to the cells. Because nitroglycerin acts as a vasodilator, blood flow is increased, promoting the delivery of oxygen to the cells.

Which of the statements below does not describe antigens?

Antigens only come from microbes.

What valves of the heart have NO chordae tendineae attached?

Aortic and pulmonary valves.

Prevents backflow into the left ventricle.

Aortic valve.

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.

As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.

Briefly differentiate between atmospheric pressure, intrapulmonary pressure, and intrapleural pressure. Which of these is always negative in a healthy individual during normal breathing? What happens if intrapleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure?

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by gases of the atmosphere. Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure within the alveoli of the lungs. Intrapleural pressure is the pressure within the intrapleural space. Intrapleural pressure is negative relative to the other two during normal inspiration/expiration. Equalization of the intrapleural pressure with atmospheric pressure or intrapulmonary pressure immediately causes lung collapse.

. Innate immune system defenses include a. plasma cells. b. phagocytosis. c. T cells. d. B cells.

. Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disease? a. exposure of previously "hidden" self-antigens to the adaptive immune system b. a second exposure to an allergen c. mutation followed by the appearance of membrane proteins not previously present d. cross-reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens with self-antigens

A gas emboli may occur because ________. A) a person holds his breath too long B) a diver holds his breath upon ascent C) a pilot holds her breath upon descent D) a person breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber

Although we mostly associate eosinophil function with allergic reactions, the cell was originally evolved to deal, most effectively, with a. antigen-antibody complexes b. helminth infections c. pyrogens

Antibody functions include all of the following except a. binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria or other microorganisms b. cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood cell types are properly matched c. linking soluble antigens together so that they precipitate d. targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cytolysis

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of the immune system by a. pinocytosis. b. natural killer cells. c. T lymphocytes. d. B lymphocytes.

Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________. A) a significant amount of enzyme secretion by the intestinal mucosa B) cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction C) secretions from the spleen that contain all enzymes necessary for complete digestion D) bile salts that help emulsify carbohydrates so that they can be easily digested by enzymatic action

Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________. A) mastication B) catabolism C) anabolism D) fermentation

Chyme is created in the ________. A) mouth B) stomach C) esophagus D) small intestine

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________. A) thalamic control B) voluntary cortical control C) stretch receptors in the alveoli D) composition of alveolar gas

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________. A) at least 3 micrometers thick B) 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick C) between 5 and 6 micrometers thick D) The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange

Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________. A) starches and complex carbohydrates B) protein and peptide fragments C) simple carbohydrates and alcohols D) fatty acids

Helper T cells a. bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin. b. function in the adaptive immune system activation. c. release B7 proteins. d. often function to decrease the immune response.

Hormones that inhibit gastric secretion include ________. A) ACh B) secretin C) gastrin D) histamine

Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? A) chief cells B) parietal cells C) serous cells D) mucous neck cells

Immediate hypersensitivities a. are also called type IV hypersensitivities. b. include anaphylaxis, triggered by a second (or later) exposure to an allergen to which the individual has been sensitized. c. are adaptive immune responses. d. include allergic contact dermatitis.

Impairments of oxygen transport include ________. A) anemic hypoxia, usually caused by congestive heart failure B) carbon monoxide poisoning, a form of hypoxemic hypoxia C) stagnant hypoxia, due to a functional problem with the lungs D) hypoxemic hypoxia, resulting from a decrease in levels of functional red blood cells

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________. A) pressure within the pleural cavity B) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs C) negative pressure in the intrapleural space D) difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure

Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________. A) somatic neurons in the spinal cord B) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus C) the rubrospinal tracts D) the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________. A) osmosis B) diffusion C) filtration D) active transport

Polio vaccine confers __________ on the subject. a. passive immunity b. active immunity c. natural immunity d. monoclonal antibodies

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________. A) midbrain and medulla B) medulla and pons C) pons and midbrain D) upper spinal cord and medulla

Select the correct statement about the pharynx. A) The adenoids are located in the laryngopharynx. B) The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx. C) The laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx. D) The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx.

Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self". a. Tolerance to self is due to the action of foreign antigens that inactivate the immune response to one's own tissues. b. Tolerance is developed during fetal life. c. Neutrophils capable of binding to self-antigens are chemically inactivated. d. The development of tolerance is specific to B cells only.

The function of the goblet cells is to ________. A) absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use B) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion C) secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral D) provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food

The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________. A) carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract B) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage C) distribute hormones D) return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low

The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the ________. A) mucosa B) submucosa C) muscularis externa D) serosa

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________. A) tidal volume B) vital capacity C) inspiratory capacity D) expiratory reserve volume

The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________. A) in the glandular tissue that lines the organ lumen B) in the walls of the tract organs C) in the pons and medulla D) only in the esophagus because this is the only part of the tract that needs to change to accommodate food passage

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________. A) loss of oxygen in tissues B) increase of carbon dioxide C) pH (acidosis) D) pH (alkalosis)

The nose serves all the following functions except ________. A) as a passageway for air movement B) as the initiator of the cough reflex C) warming and humidifying the air D) cleansing the air

The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________. A) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts B) alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes C) atria and alveolar sacs D) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the ________. A) duodenum B) ileum C) jejunum D) pyloric sphincter

Tidal volume is air ________. A) remaining in the lungs after forced expiration B) exchanged during normal breathing C) inhaled after normal inspiration D) forcibly expelled after normal expiration

When a macrophage presents antigen to a lymphocyte, it does so in context of __________. a. interleukin-1 b. MHC c. PHA d. mitogen e. GALT

Which of the following does not influence the increase in ventilation that occurs as exercise is initiated? A) psychic stimuli B) decrease in lactic acid levels C) proprioceptors D) simultaneous cortical motor activation of the skeletal muscles and respiratory center

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? a. keratin b. phagocytes c. gastric juice d. cilia

Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies? a. they are carbohydrates b. they are composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains c. they have three binding sites per antibody monomer d. they cannot be transferred from one person to another

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer? A) adenocarcinoma B) Kaposiʹs sarcoma C) small cell carcinoma D) squamous cell carcinoma

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing? A) rising carbon dioxide levels B) rising blood pressure C) arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg D) arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2? A) pulmonary ventilation B) blood pH adjustment C) internal respiration D) external respiration

Which of the following is not found on the right lobe of the lung? A) middle lobe B) cardiac notch C) horizontal fissure D) oblique fissure

Which of the following is not possible? A) Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance. B) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance. C) Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow. D) The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.

Which of the following is not true of saliva? A) cleanses the mouth B) contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins C) moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus D) dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? A) alveolar sacs B) alveoli C) respiratory bronchioles D) alveolar ducts

Which of the following statements is incorrect? A) During fetal life, lungs are filled with fluid. B) Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants. C) Descent of the diaphragm results in abdominal breathing. D) The chest wall becomes more rigid with age.

Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation? A) hepatic portal vein B) inferior vena cava C) superior mesenteric artery D) celiac artery

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon? A) diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax B) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract C) external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax D) diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax

Which statement is true about T cells? a. They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells. b. Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2. c. Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines. d. They develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins.

Which type of antibodies are involved in allergic reactions? a. IgA b. IgE c. IgG d. IgM

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because ________. A) a decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond B) a decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond C) an increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond D) an increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal? A) gastrin B) amylase C) cholecystokinin D) trypsin

________ is/are not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion. A) Distension B) Carbohydrates C) Peptides D) Low acidity

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? K C B12 A

B12

A 55-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with heart failure. He complains of increasing shortness of breath on exertion and needing to sleep on three pillows at night. On physical assessment, the nurse determines that his ankles and feet are very swollen. Which of these symptoms reflect left-sided heart failure and which reflect right-sided heart failure?

Because the heart is a double pump, each side can initially fail independently of the other. If the left side fails, pulmonary congestion occurs. The right side of the heart continues to propel blood to the lungs, but the left side does not adequately eject the returning blood into the systemic circulation. Thus, blood vessels in the lungs become engorged with blood, pressure within them increases, and fluid leaks from the circulation into the lung tissue, causing pulmonary edema. Shortness of breath and difficulty breathing in a prone position may occur. If the right side of the heart fails, peripheral congestion occurs. Blood stagnates within body organs, and pooled fluids in the tissue spaces impair the ability of body cells to obtain adequate nutrients and oxygen and to rid themselves of wastes. Edema is most noticeable in the extremities (feet, ankles, and fingers).

Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile. Bile contains enzymes for digestion. Bile functions to emulsify fats. Bile is both an excretory product and a digestive secretion. Bile functions to carry bilirubin formed from breakdown of worn-out RBCs.

Bile contains enzymes for digestion.

The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur? The acid secretions from the stomach would be sufficient to digest this food. This type of food would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, causing digestive upset. Severe indigestion would occur, caused by the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes. Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum.

Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum.

Oxygen unloading in a RBC due to declining pH is called the ________.

Bohr effect

Which of these vessels receives blood during ventricular systole?

Both the aorta and pulmonary trunk.

The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by ________.

Boyle's law

A patient is prescribed a calcium channel blocker to prevent angina (chest pain), by decreasing the demand for oxygen. Explain why.

By preventing the influx of calcium ions into myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells, calcium channel blockers inhibit the intracellular release of additional stores of calcium ions. A drug that inhibits the release of intracellular calcium ions decreases the force of myocardial contractility, thereby decreasing the oxygen demand.

. Delayed hypersensitivities a. include anaphylactic shock, a systemic vasodilation that results in inadequate blood delivery to all tissues. b. do not involve T cells. c. include allergic contact dermatitis. d. are mediated by B cells.

. In clonal selection of B cells, which entity determines which B cells eventually become cloned? a. macrophage b. antibody c. antigen d. lymphocyte

. ________ are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area. a. Perforins b. Interleukin 1 proteins c. Cytokines d. Interleukin 2 proteins

. ________ predominate at the sites of chronic infections. a. Eosinophils b. B cells c. Macrophages d. Basophils

A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the babyʹs loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates ________. A) acidosis B) ketosis C) alkalosis D) dysphagia

A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by ________. A) 17 weeks B) 24 weeks C) 28 weeks D) 36 weeks

Another name for the inflation reflex is ________. A) Bohr B) Haldane C) Hering-Breuer D) pulmonary irritant

C3b molecules coat a microorganism and roughen its surface, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytose it. The phenomenon is called a. diapedesis b. agglutination c. opsonization d. chemotaxis

Chief cells ________. A) occur in the intestine B) produce HCl C) are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands D) produce mucin

Cytotoxic T cells a. self-destruct once the antigen has been neutralized. b. function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations. c. are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells. d. require the double recognition signal of MHC I plus MHC II on the target cell in order to function.

Grafts between identical twins are a. autografts b. allografts c. isografts d. xenografts

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except a. rabies. b. juvenile diabetes. c. pregnancy. d. hepatitis.

Pancreatic amylase does not get to the small intestine via the ________. A) accessory pancreatic duct B) main pancreatic duct C) cystic duct D) hepatopancreatic ampulla

Paneth cells ________. A) are more common in the ileum than in the jejunum B) are absorptive cells in the small intestine C) secrete enzymes that kill bacteria D) are located next to the lacteal in a villus

Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________. A) mucin B) pepsinogen C) hydrochloric acid D) rennin

Phagocyte mobilization involves a. diapedesis, during which cells line up against the capillary wall. b. monocytes as the most active phagocyte. c. mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas. d. margination, which is the process of white cell movement through the walls of capillaries into injured tissues.

Plasma cells are derived from a. NK cells b. monocytes c. B-lymphocytes d. lymphokines

Select the correct statement about absorption. A) Eighty percent of ingested materials have been absorbed by the end of the large intestine. B) Carbohydrates diffuse across the villus epithelium and are then actively transported into blood capillaries. C) If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated. D) Amino acid transport is linked to chloride transport.

Select the correct statement about digestive processes. A) Enterogastrone is a hormone that helps increase gastric motility. B) Pepsin is an enzyme produced by the stomach for the purpose of starch digestion. C) Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex. D) All commonly ingested substances are significantly absorbed by the mucosa of the stomach.

Select the correct statement about phagocytic cells. a. Macrophages release defensins during killing. b. The respiratory burst characterizes eosinophil phagocytosis. c. Neutrophils may destroy themselves when they phagocytize large quantities of a foreign substance. d. Kupffer cells are a type of neutrophil.

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. A) A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation. B) A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation. C) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required. D) Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.

Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion. A) Vagus stimulation of the stomach results in decreased secretion of gastric juice. B) The presence of food in the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretion. C) Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth. D) Gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below a pH of 2).

Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth. A) There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent. B) There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months. C) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20. D) There are 32 primary teeth, and most children lose these teeth due to decay because they are never very strong.

Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible? A) rennin B) pepsin C) lipase D) cholecystokinin

Since the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange? A) Respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus arteriosus. B) Respiratory exchanges are not necessary. C) Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta. D) Since the lungs develop later in gestation, fetuses do not need a mechanism for respiratory exchange.

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. A) humidifying the air before it enters B) warming the air before it enters C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid D) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________. A) reserve air B) expiratory reserve C) inspiratory capacity D) vital capacity

The chief antibody-mediated mechanism used against cellular antigens, such as bacteria, is a. neutralization. b. interferon production. c. complement fixation. d. agglutination.

The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called ________. A) diffusion B) active transport C) hydrolysis D) denatured

The ideal vital capacity of an individual is around ________. A) 1200 ml B) 3100 ml C) 4800 ml D) 6600 ml

The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur? A) Severe indigestion would occur, caused by the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes. B) This type of food would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, causing digestive upset. C) Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum. D) The acid secretions from the stomach would be sufficient to digest this food.

The mucosa of the developing alimentary tube comes from ________. A) ectoderm B) mesoderm C) endoderm D) pachyderm

The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells? A) goblet cells and squamous epithelial cells B) parietal cells and glial cells C) serous cells and mucous cells D) cuboidal epithelium and ciliated columnar cells

The statement, ʺin a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixtureʺ paraphrases ________. A) Henryʹs law B) Boyleʹs law C) Daltonʹs law D) Charlesʹ law

The structures that produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine are the ________. A) lacteals B) cilium C) intestinal crypts D) microvilli

The system that recognizes foreign molecules and acts to immobilize, neutralize, or destroy them is the a. lymphatic system. b. integumentary system. c. immune system. d. renal system.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) trigger the release of ________ to attract white blood cells to the scene. a. histamine b. complement c. cytokines d. prostaglandins

Tooth structure includes ________. A) the dentin, which is the hardest substance in the body B) a root covered with enamel C) a thin periodontal ligament that holds the tooth in place D) pulp, an avascular connective tissue filling the hollow cavity of the tooth

Under normal conditions, the gastric mucosa pours out as much as ________. A) 10 liters of gastric juice per hour B) 1 pint of gastric juice following each meal C) 2 to 3 liters of gastric juice per day D) 6 liters of gastric juice when the meal is unusually heavy in fats

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ______. A) absorption B) secretion C) chemical digestion D) mechanical digestion

Which of the following changes occurs as the conducting tubes of the lungs become smaller? A) Cartilage rings are gradually replaced by regular plates of cartilage. B) Resistance to air flow decreases due to the increased number of tubes. C) Smooth muscle amount increases. D) Lining of the tubes changes from ciliated columnar to simple squamous epithelium which lines the alveoli.

Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport? A) 20% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma. B) 7-8% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin. C) The chloride shift mechanism enhances CO2 transport. D) Carbonic anhydrase is responsible for bonding CO2 to hemoglobin.

Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins? A) dextrinase B) amylase C) trypsin D) lipase

Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It ________. A) does not contain villi B) exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli C) is longer than the small intestine D) has haustra

Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction? a. anaphylaxis b. cytotoxic hypersensitivity c. allergic contact dermatitis d. immune complex hypersensitivity

Which statement about CO2 is incorrect? A) Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation. B) Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH. C) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs. D) CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood.

Which type of antibodies can cross the placenta and confer passive immunity on the fetus/neonate? a. IgA b. IgE c. IgG d. IgM

Toll-like receptors (TLR) trigger the release of

CYTOKINES to attract white blood cells to the scene.

________ is locally regulated in the blood by the active form of vitamin D, which acts as a cofactor. Phosphorus Iron Sodium Calcium

Calcium

The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called?

Chemotaxis

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events is phagocytosis?

Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing

Select the correct statement about digestive processes. Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex. All commonly ingested substances are significantly absorbed by the mucosa of the stomach. Pepsin is an enzyme produced by the stomach for the purpose of starch digestion. Enterogastrone is a hormone that helps increase gastric motility.

Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex.

Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption. A) Chlorine ion absorption is coupled to glucose and amino acid transport. B) Potassium moves across the epithelium by active transport. C) If vitamin B is not present, calcium is not absorbed. D) Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum.

Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency. a. The most common form of immunodeficiency is graft versus host disease. b. Hodgkin's disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children. c. Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) is an acquired condition. d. The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.

Select the correct statement about inflammation. a. Leukopenia-inducing factors are released by damaged tissues. b. Aspirin and other anti-inflammatory substances act by promoting histamine release. c. Only the lymphocyte functions in the transport and release of the mediators of inflammation at the site of injury. d. Exudate is the cause of localized edema.

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood ________. A) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs contains one molecule of O2 B) During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently C) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal

Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies. a. Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection. b. The most potent agglutinating agent is IgG. c. Neutralization is the process by which antibodies cause invading cells to clump together. d. Antibodies may directly destroy "invaders".

Select the correct statement about the role of the nervous system in regulating the immune response. a. Many immune cells have receptors for neurotransmitters. b. The ability of one's state of mind to influence immune function is now accepted as proven by the medical community. c. There is no evidence that the nervous system can influence the immune system. d. {a} and {b}

T lymphocytes develop in the bone marrow and attain immunologic competency in the a. spleen b. liver c. lymph nodes d. thymus

The antibody molecule is held together by ____ bonds. a. sodium b. hydrogen c. amino acid d. disulfide

The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________. A) muscularis mucosae B) serosa C) adventitia D) lamina propria

The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for? A) incisor tooth B) molar tooth C) premolar tooth D) canine tooth

The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ______. A) portal vein B) pancreatic acini C) bile canaliculus D) hepatopancreatic ampulla

The epithelial membrane called the mucosa ____. A) absorbs mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones B) absorbs the end products of digestion into the lymphatic system C) fights infectious disease D) contains the lamina propria

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because ________. A) the temperature is lower at higher altitudes B) the basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes C) the concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes D) the concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________. A) the smooth muscles of the lung B) the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone C) the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs D) surface tension from pleural fluid, negative pressure, and atmospheric pressure on the thorax

The loudness of a person's voice depends on ________. A) the length of the vocal folds B) the strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles C) the thickness of vestibular folds D) the force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

The oropharynx does not include ________. A) fauces B) palatine tonsils C) lingual tonsils D) pharyngeal tonsils

The pleurae are vital to the integrity of the lungs because ________. A) they contain cilia that protect the lungs B) they control the volume of the lungs C) they maintain the proper temperature of the lungs during sleep D) they produce a lubricating serous secretion, allowing the lungs to glide over the thorax wall during breathing

The primary immune response a. occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response b. occurs when memory cells are stimulated c. is another term for immunological memory d. has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

The solutes contained in saliva include ________. A) only salts and minerals B) only proteases and amylase C) mucin, lysozyme, electrolytes, salts, and minerals D) electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA

The structure known as the fauces is the ________. A) submaxillary gland B) epiglottis C) thyroid gland D) passageway between the oral cavity and the pharynx

Which of the following does not diminish lung compliance? A) factors that block the bronchi B) factors that impair the flexibility of the thoracic cage C) factors that reduce the natural resilience of the lungs D) factors that decrease the surface tension of the fluid film of the alveoli

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? a. long-term immune protection b. infusion of weakened viruses c. booster shot d. passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? a. disposes of cellular debris and pathogens b. sets the stage for repair processes c. prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue d. replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion? A) cephalic B) gastric C) intestinal D) enterogastric

Which of the following is not a type of T cell? a. suppressor b. helper c. cytotoxic d. antigenic

Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease? a. systemic lupus erythematosus b. multiple sclerosis c. glomerulonephritis d. type II diabetes

Which of the following is true about the number of binding sites per functional antibody unit? a. IgD has four binding sites. b. IgA has six binding sites. c. IgG has six binding sites. d. IgM has ten binding sites.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn? A) The respiratory rate of a newborn is slow. B) The respiratory rate of a newborn varies between male and female infants. C) The respiratory rate of a newborn is approximately 30 respirations per minute. D) The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40-80 respirations per minute.

Which of these is not a component of saliva? A) lysozyme B) a cyanide compound C) defensins D) nitric oxide

________ is locally regulated in the blood by the active form of vitamin D, which acts as a cofactor. A) Iron B) Sodium C) Phosphorus D) Calcium

________ law is called the law of partial pressure.

Dalton's

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.

Dalton's law

Asystole is the total absence of ventricular electrical activity. Explain why defibrillation would not be effective in this situation.

Defibrillation is accomplished by electrically shocking the heart, which interrupts its chaotic twitching by depolarizing the entire myocardium. In this case, the ventricles are at a total standstill and defibrillation would not be effective.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens (also called human leukocyte associated, or HLA, antigens) are unique to each person's body cells. These self-antigens aid in the detection of foreign invaders. MHC class II antigens are found on a. red blood cells only b. all nucleated cells c. B-lymphocytes and some T-lymphocytes d. antigen-presenting cells e. {c} and {d}

Occurring as a pentamer, this is the first antibody to be produced. a. IgA b. IgD c. IgE d. IgG e. IgM

__________ T-cells destroy cells infected with virus. a. Angry b. Helper c. Suppressor d. Regulatory e. Cytotoxic

An abnormal pacemaker.

Ectopic focus.

The Hering-Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.

False

The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.

False

The cell type of the wall of the large intestine, excluding anal cells, is very different from that of the small intestine.

False

The epiglottis is a smooth muscle that covers the glottis during swallowing.

False

The function of the enzyme salivary amylase is to begin digesting proteins.

False

The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.

False

The layer of muscle in the intestine directly in contact with the serosa is the circular layer.

False

The mucosa is found only in the jejunum because this is the only part of the small intestine in need of mucus.

False

The paired lungs are located in the mediastinum.

False

The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons.

False

The pleura is a thin, single-layered serosa that divides into parietal and visceral pleura.

False

The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by parts of the frontal bone.

False

The soft palate rises reflexively to open the nasopharynx when we swallow food.

False

The stomach's contractile rhythm is set by pacemaker cells found in the spinal cord.

False

The stomachʹs contractile rhythm is set by pacemaker cells found in the spinal cord.

False

Adaptive immunity is provided only by lymphocytes to foreign red blood cells.

False, antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies can be specific for several antigenic determinants.

False, single antigenic

A condition of rapid and irregular or out-of-phase contraction of heart muscle cells.

Fibrillation.

What structure in the fetal heart allows blood to flow from the right atrium directly to the left atrium?

Foramen ovale.

Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth. The presence of food in the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretion. Vagus stimulation of the stomach results in decreased secretion of gastric juice. Gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below a pH of 2).

Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth.

Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called

Haptens

Cardiac output (CO)=

Heart rate (HR) * sv

________ law would apply to the amount of CO2 you could dissolve in a Pepsi.

Henry's

The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

Isovolumetric relaxation.

Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system?

It is specific for a given organ.

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer

Kaposi's sarcoma

Pure antibody preparations specific for a single antigenic determinant are called

MONOCLONAL

AV valve with two flaps.

Mitral valve.

Prevents backflow into the right atrium.

Mitral valve.

Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?

More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.

Heart muscle

Myocardium.

Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?

NK cells are a type of neutrophil.

Select the correct statement about antigens.

One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.

Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms are called

PATHOGENS

The outermost layer of the serous pericardium.

Parietal layer.

No exchange of gases occurs here

Segmental bronchi

Which of the following factors does NOT influence heart rate?

Skin color.

. Some immunocompetent cells never be called to duty during our lifetime.

TRUE

A transfusion reaction is a subacute hypersensitivity to foreign red blood cells.

TRUE

Antigens can be complete or incomplete

TRUE

Apneustic breathing is characterized by prolonged inspirations.

TRUE

Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.

TRUE

Atopy is an inherited tendency to spontaneously develop immediate (type I) allergies to certain environmental antigens.

TRUE

Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal

TRUE

Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

TRUE

Immune responses are sometimes not beneficial to the body

TRUE

Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli

TRUE

Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.

TRUE

Perforins are cytolytic molecules used by NK cells.

TRUE

Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.

TRUE

Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers

TRUE

The B lymphocyte population is capable of producing antibodies against at least 106 different antigens.

TRUE

The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.

TRUE

The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis.

TRUE

The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air.

TRUE

The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).

TRUE

The mechanism of the "lethal hit" of cytotoxic T cells involves a protein called perforin.

TRUE

The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell.

TRUE

The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.

TRUE

The respiratory burst produced by some macrophages releases free radicals.

TRUE

The soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.

TRUE

Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.

TRUE

Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage

TRUE

Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure.

TRUE

Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.

TRUE

cellular ingestion and destruction of particulate matter is called phagocytosis

TRUE

Select the correct statement about the pharynx.

The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx.

Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency.

The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.

What is the chloride shift and why does it occur?

The chloride shift is an ionic exchange process whereby chloride ions move from the plasma into the erythrocytes to counterbalance the net positive charge left within the erythrocytes by the rapid outrush of negative bicarbonate ions.

An angiocardiogram was performed on an infant who had symptoms of breathlessness and it was found that he had a patent ductus arteriosus. Discuss the location and function of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus and relate it to the reason for the infant's breathlessness.

The ductus arteriosus is a shunt between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta in the fetus, which normally closes at birth. Breathlessness is due to the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood because the connection between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk remains slightly open.

Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells.

The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all.

A 14-year-old girl undergoing a physical examination prior to being admitted to summer camp was found to have a loud heart diastolic murmur at the second intercostal space to the left side of the sternum. Explain the reason for the loud heart murmur associated with this girl's condition.

The heart murmur is due to incomplete closing of the pulmonary valve.

Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall.

The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts.

Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control.

The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration.

The contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles begins inspiration. Explain exactly what happens, in terms of volume and pressure changes in the lungs, when these muscles contract.

With contraction of the diaphragm, the height of the thoracic cavity increases. Contraction of the intercostal muscles expands the diameter of the thorax. With an increase in volume of the thorax, the intrapulmonary volume increases, causing a drop in pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. Air rushes into the lungs along this pressure gradient until intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressures are equal.

How is alveolar gas exchange affected by emphysema and pneumonia?

With pneumonia, if the lungs become edematous, the thickness of the exchange membrane may increase dramatically, restricting gas exchange, and body tissues begin to suffer from hypoxia. With emphysema, the lungs become progressively less elastic and more fibrous, which hinders both inspiration and expiration. Gas exchange remains adequate initially, but muscular activity must be enlisted to expire. Additionally, a symptom of emphysema is fusion of alveoli, resulting in less surface area for gas exchange.

a thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the. a. left side of the head and neck b. right side of the head and neck and right upper arm c. left upper arm d. myocardium of the heart

In which of the following would the blood flow be highest? ANSWER: a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter and 4 meters long a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter and 2 meters long a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 10 meters long

a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long

A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because

the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin.

the hepatic portal vein.. a. is actually an artery b. carries o2 rich blood from the liver to the viscera c. carries blood from the river to the inferior vena cava d. carries nutrient rich blood to the liver

the influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is. a. significant bc resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius b. the only factor that influences resistance c. significant bc resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter d. insignificant bc vessel diameter does not vary

vena cava

the lowest venous bp is found in the _____

hypovolemic

the most common form of shock is ____

the most common form of shock is hypovolemic shock

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

the outermost layer of a blood vessel is the tunica intima

the pancreas is an example of an organ with arteries that do not anastomose

The clumping of red blood cells, when the specific antibody against the antigen on the cells is added, is called

agglutination.

Antigens of the surface of red blood cells are also called ________ and antibodies in the blood plasma are also called ________.

agglutinogens; agglutinins

Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?

aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs

Which plasma protein transports fatty acids and some hormones?

albumin

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are

albumins

aldosterone will.. a. promote an increase in blood pressure b. decrease sodium reabsorption c. promote a decrease in blood volume d. result in a larger output of urine

A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates ________. acidosis dysphagia alkalosis ketosis

alkalosis

During exercise, ANSWER: tissue perfusion to the digestive system decreases. vasodilation occurs at the active skeletal muscles. both cardiac output and stroke volume increase. venous return increases. All of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?

allergic contact dermatitis

The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.

alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes

Which of the following determines lung compliance?

alveolar surface tension

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

alveoli

When checking the efficiency of gas exchange, it may be necessary to draw a blood sample from

an artery.

an increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance

Hemorrhage triggers all of these responses EXCEPT __________. ANSWER: an increase in erythropoiesis an increase in urine production an increase in heart rate release of the venous reserve

an increase in urine production

Soon after donating 0.5 liters of blood, one would expect

an increased reticulocyte count.

an obstruction in the superior vena cava would decrease the flow of blood from the head and neck to the heart

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.

anemia

The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is

angina pectoris.

Type A blood has ________ antibodies in the blood plasma.

anti B

Which of the following is not one of the formed elements of blood?

antibodies

In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?

antigen

Which of the following is not a type of T cell?

antigenic

Jane has been taking the antibiotic chloramphenicol for a few weeks as treatment for a serious bacterial infection. There is a possibility that a future side effect of long-term antibiotic therapy could cause her to develop problems in blood cell counts. The result is

aplastic anemia

Chief cells ________. occur in the intestine produce mucin are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands produce HCl

are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands

XENOGRAFTS

are grafts taken from another animal species.

Cytokines

are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells attract other leukocytes into the area.

ALLERGIES

are the most common type of immediate hypersensitivity.

Cytotoxic T cells

are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells.

anastomoses

arterial _____ provide alternate pathways for blood to get to an organ

arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart

arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another forming arterial anastomosis

The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the ANSWER: arteriole. artery. capillary. venule. vein.

arteriole

Which kind of vessel is also called a resistance vessel? ANSWER: vein artery capillary venule arteriole

arteriole

arteriole bp increases in response to all but which of the following a. incrasing stroke volume b. rising blood volume c. increasing heart rate d. falling blood volume e. all of these

Relative to the lumen, which of the following vessels has the thickest tunica media? ANSWER: arteries capillaries venules veins arterioles

arterioles

The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the ANSWER: arterioles. arteries. veins. venules. capillaries.

arterioles

In the condition known as ________, the wall of an artery becomes thicker and stiffer.

arteriosclerosis

In what vessel is blood pressure the highest? ANSWER: capillary vein arteriole artery venule

artery

renal artery

artery that does not anastomose

brachial artery

artery usually palpated to take the blood pressure

korotkoff

as a bp cuff is deflated on the arm, sounds of ____ can be heard.

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells

The nose serves all the following functions except ________.

as the initiator of the cough reflex

The condition known as ________ is characterized by the formation of fatty plaques within the wall of arteries. ANSWER: stenosis arthritis atherosclerosis multiple sclerosis arteriosclerosis

atherosclerosis

The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates

atrial depolarization.

Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?

attached to the heme part of hemoglobin

The regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed is called ANSWER: hemoregulation. hormonal regulation. vasoregulation. neuroregulation. autoregulation.

autoregulation

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following, except ANSWER: valves in the veins preventing the backward flow of blood. pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein. the respiratory pump. the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries. muscular compression.

Capillaries that have a complete lining are called ANSWER: fenestrated capillaries. continuous capillaries. sinusoidal capillaries. vasa vasorum. sinusoids.

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure, except ANSWER: decreased peripheral resistance. release of renin. increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). decrease in blood volume. decreased levels of aldosterone.

If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be ANSWER: four times greater. doubled. 1/4 as much. unchanged. halved.

Metabolites exchange by diffusion with tissue cells in which of the following locations? ANSWER: vein capillary venule arteriole artery

The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________. Hint D.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: blood pressure proteins in the blood

The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the ANSWER: veins. arterioles. arteries. capillaries. venules.

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________. Hint B.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: interstitial fluid; capillary capillary; interstitial fluid

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following, except the ANSWER: blood viscosity. osmolarity of interstitial fluids. blood vessel diameter. length of a blood vessel. turbulence.

When carotid and aortic baroreceptors slow their discharge, ANSWER: the heart rate will decrease to lower blood pressure. both heart rate and stroke volume increase. stroke volume increases. heart rate decreases. heart rate increases.

When renin is released from the kidney, ANSWER: blood pressure goes down. angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I. angiotensin I increases salt reabsorption at the kidneys. blood flow to the kidneys decreases. angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II.

Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary? Hint E.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: net hydrostatic pressure net osmotic pressure

Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel? ANSWER: tunica externa tunica intima tunica media external elastic membrane internal elastic membran

Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles? Hint C.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: decreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the ANSWER: concentration of plasma glucose. concentration of plasma waste products. concentration of plasma proteins. number of red blood cells. concentration of plasma sodium ions.

What vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply? ANSWER: venule artery vein capillary arteriole

Which of the following lumen diameters would be typical of a muscular artery? ANSWER: 1.0 cm 0.4 mm 0.4 cm 1.5 cm 0.2 mm

Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary? Hint C.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: 1 mm Hg 34 mm Hg 12 mm Hg Correct

Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile? gastrin cholecystokinin secretin gastric inhibitor peptide

cholecystokinin

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.

ciliated mucous lining in the nose

The trachea is lined with ________ epithelium

ciliated pseudostratified columnar

The phase of hemostasis that involved clotting of blood is called

coagulation.

Multiple arteries joined in order to serve a single capillary network are called ANSWER: convergents. connexons. portals. collaterals. arteriole beds.

collaterals

radial artery

common site to take the pulse

Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies?

composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.

concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the ANSWER: concentration of plasma waste products. concentration of plasma sodium ions. concentration of plasma proteins. number of red blood cells. concentration of plasma glucose.

concentration of plasma proteins

Capillaries that have a complete lining are called ANSWER: sinusoids. fenestrated capillaries. sinusoidal capillaries. continuous capillaries. vasa vasorum.

continuous capillaries

The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the

coronary arteries.

The enlarged coronary vessel outside the heart that empties blood into the right atrium is the

coronary sinus.

Terminal bronchioles are lined with ________ epithelium.

cuboidal

Pancreatic amylase does not get to the small intestine via the ________. hepatopancreatic ampulla accessory pancreatic duct cystic duct main pancreatic duct

cystic duct

Platelets are

cytoplasmic fragments of large cells.

A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following? Hint E.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: a decrease in cardiac output vasodilation of arterioles an increase in heart contractility a decrease in heart rate

ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body's long-term compensation for ANSWER: hypertension. a heart attack. prolonged exercise. a serious hemorrhage. a heavy meal.

After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the ANSWER: arteries. capillaries. arterioles. venules. veins.

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by: ANSWER: hypertonic solutions separated by a cell membrane the force of blood pushing against the vessel wall osmosis of water large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma a greater salt concentration in blood cells

Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output, except ANSWER: increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart. stimulation of the heart by epinephrine. decreased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. increased blood concentration of glucose. increased venous return.

Elevated levels of the hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased ANSWER: blood volume. sodium ion levels in blood. blood pressure. salt and water loss through the kidneys. venous return and preload.

In comparison to a vessel with a large diameter, a vessel with a small diameter has ANSWER: the same amount of pressure as resistance. less resistance to blood flow. a greater blood flow. a greater resistance to blood flow. a higher blood pressure.

Resistance is a force that ANSWER: never changes in a blood vessel. acts with pressure to move blood along a vessel. is always higher than blood pressure. decreases blood flow. increases blood flow.

Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following? Hint D.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: a decrease in cardiac output vasodilation of arteries a decrease in blood pressure an increase in heart rate and contractility

Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue? ANSWER: external elastic membrane tunica externa internal elastic membrane tunica media tunica intima

Which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries? ANSWER: increased tissue hydrostatic pressure decreased plasma albumen increased blood hydrostatic pressure both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure increased plasma albumen

An infected wound contains typically contains

dead neutrophils. cellular debris. tissue fluids. pus

) Which of the following does not influence the increase in ventilation that occurs as exercise is initiated?

decrease in lactic acid levels

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.

decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from

decreased delivery of oxygen.

Resistance is a force that ANSWER: increases blood flow. acts with pressure to move blood along a vessel. never changes in a blood vessel. is always higher than blood pressure. decreases blood flow.

decreases blood flow

Eosinophils function in

destroying antibody-labeled antigens.

The type of antigen

determines what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist.

Which of these descriptions best matches the term B lymphocytes?

develop into plasma cells

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.

diffusion

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________. secretion digestion ingestion Absorption

digestion

The antibody molecule is held together by

disulfide bonds

Gas emboli may occur because a ________.

diver holds his breath upon ascent

If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be ANSWER: halved. 1/4 as much. doubled. four times greater. unchanged.

doubled

external jugular vein

drains the scalp

sublavian vein

drains the upper extremities deep vein

Blood pressure is lowest in the ANSWER: arterioles. venules. arteries. capillaries. veins.

Edema may occur when ANSWER: the plasma concentration of protein is reduced. blood pressure is high. endothelial permeability goes up. capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated. All of the answers are correct.

Turbulent blood flow occurs ANSWER: when blood pressure is excessively high. at high flow rates. when there are irregularities in the vessel wall. when there are sudden changes in vessel diameter. All of the answers are correct.

Vickie has a tumor that secretes excess amounts of the hormone aldosterone. Because of the elevated level of hormone, she exhibits ANSWER: increased body stores of sodium ion. polycythemia. decreased blood volume. increased blood pressure. both an increase in blood pressure and an increase in stored sodium ion.

Which kind of vessel is also called a resistance vessel? ANSWER: artery vein capillary venule arteriole

Which of the following affects blood flow through the body? ANSWER: vessel diameter vascular resistance turbulence blood viscosity All of the answers are correct.

Which part of the vascular system functions as a blood reservoir and contains over 60% of the body's blood? ANSWER: arteries pulmonary arteries capillaries systemic arterioles veins

Arteries have a structure in their middle and internal vessel walls that veins lack, called a/an __________. ANSWER: endothelium adventitia smooth muscle elastic membrane

elastic membrane

A moving blood clot is called a(n)

embolus

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?

emphysema

What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing? cementum pulp crown enamel

enamel

Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products? parietal cells enteroendocrine cells mucous neck cells zymogenic cells

enteroendocrine cells

White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the

eosinophils

The cartilaginous flap that closes the trachea during swallowing is called the ________.

epiglottis

Plasma expanders are used to temporarily increase the volume of blood in a patient. Oftentimes these expanders are components that are naturally found within plasma. Which of the following substances would NOT likely be used as a plasma expander?

erythrocytes

The process of red blood cell production is called

erythropoiesis.

Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone

erythropoietin

every minute about 1.5 ml of fluid leaks out of the capillaries

Tidal volume is air ________.

exchanged during normal breathing

factors that aid venous return include all except a. urinary output b. pressure changes in the thorax c. activity of skeletal muscles d. venous valves

The archway in the back of the throat is called the ________.

fauces

Capillaries with a perforated lining are called ANSWER: sinuses. fenestrated capillaries. perforated capillaries. vasa vasorum. discontinuous capillaries.

fenestrated capillaries

fenestrated capillaries.. a. are not more permeable than continuous capillaries b. do not occur in the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys c. are not common in endocrine organs and in areas where capillary absorption is an important function d. are not found in the brain

A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is

fibrinogen

The plasma protein involved in blood clotting is

fibrinogen

When the net filtration pressure is negative, what process is occurring? ANSWER: There are no plasma proteins in the blood. Fluid is moving out of the capillary. Fluid is moving back into the capillary. There is no movement of fluid into or out of the capillary.

fluid is moving back into the capillary

The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.

force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

Approximately 45 percent of blood volume is composed of the

formed elements

RBC, WBC, and platelets all constitute what part of whole blood?

formed elements

A hematocrit provides information on

formed elements abundance

Helper T cells

function in the adaptive immune system activation

brachiocephalic trunk

gives rise to the right common carted and right subclavian artery

basophils

granules contain histamine attract other defense cells granules contain heparin constitute about 1 percent of WBCs

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

Jane has Type A blood; therefore, she

has antibodies to B agglutinogens.

Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle

has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium.

Compared to arteries, veins ANSWER: hold their shape better when cut. are more elastic. have more smooth muscle in their tunica media. have thinner walls. have a pleated endothelium.

have thinner walls

Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity?

helper T cell

The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the

hematocrit

Consider the following results from a blood lab test. Which value is most likely abnormal?

hemoglobin — 10.7 g/100 ml

Excess iron is stored in the liver and spleen as

hemosiderin/ferritin

The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________. hepatopancreatic ampulla bile canaliculus portal vein pancreatic acini

hepatopancreatic ampulla

histology the____ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connected tissue layer. a. tunica adventita b. tunica externa c. tunica media d. tunica intima

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term colony stimulating factor?

hormone that regulates WBC formation

Thyroid-binding globulin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?

hormone-binding

Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________. hydrochloric acid mucin rennin pepsinogen

hydrochloric acid

The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called ________. diffusion hydrolysis active transport denatured

hydrolysis

The force that moves fluid out of capillaries is ________ pressure whereas the opposing force that moves fluid into capillaries is ________ pressure. ANSWER: systolic; diastolic colloid osmotic; hydrostatic blood; interstitial plasma; extracellular hydrostatic; colloid osmotic

hydrostatic; colloid osmotic

hypotension is generally considered systolic blood pressure that is below 100mmHg

A person who has a low blood volume is said to be

hypovolemic

if bp is almost normal in a person who has lost blood does that mean the tissues are receiving adequate blood flow a. no b. not necessarily c. yes

The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the ________. jejunum ileum pyloric sphincter duodenum

ileum

Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the...and Proteins in the blood for defense are called

immunoglobulins

in infants and young people congenital vascular problems are less common than congenital heart disease

in the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries hydrostatic pressure... a. generally forces fluid from interstitial space into the capillaries b. is the same as capillary bp c. and osmotic pressure are the same d. is completely canceled out by osmotic pressure

Delayed hypersensitivies

include allergic contact dermatitis

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.

increase of carbon dioxide

Stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors reflexively results in ANSWER: increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart. increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system. increased heart rate. stimulation of the cardioaccelerator center in the brain. stimulation of the vasoconstrictive center.

increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system

Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output except ANSWER: increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart. decreased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. increased venous return. increased blood concentration of glucose. stimulation of the heart by epinephrine.

increased blood concentration of glucose

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except ANSWER: increased blood pressure. decreased peripheral resistance. relaxation of precapillary sphincters. increased vessel diameter. increased hematocrit.

increased hematocrit

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except ANSWER: increased blood volume. increased levels of aldosterone. increased levels of angiotensin II. increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone). increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).

increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

As blood circulates from arteries into capillaries, the total cross-sectional area of capillaries ANSWER: increases and causes the blood velocity to increase. decreases and causes the blood velocity to decrease. decreases and causes the blood velocity to increase. increases and causes the blood velocity to decrease. is the same as the total cross-sectional area of arteries and blood velocity is equal between arteries and capillaries.

increases and causes the blood velocity to decrease

Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation? celiac artery hepatic portal vein superior mesenteric artery inferior vena cava

inferior vena cava

In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________. initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins is the only place where fats are completely digested is the first site where absorption takes place is the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place

initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins

Pernicious anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor is specifically treated by

injections of vitamin B12.

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

inspiratory reserve

Interferons

interfere with viral replication within cells.

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

Plasma is closest in composition to

interstitial fluid.

Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of

iron

A(n) hybridomas

is a cell hybrid formed from the fusion of tumor cells and B lymphocytes.

SEPTIC

is a dangerous condition where the cytokines are released unchecked, making the capillaries very leaky and thus depleting blood fluids.

GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

is an autoimmune disease that severely impairs renal function.

Immunocompetence

is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except

juvenile diabetes

The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________. serosa lamina propria muscularis mucosae adventitia

lamina propria

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by ANSWER: hypertonic solutions separated by a cell membrane. osmosis of water. large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma. a greater salt concentration in blood cells. the force of blood pushing against the vessel wall.

large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma

celiac trunk

large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the liver stomach and spleen

aorta

largest artery of the body

Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the

left atrium.

Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? proteins carbohydrates starches lipids

lipids

A sample of tissue displays many large flattened spaces lined by fenestrated endothelium. Blood moves slowly through these spaces. This tissue sample most likely came from the ANSWER: liver. kidneys. lungs. heart. skin.

liver

Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?

liver

The lamina propria is composed of ________. loose connective tissue reticular connective tissue dense regular connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue

loose connective tissue

Some of the fluid that is forced out of capillaries is returned to the blood by the ANSWER: venules. hepatic portal vein. lymphatic system. liver. muscular arteries.

lymphatic system

femoral artery

major artery of the thigh

internal carotid artery

major supply to the cerebral hemispheres

Regulatory T cells

may function in preventing autoimmune reactions.

mechanisms that do not help regulate bp include a. nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors chemoreceptors and higher brain centers b. chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide c. renal regulation via the rein angiotension of vasoconstriction d. the dural sinus reflex

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

medulla and pons

Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called

megakaryocytes.

The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________. serosal lining lamina propria mucosal lining mesenteries

mesenteries

Transferrin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?

metalloprotein

The vessel that supplies a capillary bed from an arteriole is called a ANSWER: venule. metarteriole. continuous capillary. portal vein. thoroughfare channel.

metarteriole

modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called.. a. anastomoses b. sinuses c. sinusoids d. thoroughfare channels

A blood smear prepared after a venipuncture shows a preponderance of very grainy white blood cells. Which of the following formed elements is not part of this "grainy" group?

monocytes

________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.

monocytes

The time of day most hazardous for heart attacks is

morning.

Which of the following combinations may result in the hemolytic disease of the newborn?

mother Rh negative, baby Rh positive

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

The brachial and femoral arteries are examples of which type of artery? ANSWER: connective elastic arteriolar vascular muscular

muscular

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by

natural killer cells

During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of

neutrophils

The white blood cell type that most rapidly increases in number after a bacterial infection is the __________.

neutrophils

The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the

neutrophils.

Which of the following does not influence hemoglobin saturation?

nitric oxide

Which of these is not a component of saliva? lysozyme a cyanide compound nitric oxide defensins

nitric oxide

normal avg bp for a newborn is a. 130/80 b. 90/55 c. 150/90 d. 120/80

When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by

noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls.

Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?

number of red blood cells

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.

only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed

opsonization

osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary membrane

Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the

papillary muscles.

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

partial pressure gradient

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?

passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity?

pathogens in the CNS

peripheral resistance.. a. is not a major factor in bp in healthy individuals b. increases as blood vessels diameter increases c. increases as blood viscosity increases d. decrases with increasing length of the blood vessel

permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of.. a. arteries b. arterioles c. capillaries d. veins

Surgical removal of the stomach could cause

pernicious anemia.

neutrophils

phagocytic. active in fighting bacterial infections. also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes. granular leukocytes.

Innate immune system defenses include

phagocytosis

The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is

plasmin

The formed elements of blood consist of __________.

platelets, RBCs, WBCs

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? the vast array of digestive enzymes the rugae Brunner's glands plicae circulares and intestinal villi

plicae circulares and intestinal villi

Which center is located in the pons?

pontine respirator group (PRG)

The ________ regulates smoothing of transitions from inspiration to expiration.

pontine respiratory group PRG

The smallest arterial branches are called the ANSWER: arterioles. veins. precapillary arterioles. capillaries. venules.

precapillary arterioles

Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the ANSWER: plexus. thoroughfare channel. venule. precapillary sphincter. vasa vasorum.

precapillary sphincter

Macrophages

predominate at the sites of chronic infections.

As blood travels from arteries to veins, ANSWER: pressure decreases. viscosity of blood changes. flow becomes turbulent. pressure increases. diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller.

pressure decreases

Points where a muscular artery can be compressed against a bone to control severe bleeding are called ANSWER: regulation points. pressure points. decompression points. diastolic points. palpation points.

pressure points

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

The function of platelets is to assist in the

process called hemostasis.

Hepatocytes do not ________. process nutrients detoxify store fat-soluble vitamins produce digestive enzymes

produce digestive enzymes

Fever

production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?

protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses.

Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________. simple carbohydrates and alcohols protein and peptide fragments fatty acids starches and complex carbohydrates

protein and peptide fragments

The chief difference between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the concentration of

proteins

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure. ANSWER: pulse mean arterial blood circulatory critical closing

pulse

The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to

pump blood with greater pressure.

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except ANSWER: pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein. the respiratory pump. muscular compression. the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries. valves in the veins preventing the backward flow of blood.

pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein

The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it

pumps blood against a greater resistance.

superior vena cava

receives blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm except the heart wall

Granulocytes form in

red bone marrow

In adults, the only site of red blood cell production, and the primary site of white blood cell formation, is the

red bone marrow

Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems. ANSWER: decreases; doubles doubles; decreases increases; reduces reduces; increases reduces; reduces

reduces; increases

COMPLEMENT

refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in an inactive state and are a major mechanism for destroying foreign substances in the body.

Isovolumetric contraction

refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers.

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the

release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.

Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier? tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus rennin replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells

rennin

Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?

replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?

rising blood pressure

axillary artery

runs through the armpit area, giving off branches to the axillae chest wall and shoulder girdle

Elevated levels of the natriuretic peptide hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased ANSWER: sodium ion levels in blood. blood pressure. salt and water loss through the kidneys. venous return and preload. blood volume.

salt and water loss through the kidneys

To auscultate the aortic semilunar valve, you would place your stethoscope in the

second intercostal space to the right of the sternum.

secondary hypertension can be caused by a. stress b. smoking c. arterosclerosis d. obesity

Paneth cells ________. are located next to the lacteal in a villus secrete enzymes that kill bacteria are more common in the ileum than in the jejunum are absorptive cells in the small intestine

secrete enzymes that kill bacteria

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.

secrete surfactant

Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include ________. ACh secretin histamine gastrin

secretin

select the correct statement about blood flow a. measure in mm Hg b. greatest where resistance is highest c. relatively constant through all body organs d. blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output

select the correct statement about factors that influence bp a. excess protein production would decrease bp b. excess red cell production would cause a bp increase c. systemic vasodilation would increase bp due to diversion of blood to essential areas d. an increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in bp due to the increased delivery

If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________. mucosa serosa muscularis externa submucosa

serosa

The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells? serous cells and mucous cells cuboidal epithelium and ciliated columnar cells parietal cells and glial cells goblet cells and squamous epithelial cells

serous cells and mucous cells

arterioles

site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance

large veins

site where blood pressure is lowest

large veins

site where blood volume is the greatest

capillaries

site where exchanges or food and gases are made

arterioles

site where resistance to blood flow is greatest

large arteries

site where the blood pressure is the greatest

large arteries

site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest

capillaries

site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest

During contraction of heart muscle cells..

some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores.

Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in the

spleen, liver, and bone marrow.

Chyme is created in the ________. stomach small intestine esophagus mouth

stomach

internal iliac artery

supplies pelvic structures

inferior mesenteric artery

supplies the distal areas of the large intestine

common hepatic artery

supplies the duodenum and stomach

renal artery

supplies the kidney

external iliac artery

supplies the lower limbs

superior mesenteric artery

supplies the small intestine

he factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________.

surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

Type II alveolar cells secrete ________.

surfactant

Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria? synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins synthesize vitamins C and D produce gas absorb bilirubin

synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins

If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells

tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the hearts pumping action.

Select the correct statement about the heart valves.

the AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur.

baroreceptors

the _____ in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch detect increases in bp

internal carotid arteries

the _____ supply the brain with blood

the adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in to is termed autoregulation

the arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the.. a. capillaries b. arterioles c. muscular arteries d. elastic arteries

the arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called a. muscular arteries b. elastic arters c. venules d. arterioles

the azygos vein originates in the abdomen

the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following a. a decrase in co2 b. an increase in o2 levels c. changes in arterial pressure d. a decrease in o2 levels

the carotid sinus reflex protects the blood supply to the brain whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole

the cerebral arterial circle (circle of willis) is an arterial anastomosis

the circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called.. a. coronary circulation b. hepatic portal circulation c. pulmonary circulation d. cerebral circulation

blood islands

the embryonic mesodermal cells that will eventually form the endothelial lining of blood vessels are called ______

brachiocephalic trunk

the first major branch of the aortic arch is the ____ branch

the first major branch of the femoral artery is the dorsalis pedis artery

the form of circulator shock known as hypobovolemic shock is.. a. always fatal b. the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis c. shock that results from large scale loss of blood volume or after severe vomitting d. any condition in which blood vessels are inadepquately filled and blood cannot circulate noramlly

If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that

the heart rate would be increased by about 25 beats per minute.

Edema may occur when ANSWER: the plasma concentration of protein is reduced. capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated. capillary endothelium permeability goes up. the plasma concentration of protein is reduced, capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, and the capillary endothelium permeability goes up. the plasma concentration of protein is reduced and capillary endothelium permeability goes up.

the plasma concentration of protein is reduced, capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, and the capillary endothelium permeability goes up

the pulmonary circulation does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues

the pulse pressure is.. a. systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure b. diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure) c. systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure d. systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure

Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?

the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid

the short term controls of bp mediated by the nervous system and blood borne chemicals primarily operate via all but which of the following a. chemoreceptors b. altering blood volume c. reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers d. refelx arcs involving baroreceptors

Of the following, which is an elastic artery? ANSWER: the brachial the external carotid the subclavian the ulnar the femoral

the subclavian

the term ductus venous refers to .. a. damage to the valves in the veins leading to varicose veins b. a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver c. a fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs d. a condition of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity

the thick walled arteries close to the heart are called muscular arteries

left subclavian

the third major branch of the aortic arch is the ____ artery

The larynx contains ________.

the thyroid cartilage

Inspiratory capacity is ________.

the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

Foramen ovale

the two atria in the fetal heart.

Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________. somatic neurons in the spinal cord the rubrospinal tracts the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts the vagus nerve and enteric plexus

the vagus nerve and enteric plexus

the velocity of blood flow is.. a. slower in the veins than in the capillaries bc veins have large diameters b. in direct proportion to the total cross sectional area of blood vessels c. sloer in the arteries than in capillaries bc arteries possess a relatively large diameter d. slowest in the capillaries bc the total cross sectional area is the greatest

Nerve impulses from ________ will result in inspiration.

the ventral respiratory group

If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid,

threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase.

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by the enzyme

thrombin

Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body? nasal cavity tongue salivary glands esophagus

tongue

The resistance to blood flow of the entire cardiovascular system is known as ANSWER: severe combined constriction. vasomotion. vasoconstriction. total peripheral resistance. systemic resistance.

total peripheral resistance

Which of the choices below is not a functional process performed by the respiratory system?

transport of respiratory gases

Which of the following layers of a vessel contains collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers? ANSWER: tunica intima internal elastic membrane external elastic membrane tunica media tunica externa

tunica externa

Graft rejection may be caused by

using a xenograft

Which of the following opposes the flow of blood back to the heart? ANSWER: blood pressure gradient from arteries to veins vascular resistance peripheral veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood blood pressure muscular pumps squeeze veins and move blood toward the heart

vascular resistance

The redness and heat of an inflamed are are due to local hyperemia caused by

vasodilation

vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction

Venae cavae are the largest of what type of vessel? ANSWER: artery vein arteriole venule capillary

vein

Venoconstriction reduces the diameter of which vessel? ANSWER: artery venule arteriole vein capillary

vein

Blood pressure is lowest in the ANSWER: capillaries. venules. veins. arterioles. arteries.

veins

What vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply? ANSWER: arteries capillaries venules veins arterioles

veins

The increase in effective blood volume that results from venoconstriction is the ANSWER: venous return. capacitance of veins. venous reserve. vessel residual. vessel mobilization.

venous reserve

The ECG T wave interval represents

ventricular repolarization.

The small vessels that capillaries drain into are called ANSWER: veins. arteries. venules. capillaries. arterioles.

venules

great saphenous vein

vessel commonly used as a coronly bypass vessel

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________

vital capacity

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.

voluntary cortical control

The most abundant component of plasma is (are)

water

Peristaltic waves are ________. waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract

waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

The tricuspid valve is closed

when the ventricle is in systole.

where in the body would you find low o2 levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation a. kidney b. liver c. heart d. lungs

whereas diffusion is more important for solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid bulk flow is more important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid

which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable a. capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them b. low bp is more desirable than high bp c. most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute containing fluid out of the bloodstream

which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion? a. delivery of o2 and nutrients to, and removal of wastes from tissue cells b. absorption of nutrients form the digestive tract c. gas exchange in the lungs d. blood clotting

which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels a. the contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter b. the contain a large quantity of elastic tissue c. their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and the tissue cells d. they distribute blood to various parts of the body

which of the choices below reflects the balance or imbalance between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? a. hydrostatic and osmotic pressure b. plasma and formed element concentration c. hydrostatic pressure only d. blood volume and viscosity

which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation a. superior vena cava right atrium and left ventricle b. right ventricle, pulmonary artery, left atrium c. right atrium aorta left ventricle d. left ventricle aorta inferior vena cava

which of the following bp readings would indicate hypertension? a. 170/96 50 yr old man b. 140/90 70 yr old woman c. 110/60 20 yr old woman d. 120/80 30 yr old man

which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure. a. ADH b. nitric acid c. angiotensin II d. atrial natriuretic peptide

which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? a. vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone b. circulatory where blood volume is normal and constant c. cariogenic which results from any defect in blood vessels d. hypovolemic caused by increased blood volume

which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? a. capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood b. blood flow to the kidneys increase c. blood will be diverted to the digestive organs d. the skin will be cold and clammy

which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure a. blood volume b. peripheral resistance c. cardiac output d. emotional state

which of the following is true about veins a. veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall b. venous valves are formed from the tunica media c. veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs d. up to 35% of total body blood is venous circulation at any given time

which of the following processes provides a long term response to changes in blood pressure a. neural controls b. baroreceptor initiated reflexes c. renal regulation d. chemoreceptor initiated reflexes

which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? a. cold clammy skin b. rapid thready pulse c. rapidly falling blood pressure d. increase heart rate

which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the pre capillary sphincters in systemic capillary bed a. a decrease in local tissue o2 count b. an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide c. a local increase in pH d. a local increase in histamine

which of the followingg do not influence arterial pulse rate a. activity b. emotions c. postural changes d. the vessel selected to palpate

which statement best describes arteries? a. only large arteries are lined with endothelium b. all carry blood away from the heart c. all carry oxygenated blood to the heart d. all contain valves to prevent the back flow of blood

which tunic of an artery contains endothelium a. tunica externa b. tunica media c. basement membrane d. tunica intima

which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining bp and continuous blood circulation a. tunica media b. tunica externa c. basement membrane d. tunica intima

The combination of plasma and formed elements is called

whole blood

wht do the ductus arterioles and the foramen ovale become at birth a. fossa ovalis; ligamentum arteriosum b. ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis c. ligamentum teres; fossa ovalis d. ligamentum arteriosum; ligamentum teres

Laparoscopy is the examination of the pericardial cavity using an endoscope.

False

Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for exhalation.

False

Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.

False

Paranasal sinuses seem to have no useful function

False

Pepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for protein digestion and is secreted by the parietal cells.

False

AV valve with three flaps.

Tricuspid valve.

What valve of the heart has three valves with chordae tendineae?

Tricuspid valve.

A given pathogen will provoke either a cell-mediated response or an antibody-mediated response but not both.

True

All the chemical and mechanical phases of digestion from the mouth through the small intestine are directed toward changing food into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells lining the mucosa into the underlying blood and lymphatic vessels.

True

Anaphylactic shock can result from an immediate hypersensitivity where the allergen enters the blood.

True

Another term for swallowing is deglutition.

True

Antigens can be complete or incomplete.

True

Apneustic breathing is characterized by prolonged inspirations.

True

As food passes through the digestive tract, it becomes less complex and the nutrients are more readily available to the body.

True

Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.

True

Cellular ingestion and destruction of particulate matter is called phagocytosis.

True

Daltonʹs law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

True

Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach.

True

Food is contained in the gastrointestinal tract from the time of ingestion until it is completely digested and the waste prepared for elimination.

True

Intralpleural pressure is normally about 4mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.

True

Ionic iron is actively transported into the mucosal cells, where it binds to the protein ferritin, a phenomenon called the mucosal iron barrier.

True

Kupffer cells are found in the liver and are responsible for removing bacteria and worn-out cells.

True

Labored breathing is termed dispenea.

True

Most nutrients are absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villi by active transport.

True

Mumps is an inflammation of the parotid glands caused by myxovirus.

True

Peyerʹs patches are found in the submucosa of the distal end of the small intestine.

True

Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.

True

Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.

True

Somatic recombination by B cells allows each B cell to form its own unique antibody genes.

True

Some immunocompetent cells will never be called to service in our lifetime.

True

Some of the microbes that often invade other organs of the body are rarely found in the stomach. The reason for this is the presence of HCl.

True

Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers.

True

The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.

True

The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile.

True

The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis.

True

The events of Valsalvaʹs maneuver include closing off the larynx by muscle action (i.e., the rising of the intraabdominal pressure causing holding of the air in the lower respiratory tract).

True

The first teeth to appear are the deciduous teeth.

True

The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulance in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air.

True

The intrinsic ability of visceral smooth muscle to exhibit the stress-relaxation response is termed plasticity.

True

The main chemical activity of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins.

True

The major role of absorption in the ileum is to reclaim bile salts to be recycled back to the liver.

True

The major stimulus for production of intestinal fluid is distention or irritation of the intestinal mucosa by hypertonic or acidic chyme.

True

The myenteric nerve plexus provides the major nerve supply to the GI tract wall and controls GI motility.

True

The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell.

True

The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function.

True

The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.

True

The peritoneum is the most extensive serous membrane in the body.

True

The respiratory burst produced by some macrophages releases free radicals.

True

Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.

True

Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.

True

Anastomoses among coronary arterial branches provide collateral routes for blood delivery to the heart muscle.

True.

As pressure in the aorta rises due to atherosclerosis, more ventricular pressure is required to open the aortic valve.

True.

Chronic release of excess thyroxine can cause a sustained increase in heart rate and a weakened heart.

True.

Congestive heart failure means that the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that there is inadequate delivery of blood to body tissues.

True.

Proxysmal atrial tachycardia is characterized by bursts of atrial contractions with little pause between them.

True.

The left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as the right.

True.

The myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries.

True.

Tissues damaged by myocardial infarction are replaced by connective tissue.

True.

Trabeculae carneae are found in the ventricles and never the atria.

True.

Composed of simple squamous epithelium.

Type I cells

The respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and ________.

Type I cells

Composed of cuboidal cells.

Type II cells

Secrete a fluid containing surfactant.

Type II cells

How is it possible to change the pitch of our voice from high to low?

Usually, the tenser the vocal folds, the faster they vibrate and the higher the pitch. To produce deep tones, the glottis widens, and to produce high-pitched tones, the glottis becomes a slit. Intrinsic laryngeal muscles control the true vocal folds and the size of the glottis

What does NOT occur when the semilunar valves are open?

Ventricles are in diastole.

What layer of the serous pericardium membrane covers the heart?

Visceral layer.

Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?

activating cytokines

The common pathway of coagulation begins with the

activation of Factor X, production of prothrombin activator.

The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the

activation of Factor XII by platelet factors.

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by

...

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.

0.5 to 1 micrometer thick

Air and food are routed into the proper channels by the ________. A) larynx B) pharynx C) trachea D) carina

Clonal selection of B cells a. results in the formation of plasma cells. b. cannot occur in the presence of antigens. c. occurs during fetal development. d. only occurs in the secondary immune response.

Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? A) lipids B) carbohydrates C) proteins D) starches

It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist.

False

If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg. ANSWER: 90 210 100 93 105

100

Patients suffering from Thalassemia require frequent blood transfusions to make up for their short-lived red blood cells. What is the typical lifespan of healthy red blood cells?

120 days

A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by

28 weeks

The average life span of a red blood cell is

4 months

What is the correct order for the sequence of blood vessels that blood would travel in the systemic circuit, starting at the aorta? 1. venules 5. medium veins 2. arterioles 6. large veins 3. capillaries 7. muscular arteries 4. elastic arteries ANSWER: 2, 7, 6, 3, 1, 5, 6 6, 5, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4 4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6 7, 4, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6 5, 6, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4

4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6

Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood?

45%

. Interferons a. interfere with viral replication within cells. b. act by increasing the of cell division. c. are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold. d. are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus.

. Select the correct definition about tissue grafts. a. Isografts are between identical twins. b. Xenografts are between individuals of the same species. c. Allografts are between different species. d. Autografts are between two genetically identical individuals

A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is ________. A) bile B) pancreatic juice C) intestinal juice D) gastric juice

After the segmental (tertiary) bronchus, the next smaller branch of the respiratory passageway is (are) the ________. A) terminal bronchioles B) respiratory bronchiole C) alveolar ducts D) atrium

Normal heart sounds are caused by what?

Closure of the heart valves.

________ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

Coagulation

How would removal of calcium ions from a blood sample affect coagulation?

Coagulation would be prevented.

________ is the most common lethal genetic disease in the United States.

Cystic fibrosis

The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the

Cytotoxic cells

. B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by a. immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies. b. forming of a large number of cells that are unlike the original B cell. c. reducing its size. d. producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells.

. Which of the following is a localized, nonspecific response to infection? a. allergy b. humoral immunity c. autoimmunity d. inflammation

Antibody functions include all of the following except a. binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria or other microorganisms. b. targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause lysis. c. linking soluble antigens together so that they fall out of solution. d. cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched.

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the a. spleen. b. lymph nodes. c. thymus. d. bone marrow

Fever a. decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy. b. is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous. c. causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication. d. production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting.

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. A) muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, & submucosa B) serosa, mucosa, submucosa, & muscularis externa C) submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, & mucosa D) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, & serosa

Important peritoneal folds do not include the ________. A) omenta B) peritoneum C) mesentery D) round ligament

Natural killer (NK) cells a. are a type of phagocyte. b. are cells of the specific immune system. c. are also called cytotoxic T cells. d. can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated.

Peristaltic waves are ________. A) segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract B) churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract C) pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract D) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity. a. The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism. b. A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body. c. Immunological memory is established by passive immunization. d. Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of specific immunity that use antibodies.

Select the correct statement about antigens. a. "Self-antigens" is another term for incomplete antigens. b. The largest type of antigen is called a hapten. c. Only very small antigens exhibit reactivity. d. One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may thus cause the formation of more than one antibody.

The inner lining of the heart

Endocardium.

Serous layer covering the heart muscle.

Epicardium.

The partial pressure gradient for oxygen (in the body) is much steeper than that for carbon dioxide. Explain how equal amounts of these two gases can be exchanged (in a given time interval) in the lungs and at the tissues.

Equal amounts of O2 and CO2 can be exchanged in the lungs and at the tissues because CO2 solubility in plasma and alveolar fluid is 20 times greater than that of O2.

A graft from a monkey to a human is an allograft.

FALSE

Adaptive immunity is provided only by lymphocytes that secrete antibodies.

FALSE

Antibodies and complement fixation mediate delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

FALSE

Autoimmune diseases are more common in men than women.

FALSE

During fetal development, all lymphocytes that do not react to self-antigens are destroyed.

FALSE

During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.

FALSE

Fever is seldom beneficial because it speeds up the cellular metabolic rate and will not allow antigen-antibody reactions to occur.

FALSE

In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.

FALSE

Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.

FALSE

Monoclonal antibodies can be specific for several antigenic determinants

FALSE

Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for exhalation.

FALSE

Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.

FALSE

Somatic recombination by B cells allows each B cell to form its own unique antibody genes.

FALSE

Substances capable of triggering the adaptive immune system and provoking an immune response are called antigens.

FALSE

The Hering-Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause over inflation of the lung.

FALSE

The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.

FALSE

The epiglottis is a smooth muscle that covers the glottis during swallowing.

FALSE

The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.

FALSE

Tolerance for self-antigens is abnormal.

FALSE

A graft from a monkey to a human is an example of an allograft.

FALSE, XENOGRAFT

As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ion to be generated (the Bohr effect).

False

Both T cells and B cells must accomplish double recognition: They must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated.

False

Chemical digestion of lipids is initiated in the mouth.

False

Cystic fibrosis may significantly impair the activity of the liver.

False

Dentin anchors the tooth in place.

False

During normal quiet breathing, aproximately 750ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.

False

Each lung has an indention, the pelvis, through which blood vessels enter and leave the lung.

False

Fever is seldom beneficial because it speeds up the cellular metabolic rate and will not allow antigen-antibody reactions to occur.

False

In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.

False

Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.

False

A man enters the hospital complaining of chest pain. His history includes smoking, a stressful job, a diet heavy in saturated fats, lack of exercise, and high blood pressure. Although he is not suffering from a heart attack, his doctor explains to him that a heart attack is quite possible. What did the chest pain indicate? Why is this man a prime candidate for a heart attack?

His symptoms indicate angina pectoris, possibly due to either atherosclerosis or stress-induced spasms of the coronary arteries. If the arteries are occluded (atherosclerosis), the heart muscle could be deprived of blood, and therefore oxygen. A heart attack could occur if the coronary vessels experience further (or progressive) occlusion.

The antibody that becomes bound to mast cells and basophils and causes the cells to release histamine and other chemicals is

IgE

Which of the following is true about the number of binding sites per functional antibody unit?

IgM contains 10 binding sites.

A patient was admitted to the hospital with chest pains. On admission, his pulse was 110 and blood pressure was 96/64. According to his history, his normal pulse rate is usually between 80 and 88 and his blood pressure runs from 120/70 to 130/80. Explain why these changes in BP and HR occur.

Increased heart rate (measured by taking his pulse) without maintaining his normal blood pressure is suggestive of reduced stroke volume. Both a drop in blood volume and a weakened heart could cause this, but the chest pains suggest heart damage. Failure of compensating mechanisms to maintain blood pressure suggest a serious decline in cardiac output.

Death of heart muscle cells.

Infraction.

Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption. If vitamin B is not present, calcium is not absorbed. Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum. Potassium moves across the epithelium by active transport. Chlorine ion absorption is coupled to glucose and amino acid transport.

Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum.

Heart muscle is deprived of oxygen.

Ischemia.

Select the correct definition about tissue grafts.

Isografts are between identical twins.

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?

Phagocytes

Which of the following is not possible?

Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.

Which vessel of the heart receives blood during right ventricular systole?

Pulmonary trunk.

Prevents backflow into the right ventricle.

Pulmonary valves.

Network found in the ventricular myocardium.

Purkinje fibers.

Total heart relaxation.

Quiescent period.

Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?

Reactivity with an antibody

Which of the following is not true of the respiratory tract from the medium bronchi to the aveoli?

Resistance to air flow increases due to the increase in cross-sectional diameter.

Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins.

Respiratory bronchioles

Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange?

Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta

Which of the following statements is incorrect

Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants.

How will the lungs compensate for an acute rise in the partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood?

Respiratory rate will increase.

The pacemaker of the heart.

SA node.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn?

The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40-80 respirations per minute.

An older woman complains of shortness of breath and intermittent fainting spells. Her doctor runs various tests and finds that the AV node is not functioning properly. What is the suggested treatment?

The suggested treatment is surgery to implant an artificial pacemaker.

If a baby is born at 28 weeks' gestation, what major problem will the doctors look for?

The type II alveolar cells may not have fully developed; therefore, there is the possibility of lung collapse, resulting in severe breathing difficulties.

Which statement is true about T cells?

Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.

Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth. There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent. There are 32 primary teeth, and most children lose these teeth due to decay because they are never very strong. There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20. There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months.

There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20.

Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities?

They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.

Which of the following is NOT an age-related change affecting the heart?

Thinning of the valve flaps.

Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self"

Tolerance is developed during fetal life.

pulse

_____ pressure is the difference bw systolic and diastolic pressure

vascular

_____ shock is due to abnormal expansion of blood vessels and a rapid drop in bp

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) decreases in starving children because: ANSWER: starvation in children results in a protein deficiency and the liver cannot produce enough protein to maintain BCOP the question statement is false, BCOP actually increases in starving children starvation increases the permeability of capillaries causing a decrease in BCOP malnourished children do not exercise, which results in a decrease in BCOP starvation increases blood pressure which, in turn, decreases BCOP

Blood pressure is determined by ANSWER: estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff. measuring the size of the pulse. estimating the degree of turbulence in a partly closed vessel. measuring the force of contraction of the left ventricle. listening carefully to the pulse.

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________. Hint A.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: blood pressure proteins in the blood

Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary? Hint F.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: venous arterial

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure. ANSWER: pulse mean arterial circulatory critical closing blood

What structure do RBCs move through single file? ANSWER: capillary vein venule artery arteriole

Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located? Hint A.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: carotid sinus and aortic arch cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Which of the following opposes the flow of blood back to the heart? ANSWER: vascular resistance muscular pumps squeeze veins and move blood toward the heart blood pressure peripheral veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood blood press

endothelins

a family of peptides called _____ are released by the endothelium and are among the most potent vasocontrictors known

The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if

a gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal.

Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes

a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output.

a patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. this hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except. a. increased work of the left ventricle b. decreased size of heart muscle c. increased incidence of coronary artery disease d. increased damage to blood vessel endothelium

a precapillary sphincter is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into the capillaries

Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?

a second exposure to an allergen.

ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body's long-term compensation for ANSWER: prolonged exercise. a heart attack. hypertension. a serious hemorrhage. a heavy meal.

a serious hemorrhage

Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds? a.fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform b. circumvallate and filiform c. palatine and circumvallate d. fungiform and circumvallate

b. circumvallate and filiform

Antihistamines would work best against which type of WBC?

basophil

White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are

basophils.

There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________. immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long period of time when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required

before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought

A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is ________. bile gastric juice intestinal juice pancreatic juice

bile

During the period of ventricular filling

blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles.

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?

blood pH adjustment

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the

bone marrow

Which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries? ANSWER: increased plasma albumen and decreased blood hydrostatic pressure decreased plasma albumen increased tissue hydrostatic pressure both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure increased blood hydrostatic pressure

both decreased plasma albumin and increased hydrostatic pressure

Blood type is identified primarily by

both the ABO and Rh blood groups.

brain blood flow auto regulation... a. causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic bp b. is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist c. is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level d.is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons

brain blood flow to the skin... a. is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells b. increases when body temp drops so that the skin does not freeze c. increases when environmental temp rises d. is controlled mainly by decreasing pH

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure, except ANSWER: increased levels of angiotensin II. increased blood volume. increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). increased levels of aldosterone. increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone).

Homeostatic mechanisms in response to blood loss include all of the following, except ANSWER: increased thirst and water intake. activation of ADH secretion. inhibition of EPO secretion. uptake of interstitial fluid due to reduced capillary pressure. activation of aldosterone secretion.

If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)? Hint B.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: decreased PNS activity and increased SNS activity increased PNS and SNS activity increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity

Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased ANSWER: cardiac output. heart rate. parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. sympathetic stimulation of the heart. blood flow to the lungs.

Some of the fluid that is forced out of capillaries is returned to the blood by the: ANSWER: muscular arteries liver lymphatic system venules hepatic portal vein

Natural Killer (NK) cells

can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated

The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for? premolar tooth molar tooth incisor tooth canine tooth

canine tooth

Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in ANSWER: arteries. capillaries. veins. arterioles. venules.

capillaries

Which of the following is not found on the right lobe of the lung?

cardiac notch

pulmonary trunk

carries oxygen poor blood to the lungs

pulmonary vein

carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs

The function of red blood cells is to

carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide.

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

cartilage rings

A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to

cause clot dissolution to proceed faster.

Norepinephrine acts on the heart by

causing threshold to be reached more quickly.

CYTOTOXIC

cells are the only T lymphocytes that can directly attack and kill other cells.

cells can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells before he immune system is activated.

cerebral blood flow is regulated by. a. the hypothalamic thermostat b. intrinsic autoregulatory mechananisms c. skin temp d. ADH

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