Final African American Studies
What plan did President Lincoln develop to secure the loyalty of the border states that sided with the Union in the Civil War?
Slave owners would be compensated for emancipated slaves.
What did Martin' R. Delany propose in the 1850s as a solution to the diminishing black prospect for a viable life the United States
A black nation outside the United States
Which reason did South Carolina give as justification for secession?
Abraham Lincoln's election as president
Why did free blacks have shorter life expectancies and higher death rates than whites during the antebellum period?
Accidents and Disease
What notion began to form among African Americans as a result of the black convention movement?
African Americans shared a common identity as one black people.
What percentage of the Union army did black men in the U.S. Colored Troops compose?
Almost 10 percent
In what battle did the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts lead an assault that convinced many whites to support the U.S. Colored Troops?
An assault on Fort Wagner in Charleston Harbor
Frederick Douglass gave speeches on the abolitionist circuit arguing that ending slavery should be achieved by compensating slave owners for manumitting their slaves?
Appealing to the conscience of the nation
Why did many whites reject offers of assistance from black volunteers as the Civil War began?
Armed blacks evoked thoughts of slave insurrections.
How did black women and men aid the Union war effort in nonmilitary capacities?
As forgets and spies
What were the duties of the freedmen's Bureau established in March 1865?
Assist freed people's transition to freedom with food,clothing and shelter
Why did Maria Stewart argue would decrease white prejudice against African Americans?
Black Moral and intellectual improvement
Why were black troops at greater risk than white troops when they entered battle?
Black troops were sometimes enslaved or executed when captured
How did the military hierarchy during the Civil War reinforce the racial hierarchy of the society at large?
Black units were all led by white officers.
During the antebellum period, why did black newspapers develop a wider influence than their' circulation figures would suggest?
Blacks passed copies from one person to another.
Before the Civil War, how did political exclusion impact black economical life?
Blacks were marginalized in the U.S economy by whites and immigrants
Why did northerners object to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850?
Fugitive slaves began flooding northern cities
Where did most immigrants to the United States settle between 1830 and 1860?
Cities in the North
What proposal did General William Tecumseh Sherman offer in Special Field Order?
Grant Confiscated and abandoned Confederate land to former slaves
Who wrote the best-selling novel Uncle Tom's' Cabin, which increased support for abolitionism in the North?
Harriet Beecher Stowe
How did president Lincoln attempt to gain Democratic and Border state support in the election of 1864?
He chose Democrat Andrew Johnson as his vice presidential candidate
What did Abraham Lincoln say about slavery in his inaugural address in 1861?
He had no intention of interfering with slavery where it already existed.
What was the nation's first black newspaper published by John Russwurrn and Samuel Cornish in 1827?
Freedom's Journal
Who was the first American Woman to speak before mixed audiences to speak before mixed audiences of men and women in Boston in the early 1830s?
Maria Stewart
What was the first state to allow blacks to serve on juries in the late 1850s?
Massachusetts
Who was elected president of the Confederate States of America in 1861?
Mississippi senator Jefferson Davis
Among the states that permitted slavery but remained in the union during the Civil War were Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and
Missouri
How many black newspapers began in the United States between 1830 and 1860?
More than Forty
Why did the amount of work increase for slave women during the Civil War?
Most slaves that escaped to the North were men
What was the only northern state to have a large number of slaves by 1830?
New Jersey
The Compromise of l850 determined that slavery would be decided in what states by popular sovereignty
New Mexico and Utah
What Confederate port city was under Union control by the middle of 1862?
New Orleans, Louisiana
How did the Confederacy respond to Lincoln's offer in the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation?
No person or region ceased the rebellion and rejoined the Union.
Who were the first black volunteers allowed to join in what became known by the War Department as the US. Colored Troops?
One hundred freedmen from the Sea Islands of South Carolina
How did the abolitionist movement influence the women's rights movement?
Opposition to black women speaking in public demonstrated racism and sexism.
What was the Republican Party's platform on slavery when it formed in 1854?
Opposition to slavery's expansion but not pro-abolition
Which American City had the most antiblack riots during the antebellum period?
Philadelphia
What proposal directed Confederate states under Union control to reestablish a state government after 10 percent 1860 election voters swore an oath of loyalty to the Um'on?
Proclamation for Amnesty and Reconstruction
What agenda was set at the first black convention in 1830?
Programs that enhances job prospects for blacks
In the North during the antebellum period, to what did whites attribute the lower economic status of blacks after emancipation?
Racial inferiority
What measure did Kentucky senator John J. Crittenden propose to avert disunion?
Reinstate the Missouri Compromise of 1820
How was the "slavery question" addressed in the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
Residents voted on whether these territories would be slave or free states.
What was the capital of the Confederate States of America?
Richmond, Virginia
How did many northern blacks propose overcoming racial discrimination and oppression during the antebellum period.
Self-improvement and Community Building
In what speech did President Abraham Lincoln reaffirm the belief that America was a nation "conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal?"
The Gettysburg Address
What plan was designed to serve as a model for the transition from slavery to freedom for African Americans enslaved on cotton plantations?
The Port Royal Experiment
Why did those in the Union believe they would win a quick victory against the Confederate States of America?
The Union had twice as much manpower and material.
What did Americans who supported the notion of"Manifest Destiny" believe?
The United States should rule North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean
Northern Black communities committed themselves to what cause in the antebellum era?
The abolition of Slavery
Why was the black press important to black communities?
The black press allowed black community leaders to disseminate information to the black community.
What did black leaders propose as the purpose of war with the Confederacy?
The complete abolition of slavery
What reason did Abraham Lincoln provide in his inaugural address in 1861 as to why no state could leave the union?
The federal union was a perpetual contract.
Why did black communities decline as a proportion of the overall U.S. population during the antebellum period?
The influx of immigrants from Europe increased rapidly
Why did Abraham Lincoln win the election of 1860?
The political opposition was divided.
How did soldiers in the Fifty'-Fourth Massachusetts respond to receiving less pay than white soldiers?
They all refused to accept any pay until the pay was equalized
How did the writings of black activists in the 1830s differ from those of the first post-Revolutionary generation?
They exhibited far less deference to white leaders.
Why did African Americans reject the ideas of the American Colonization Society?
They saw the United States as their home country
Before the Civil War, What impact did the black laws have on African Americans in the free northern states?
They were denied access to jobs and education
What happened to the first slaves to escape to Union lines at the beginning of the Civil War?
They were designated as Confederate contraband.
Why were the Confederates confident that there' side would prevail in the Civil War?
They were fighting a defensive war
Which constitutional Amendment abolished slavery everywhere in the Union when it took effect on December 18,1865?
Thirteenth Amendment
What did President Abraham Lincoln identify, at the beginning of the conflict, as the purpose of war with the Confederate states?
To end the rebellion and preserve the Union
Why did Union troops hastily transfer to New York City on March 3, 1863?
To put down a riot triggered by a military draft
What was the arm' of the Contraband Relief Association organized by many prominent abolitionists, including Frederick Douglass and Sojouner Truth?
To raise food and money for black military regiments
What was the significance of the Union's defeat of the Confederate army at Vicksburg?
Vicksburg was the last major Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River.
During the antebellum period, how did whites respond to black economic progress in northern free states?
Violence and Discrimination
The strategy moral suasion aimed to convince the white majority in the United States that
slavery was immoral and contrary to the nation's ideals.
American slaveholders responded to studies in craniology by
using its findings as a justification for the enslavement of African Americans
What was the above ground arm of the underground railroad that provided shelter, food, clothing, legal services, and jobs to runaways?
vigilance committee
What strategy did the abolitionist movement increasingly advocate in the 18303 to end slavery?
Working within the Political System
In what other northern city besides New York City were there antiblack riots?
Detroit
What Supreme Court decision ruled that no person of African descent was a citizen of the United States and ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional?
Dred Scott v. Sandford
During the Antebellum period, how did many African Americans pull themselves out of poverty in the face of white hostility?
Establishing Small Businesses
What argument did Dr. Samuel G. Morton of Philadelphia propose in Crania Americana(1839)
Europeans had the highest brain capacities and Africans had the lowest .
What unit raised by abolitionists was the first black unit organized for wartime service?
Fifiy-Fourth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry
What act of Congress sought to void masters' claims to slaves who had been working for the Confederate military?
First Confiscation Act
What part of the country allowed black men to legally vote in 1860?
Five of the New England States
Who made up most of the black recruits who enlisted in the U.S. Colored Troops?
Former slaves from Confederate States
On what fort did Confederate shore batteries first open fire on the morning of April 12, 1861?
Fort Sumter
What was one of the reasons why the Confederacy had begun to weaken by mid-1864?
Increasing numbers of slaves fled to Union lines.
Why did northern politicians oppose the annexation of Texas into the United States in 1845?
It entered the Union as a slave state.
How did the field of craniology influence white influence white northerners' views of free blacks?
It fed notions of white supremacy and discrimination
What was the significance of the First National Negro Convention at the Bethel AME Church in 1830?
It was the first in a series of meetings that constituted the black convention movement
What did South Carolina declare at a secession convention on December 20, 1860?
Its union with the United States was immediately dissolved.
Who led a raid on the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859 with the hopes of triggering a slave revolt that would sweep through the South?
John Brown
Before the Civil War, how did the legal system discriminate against blacks in free states?
Law enforcement left blacks unprotected
What prompted Virginia to agree to join the Confederacy after first rejecting the idea?
Lincoln's call for a deployment of 75,000 militia to the South
Which Harvard zoologist lectured widely on the separate orgins of "races"
Louis Agassiz
Who was freed by the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863?
Slaves in states or regions in rebellion agains't the United States
How did black labor aid the Confederate military's war effort?
Slaves were forced to build entrenchments and fortifications.
What services did black churches provide African American communities in addition to a place of worship?
Sponsored Schools
How did the Confederate states prepare for war prior to April 12, 1861?
State militias seized federal forts.
Who were the first black units in combat during the Civil' War?
The African Brigade
What did Lincoln's preliminary Emancipation Proclamation state when issued on September 22, 1862?
The Confederacy had 100 days to rejoin the Union or all their slaves would be freed.
Why did the United States seek to gain England's diplomatic favor during the Civil War?
The Confederacy sought diplomatic recognition in Europe.
How did blacks in Confederate territories under Union control react to learning of the Emancipation Proclamation?
Widespread celebrations and expression of joy
Which activist began publishing The Liberator in 1831, which became the most famous antislavery newspaper of its era?
William Lloyd Garrison
How did whites respond to the African Americans' rejection of colonization outside the United States?
With Segregation
How did many white northerners respond to black emancipation in the antebellum north?
With an increase in racial prejudice and violence
Many white northerners opposed the Emancipation Proclamation because they
feared free black labor would decrease their wages
