Final Chemistry
What type of sugars are glucose and all other naturally occurring sugars
Glucose and all other naturally occurring sugars are d sugars.
what sugar is referred to when blood sugar is measured
Glucose, also called dextrose
Examples of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Hyaluronate, found in extracellular fluid, chondroitin, component of cartilage and tendons; and heparin, stored in the mast cells of the liver and other organs and prevents blood clotting.
What is the name of H.I
Hydroiodic acid
The Bronsted -lowry model focuses on the transfer of blank in an acid base reaction
H⁺
What is the conjugated acid of H.C.O₃⁻
H₂C.O₃
universal recipients
Individuals with type AB blood are called universal recipients because their blood contains no antibodies to blood types A, B, or O. Individuals with type AB blood can receive blood of any type.
Universal donors
Individuals with type O blood are called universal donors because no antibodies to type O are produced by those with types A, B, and AB blood. Type O blood can be given to individuals of any blood type.
What would the formula of diiodine pentasulfide be?
I₂S₅
what is the correct formula for a potassium ion with 18 electrons
K⁺
The ionic compound that forms between potassium and oxygen is
K₂O
what are L amino acids?
L Amino acids have the −N.H₃⁺ group on the left side in the Fischer projection. Common naturally occurring amino acids are L isomers.
Is chatting water soluble
Like cellulose, chitin chains are held together by an extensive network of hydrogen bonds, forming water-insoluble sheets.
This alcohol is called an alditol, sometimes referred as a "sugar alcohol."
Like other aldehydes, the carbonyl group of an aldose is reduced to a 1° alcohol using hydrogen (H 2 ) in the presence of palladium (Pd) metal
what is the name of the compound made from lithium and oxygen
Lithium oxide
What is the formula for an ionic compound made of magnesium and sulfur?
M.g.S
what is the difference between met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin?
Met-enkephalin contains a C-terminal methionine residue, while leu-enkephalin contains a C-terminal leucine.
the simplest carbohydrates, generally have three to six carbon atoms in a chain, with a carbonyl group at either the terminal carbon, numbered C1, or the carbon adjacent to it, numbered C2. In most carbohydrates, each of the remaining carbon atoms has a hydroxyl group.
Monosaccharides
can monosaccharides be converted to simpler compounds by hydrolysis?
Monosaccharides cannot be converted to simpler compounds by hydrolysis.
Ketoses
Monosaccharides with a carbonyl group at C2 are ketones called
what are the three groups of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, polysaccharides
The amino acid with the free −N.H₃⁺ group on the 𝛂 alpha carbon is called the
N-terminal amino acid.
heating a fat with water and which of these regents will make a soap
N.a.O.H
Lactose
No sweet unlike many mono-and disaccharides. consists of one galactose ring and one glucose ring, joined by a 1→4-β -glycoside bond from the anomeric carbon of galactose to C4 of glucose.
How do you determine whether a monosaccharide is D or L
The configuration of the chirality center farthest from the carbonyl group determines whether a monosaccharide is D or L
How to identify an alkane with a high boiling point
The melting points and boiling points of alkanes increase as the number of carbons increases.
All carbohydrates have common names.
The simplest aldehyde, glyceraldehyde, and the simplest ketone, dihydroxyacetone, are the only monosaccharides whose names do not end in the suffix -ose.
To distinguish the two enantiomers, the prefixes d and l precede the name.
Thus, the naturally occurring enantiomer is labeled d -glyceraldehyde, while the unnatural isomer is l -glyceraldehyde.
The carbon atom that is part of the hemiacetal is a new chirality center, called the anomeric carbon.
Thus, two different products called anomers are formed.
true or false; electrical charge is a fundamental property of protons and electrons.
True
how does protein differ from lipids and carbohydrates
Unlike lipids and carbohydrates, which the body stores for use when needed, protein is not stored so it must be consumed on a daily basis.
acetal carbon
a carbon atom singly bonded to two OR (alkoxy) groups.
Sucrose
a disaccharide. contains one glucose ring and one fructose ring. contains one six-membered and one five-membered ring.
which structural feature is not found in sphingomyelins?
a glycerol backbone
Triacylglycerols are composed of
a glycerol backbone, and three fatty acids
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
a group of unbranched carbohydrates derived from alternating amino sugar and glucuronate units. Glycosaminoglycans form a gel-like matrix that acts as a lubricant, making them key components in connective tissue and joints.
A functional group contains
a heteroatom, a multiple bond, or sometimes both a heteroatom and a multiple bond.
whats a mole?
a mole is a quantity that contains 6.02 x 10²³ items - usually atoms, molecules, or ions.
When a nonmetal bonds with a nonmetal
a molecular compound forms. a covalent bond is involved. electrons are shared.
Electronegativity difference less than 0.5 units is
a non polar bond
electronegativity difference between 0.5-1.9 units is
a polar covalent bond
Starch
a polymer composed of repeating glucose units joined in 𝛂 alpha glycosidic linkages.
Glycogen is the major form in which polysaccharides are stored in animals. Glycogen,
a polymer of glucose containing 𝛂 alpha glycosidic bonds, has a branched structure similar to amylopectin, but the branching is much more extensive
what is a functional group
an atom or a group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties. .
A zero does not count as a significant figure when it occurs
at the beginning of a number, and at the end of a number that does not have a decimal point
Isotopes are
atoms of the same element that have different number neutrons
A zero counts as a significant figure when it occurs
between two nonzero digits, and at the end of a number with a decimal point
Proteins are
biomolecules that contain many amide bonds, formed by joining amino acids together.
what are fats
building blocks of cell membranes, and stored body fat insulates an organism and serves an an energy source that can be used at a later time
kelvin to celsius
c = kelvin minus 273
what is the correct lewis structure for C.O₂?
carbon atom double bonded to two oxygen atoms. each oxygen atoms has two lone pairs to give them 8 electrons
when an atom loses an electron, the resulting particles are called
cations
Three prevalent polysaccharides in nature are
cellulose, starch, and glycogen, each of which consists of repeating glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds.
Disaccharides are
composed of two monosaccharides joined together. They contain at least one acetal carbon. although no carbonyl group, they are hydrolyzed to simple monosaccharides that contain an aldehyde or ketone. Lactose is a disaccharide
what type of reaction is the generic equation A+B→AB
synthesis/combination
electronegativity difference greater than 1.9 units is
ionic bond
an atom containing 7 protons, 8 neutrons, and 7 electrons
is charge-neutral
whats a carboxylic acid
it contains an O.H group bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon
whats an ester
it contains an O.R group bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon
celsius to kelvin
k = celsius plus 273
Fructose contains what kinda carboxyl group?
ketone
Monosaccharides with carbonyl group at C2 are
ketones called ketoses
When amino acids are joined together by amide bonds, they form larger molecules called
peptides and proteins.
the two types of phospholipids are
phosphoacylglycerols and sphingomyelins
of the hydrocarbons given, butane, heptane, nonane, and propane, is the lightest
propane
what is insulin
protein hormone
what does insulin do in the human body?
protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas • controls blood glucose levels
what does myoglobin do in the human body
protein that stores O₂ in tissue
What does ferritin do in the human body?
protein that stores iron in the liver
the nucleus of an atoms consist mainly of
protons and neutrons
The aldehyde carbonyl group of the acyclic form of a monosaccharide undergoes two common reactions—
reduction to an alcohol and oxidation to a carboxylic acid.
Chitin
second most abundant carbohydrate polymer, is a polysaccharide formed from N -acetyl- d -glucosamine units joined together in 1 →4-𝛃-glycosidic linkages.
what type of reaction is the generic equation A+B.C →A.C+B
single replacement
sphingomyelin is made of
sphingosine, a fatty acid, and phosphorylcholine
which C¹⁸ fatty acid is a solid at room temperature
stearic acid
Oxytocin
stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles, and it initiates the flow of milk in nursing mothers. sold under the trade name Pitocin and Syntocinon, is used to induce labor
molecules with the same formula in which the atoms have a different connectivity are called
structural isomers
Vasopressin, also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH),
targets the kidneys and helps to keep the electrolytes in body fluids in the normal range. Vasopressin is secreted when the body is dehydrated and causes the kidneys to retain fluid, thus decreasing the volume of the urine
Chitin is identical in structure to cellulose, except
that each OH group at C@ is now replace by NHCOCH₃
where are the N-terminal amino acid and C-terminal amino acid written
the N-terminal amino acid is always written at the left end of the chain and the C-terminal amino acid at the right.
To form a dipeptide,
the −N.H₃⁺ group of one amino acid forms an amide bond with the carboxylate (−C.O.O −) of another amino acid, and the elements of H₂O are removed.
which of the following is not normally true about fatty acids that are part of triglyceride
they have an off number of carbons
A tripeptide has
three amino acids joined together by two amide bonds.
Polysaccharides contain
three or more monosaccharides joined together.
what does hemoglobin do in the human body?
transport protein that carries O₂ in the blood
true or false; positive and negative charges cancel each other so that a proton and electron, when paired, are charge neutral
true
true or false; positive and negative electrical charges attract each other
true
true or false; positive-positive or negative-negative charges repel each other
true
A dipeptide has
two amino acids joined together by one amide bond.
how does the lewis structure for B.r₂ look like
two bromine atoms single bonded. three lone pairs for each bromine atom to give them 8 electrons.
Disaccharides are carbohydrates composed of
two monosaccharides.
what is the correct lewis structure for N₂ look like?
two nitrogen atoms triple bonded to each other. one lone pair for each nitrogen to give them 8 valence electrons .
how doe the lewis structure for O₂ look like?
two oxygen atoms double bonded. two lone pairs for each oxygen to give them 8 valence electrons.
Cellulose is an
unbranched polymer composed of repeating glucose units joined in a 1 4-𝛃 beta -glycosidic linkage.
A 𝛃 beta glycoside has the glycosidic linkage oriented
up, above the plane of the ring that contains the acetal joining the monosaccharides.
The 𝛃 beta anomer has the OH group drawn
up, above the ring
A monosaccharide is characterized by the number of carbons in its chain.
• A triose has three carbons. • A tetrose has four carbons. • A pentose has five carbons. • A hexose has six carbons.
what does actin and myosin do in the human body?
• proteins that control muscle contractions
what is the charge of atoms located in column 2A
⁺²
what is the charge on the ion formed by aluminum?
⁺³
what is the charge of atoms located in column 1A
⁺¹
Amine general structure is
R single bond to N.H₂ called an amino group
ether general structure is
R single bond to O.R group called alkoxy group
Thiol General structure is
R single bond to S.H called sulfhydryl group
alcohol general structure is
R single bond to an O.H group called hydroxyl group
what is the element in which at least one electron is in the d-orbital?
S.c
The amide bonds in peptides and proteins are called
peptide bonds.
what is one inch to centimeters
1 in. equals 2.54 cm.
what are D amino acids?
D Amino acids have the −N.H₃⁺ group on the right side in the Fischer projection. D Amino acids occur infrequently in nature.
what is Kw
1.0 x 10⁻¹⁴
the correct multiplier for prefix kilo is
10 to the power of 3
the correct multiplier for prefix mega is
10 to the power of 6
the correct multiplier for prefix giga is
10 to the power of 9
the correct multiplier for prefix deci is
10 to the power of negative 1
the correct multiplier for prefix centi is
10 to the power of negative 2
the correct multiplier for prefix milli is
10 to the power of negative 3
the correct multiplier for prefix micro is
10 to the power of negative 6
the correct multiplier for prefix nano is
10 to the power of negative 9
How many electrons would be in a ⁻² charge anion of sulfur
18 because of extra ⁻² charge
Starch and glycogen contain glucose rings joined in
1→ 4- 𝛂 alpha-glycosidic linkages.
Cellulose contains glucose rings joined in
1→ 4- 𝛃. Beta-glycosidic linkages.
how many electrons are in B.r⁻
34 because of donated electron
Give the number of covalent bonds that a carbon atom can form
4
Polypeptides and proteins both have many amino acids joined together in long linear chains, but the term protein is usually reserved for polymers of more than
40 amino acids.
Proteins occur widely in the human body, accounting for approximately
50% of its dry weight
how many bonding electrons are in the lewis structure of N₂?
6
how many bonding electrons are in the lewis structure of N₂
6 electrons
How many valence electrons are in a chloride atom?
7
what is the normal blood glucose levels range
70-110 mg/dL
Hoe many protons and electrons are present in O²⁻
8 electrons and 8 electrons
What is the formula for an ionic compound made of aluminum and oxygen?
A.l₂O₃
A striking feature of carbohydrate structure is the presence of chirality centers.
All carbohydrates except for dihydroxyacetone contain one or more chirality centers. The simplest aldose, glyceraldehyde, has one chirality center—one carbon atom bonded to four different groups. Thus, there are two possible enantiomers—mirror images that are not superimposable.
what functional groups does amino acids contain
Amino acids contain two functional groups—an amino group (N.H₂ ) and a carboxyl group (C.O.O.H).
do amino acids exist in nature as neutral atom?
Amino acids never exist in nature as neutral molecules with all uncharged atoms.
What is the name of the ionic compound made of beryllium and chloride?
Beryllium chloride
what is correct name of the compound whose formula B.F₃
Boron trifluoride
why are glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone constitutional isomers?
Both have molecular formula C₃H₆O₃
Fahrenheit to celsius
C = Fahrenheit minus 32 divided by 1.8
cycloalkanes general formula is
C(n)H(2n)
acyclic alkanes molecular formula is
C(n)H(2n+2)
The amino acid with the free −C.O.O⁻ group on the 𝛂 alpha carbon is called the
C-terminal amino acid.
what amino acids exist commonly in nature
Common naturally occurring amino acids are L isomers.
do amino acids have a chirality center?
Except for the simplest amino acid, glycine, all other amino acids have a chirality center—a carbon bonded to four different groups—on the 𝛂 carbon.
celsius to Fahrenheit formula
F = 1.8 times Celsius plus 32
Cyclization forms two anomers at the hemiacetal carbon.
For a D sugar, the OH group is drawn down on the new chirality center in the 𝛂 alpha anomer and up in the 𝛃 beta anomer.
formula for the concentration of OH⁻
OH=Kw/H₃O
zwitterion
Since amino acids contain a base (NH 2 group) and an acid (COOH), proton transfer from the acid to the base forms a salt
what is the name of the molecular compound S.F₅
Sulfur pentafluoride
what is the name of the molecular compound S.O₃
Sulfur trioxide
Disaccharides are
acetals, compounds that contain two alkoxy group (OR group)
which of the following, ethane, ethylene, acetylene is an example of an alkyne
acetylene
what type of a reaction occurs when a sodium hydroxide solution is mixed with an acetic acid solution
acid-base neutralization
Electronegativity increases
across a row of the periodic table as the nuclear charge increases (excluding the noble gases).
Glucose contains what kinda carbonyl group?
aldehyde
Monosaccharides with carbonyl group at C1 are
aldehyde called aldoses
what certain monosaccharides form five-membered rings, not six-membered rings, in solution
aldopentoses and ketohexoes
which of the following classes of organic compounds, alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are saturated
alkanes
in unsaturated fatty acids, the double bonds are usually
all cis
how many significant figures are contained in a number?
all nonzero digits are always significant
Significant figures are
all the digits in a measured number including one estimated digit.
what are proteins composed of
amino acids
the two common forms of starch are
amylose and amylopectin
Amylopectin,
consists of a backbone of glucose units joined in 𝛂 alpha glycosidic bonds, but it also contains considerable branching along the chain. The linear linkages of amylopectin are formed by 1→ 4-𝛂 alpha-glycoside bonds, similar to amylose.
Oxytocin and vasopressin are
cyclic nonapeptide hormones secreted by the pituitary gland. Their sequences are identical except for two amino acids, yet this is enough to give them very different biological activities.
what is the current recommended daily intake of protein for adults
daily intake for adults is 0.8 g of protein per kg of body weight.
simplest ketose
dihydroxyacetone
what is the simplest ketose
dihydroxyacetone
what is the correct name of the compound whose formula is N₂O₄
dinitrogen tetroxide
What type of reaction is the generic equation AB+CD→AD+CB
double replacement
what type of reaction occurs when a silver nitrate is mixer with sodium chloride solution
double replacement
Electronegativity decreases
down a column of the periodic table as the atomic radius increases, pushing the valence electrons farther from the nucleus.
the size of the atoms generally increases
down a group and from right to left across a period
An 𝛂 alpha glycoside has the glycosidic linkage oriented
down, below the plane of the ring that contains the acetal joining the monosaccharides.
The 𝛂 alpha anomer has the OH group drawn
down, below the ring
which of the following, ethane, ethylene, acetylene is an example of saturated hydrocarbon
ethane
which of the following, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, is an example of an alkene
ethylene
what does collagen do in the human body?
fibrous protein in connective tissue • found in tendons, bone, cartilage, and blood vessels
what does keratin do in the human body?
fibrous protein in hair, skin, and nails
Haworth projections
flat, six-membered rings used to represent the cyclic hemiacetals of glucose and other sugars
How many chirality centers does Glucose contain?
four chirality centers
Simplest aldose
glyceraldehyde
what is the simplest aldose
glyceraldehyde
a disaccharide results when a hemiacetal of one monosaccharide reacts with a hydroxyl group of a second monosaccharide to form an acetal. The new C O bond that joins the two rings together is called a
glycosidic linkage
where are alkali metals located in the periodic table?
group 1 A
where are alkaline earth elements located in the periodic table?
group 2 A
Where are halogens located in the periodic table?
group 7 A
Where are noble gases located in the periodic table?
group 8 A
whats an aldehyde
has a hydrogen atom bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon
Amylose,
has an unbranched skeleton of glucose molecules with 1 → 4-𝛂 alpha-glycoside bonds . Because of this linkage, an amylose chain adopts a helical arrangement, giving it a very different three-dimensional shape from the linear chains of cellulose
Alkenes
have a C - C double bond as their functional group. Ethylene, CH 2 CH 2 , is a simple alkene.
Alkynes
have a C- C triple bond as their functional group. Acetylene, HC CH, is a simple alkyne.
Alkanes
have only C- C single bonds and no functional group. Ethane, CH 3 CH 3 , is a simple alkane.
Polysaccharides
have three or more monosaccharides joined together. Starch is a polysaccharide composed of hundreds of glucose molecules joined together.
Examples of proteins in the human body
hemoglobin, collagen, ferritin, actin and myosin, keratin, myoglobin, insulin
What is the proper name for H.B.r (aq)
hydrobromic acid
alkanes are members of which class of organic compounds
hydrocarbons
Phospholipids are
lipids that contain a phosphorus atom.
The common english unit in which speed of an automobile is expressed is miles/hr. what is the set of base SI unit for speed
m/s
Carbon monoxide is considered which of the following
molecular compound
Aldoses
monosaccharides with a carbonyl group at C1 are aldehydes called
how do you name ionic compound?
name the cation by its given name, and name the anion by replacing the end with prefix -ide for example sodium fluoride
which of the following is a molecular compound
nitrogen monoxide
which of the following is true of alkanes
no alkanes are soluble in water
non polar compounds are soluble in
non polar solvents
of the hydrocarbons given, heptane, nonane, octane, or propane is the heaviest
nonane
Monosaccharides
or simple sugars are the simplest carbohydrates. Glucose and fructose, the two major constituents of honey, are monosaccharides.
How does the lewis structure for water look like
oxygen single bonded by two hydrogen atoms. two lone pairs for oxygen to give it 8 electrons.
Enkephalins, pentapeptides synthesized in the brain, act as
pain killers and sedatives by binding to pain receptors. Two enkephalins that differ in the identity of only one amino acid are known. Met-enkephalin contains a C-terminal methionine residue, while leu-enkephalin contains a C-terminal leucine.
examples of saturated fatty acids
palmitic and stearic acid
identify the alkane with the highest boiling point...pentane, butane, ethane, methane, propane
pentane has the highest boiling point
what is the most common monosaccharides in nature
the aldohexoses D-glucose and D-galactose, and the ketohexose D-fructose
most common monosaccharides in nature are
the aldohexoses d -glucose and d -galactose, and the ketohexose d -fructose.
Disaccharide A has a 1→ 4-𝛂 alpha -glycosidic linkage because
the glycoside bond is oriented down and joins C1 of one ring to C4 of the other.
Disaccharide B has a 1→ 4-𝛃 beta -glycosidic linkage because
the glycoside bond is oriented up and joins C1 of one ring to C4 of the other.
Enantiomers D
the naturally occurring enantiomer has the OH group drawn on the right side of the carbon chain.
The formula weight aka formula mass is
the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a compound, reported in atomic mass units (amu).
before a chemical equation can be written, one must know
the symbols and formulas of all reactants and productions
Enantiomers L
the unnatural isomer has the OH group drawn on the left side of the carbon chain.
