Final copy
Chief cells in adults secrete
pepsinogen
2 groups
peptide hormones have how many groups?
The fluid lubricating the opposing surfaces of the membrane in the pericardial cavity is called
pericardial fluid
A moist compact mass of food in the esophagus is called
peristalsis
Rhythmic and coordinated timed waves of contractions in the muscularis layer result in
peristalsis that propels food.
The efferent arterioles carry blood to the
peritubular capillaries
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the lower respiratory tract?
pharynx
Packets of small membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm shed by megakaryocytes are called
platelets
The formed elements with a role in blood clotting are
platelets
The location of the pancreas with respect to the stomach is
posterior
The soft palate is located ________ to the hard palate
posterior
The common goal of the endocrine and nervous system is to
provide homeostasis
Nutrient reabsorption occurs mostly in the
proximal convoluted tubule
The majority of reabsorption occurs in the
proximal convoluted tubule
The lateral boundary of the oral cavity is the
cheeks
The chemical characteristic that guides white blood cells toward damaged tissue is called
chemotaxis
The tissue layer labeled "C" is the
circular muscle layer
The thoracic duct's enlarged pouch-like structure.
cisterna Chyli
Granular tissue separating adjacent pyramids of the medullar is called the
column
Crushing and shredding of food occurs mostly in the ________ region of the tract and is called ________.
proximal; mechanical processing
The blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs comprise the
pulmonary circuit
The circuit that begins at the right ventricle and ends at the left atrium is the
pulmonary circuit
The circuit that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs is the
pulmonary circuit
The release of chyme into the duodenum is regulated by the
pyloric sphincter
The release of chyme into the duodenum is regulated by the
pyloric sphincter.
The urge to defecate is triggered by movement of fecal material into the
rectum
The most abundant formed elements are
red blood cells
synaptic communication
releases neurotransmitter close to target cells and ideal for crisis management, does this describe direct, paracrine, synaptic, or endocrine communication?
Initial formation of filtrate occurs in the
renal corpuscle
The dense fibrous layer that anchors the kidney to surrounding tissues is called the
renal fascia
The coronary sinus drains blood into the
right atrium
The wbc that is involved in allergic reactions is the
eosinophil
compounds
epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, also called catecholamines are all what, to tyrosine derivatives?
The hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in response to hypoxia is called
erythropoietin
The name of the structure with the collapsible lumen that is labeled "A" is
esophagus
The tube that transports food to the stomach is the
esophagus
What is the structure labeled "A"?
esophagus
Which of the following does NOT contain simple columnar epithelial tissue?
esophagus
Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract
esophagus
direct communication
exchange of ions and molecules between adjacent cells across gap junctions, describes what type of communication?
What following is NOT a function of the upper respiratory tract?
exchanging gases with blood
The urinary valve under voluntary control is the
external urethral sphincter
The plasma component with a role in blood clotting is called
fibrinogen
hormonal sensitvity
for every cell, the presence or absence of specific receptor determines on what?
The tongue is attached to the floor of the oral cavity by the
frenulum
The portion of the stomach that contacts the diaphragm is the
fundus
The structure labeled "A" is the
gallbladder
The digestive hormone that stimulates gastric motility is
gastrin
The arteriole network where filtration occurs is called the
glomerulus
The structure that separates the upper and lower respiratory tracts is called the
glottis
An example of a hormone that is released from structure "b" is
glucocorticoids
group 1
glycoproteins are in which group of peptide hormones?
Movement of urine through the ureters occurs through
gravity and smooth muscle peristalsis
The area labeled "C" is the
greater curvature of the stomach.
Pregnancy test kits
hCG
The structure labeled "A" is the
hard palate
The structure that serves as a bony separation between the nasal and oral cavities is called the
hard palate
What is the structure labeled "A"?
hard palate
The percent of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements is the
hematocrit
The abundant protein component of red blood cells is
hemoglobin
Bile is collected from the liver through the ________ duct(s)
hepatic
Bile flow into the duodenum is controlled by the ________ sphincter
hepatopancreatic
The diaphragm opening that allows passage of food is called the esophageal
hiatus
The medial point of entry and exit to the kidney is called the
hilum
amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, lipid derivatives?
hormones can be divided into 3 groups, what are they?
3 groups
hormones can be divided into how many groups?
Because it has a larger diameter and steeper slope, more foreign objects become lodged in the ________ during choking
right primary bronchus
What is the identity of the cell labeled "B"?
roaming alveolar macrophage
The narrow tunnel in the tooth root that receives nerves and blood vessels is the
root canal
The folds of the urinary bladder that disappear as it fills are called
rugae
The pacemaker of the heart is normally the
sa node
chyme entering the duodenum stimulates release of
secretin, GIP, and CCK
Rhythmic cycles of contraction that do NOT follow a set pattern are called
segmentation, and they do not propel food
Rhythmic cycles of contraction that do NOT follow a set pattern are called
segmentation, and they do not propel food.
The layer of the GI tract that also functions as the visceral peritoneum is the
serosa
The stomach is lined with ________ tissue
simple columnar epithelial
The best description of the tissue type for structure "A" is
simple squamous epithelial
The upper and lower esophageal sphincters are composed of
smooth muscle
step 3
levels of cAMP decline because adenylate cyclase activity has been inhibited is step 1,2,3,or 4 of lower cAMP levels?
Fat-soluble vitamins are normally stored in the
liver
The largest visceral organ is the
liver
What is the structure labeled "B"?
liver
The appendix is primarily an organ of the ________ system
lymphatic
The wbc that provides specific immunity is the
lymphocyte
A common location for venipuncture is the
median cubital vein
The swallowing center is located in the
medulla oblongata
pineal gland
melatonin is produced by what gland?
tryptophan derivative
melatonin is the primary hormone of what derivative?
The process of eliminating urine from the body is
micturition
The urine of each kidney lobe is collected directly into a
minor calyx
Blood plasma that has filtered out of capillaries into microscopic spaces between cells.
Interstitial Fluid
Structure "A" and "B" will transport lymph fluid
Into subclavian veins
For homone production, the thyroid gland requires
Iodine and tyrosine
Following the exhalation process, which of the following is an accurate statement about lung volume?
It has decreased passively
Vitamins produced in the colon include
K and some B
the thoracic duct empties into the
Left subclavian vein
The lymphoid nodules located at the base of the tongue are called the
Lingual tonsils
Is a specialized fluid formed in the tissue spaces that will be transported by way of specialized vessels to eventually reenter the circulatory system.
Lymph
Type of very specific antibodies produced from a population of identical cells
Monoclonal
A _________ is an agranular leukocyte.
Monocyte
Quick, short communication to specific targets is provided by
Neurotransmitters
The mechanism where an antibody binds to a bacteria or virus making it incapable of infecting cells is called
Neutralization
The phagocytes particularly abundant at injury or infections sites are
Neutrophils
The hormone that stimulates milk ejection
Oxytocin
The hormones that stimulates smooth muscle contractions of the uterus during labor is
Oxytocin
step 2
PDE activity inhibits adenylate cyclase activity is step 1,2,3,or 4 of lower cAMP levels?
The structure labeled "A" is
Pancreas
The structure labeled "B" is the
Pancreatic duct
The structure labeled "B" is the
Parathyroid
The lymphoid vessel run from __________ to __________.
Peripheral tissue; veins
What is a role of capillaries.
Permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids
eicosanoids
are small molecules with five-carbon ring at one end; are important paracrin factors; coordinate cellular activities; afffect enzymatic processes in extracellular fluids. this is all the functions of what?
The large vessels that transport blood away from the heart are
arteries
hormone
binds to receptors in cell membrane, cannot have direct effect on activities inside target cell, and uses intracellular inremediary to exert effects, this all fuctions of what?
The transmission of endocrine signal occurs through
blood
Sympathetic innervation controls nephron activity by
blood flow adjustments and renin release
The main portion of the stomach that functions as a mixing bowl is the
body
A moist compact mass of food in the esophagus is called
bolus
Food enters the stomach in the form of ________ and exits as ________
bolus; chyme
Structure "A" has an interior portion that is composed of
bone
The structure at "C" is composed of
bone
The primary mineral storage spot in the body is the
bones
The artery that supplies blood to the upper limbs is the
brachial
step 4
cAMP breakdown accelerates; cAMP synthesis is prevented because levels ot cAMP decline is step 1,2,3,or 4 of lower cAMP levels?
Hormone released from structure "a" is
calcitonin
The vessels that exchange nutrients, respiratory gases, and waste are
capillaries
What is the structure labeled "C"?
capillary
The chemical digestion that occurs in the mouth involves
carbohydrates and lipids
The most important factor affecting pH of body tissues is
carbon dioxide
The portion of the stomach that forms a junction with the esophagus is the
cardia
Which description best fits the tissue type for the structure labeled "C"
cartilage
epinephrine is an example of a hormone in the structural family
catecholamine
The process of compaction starts in the
cecum
down-regulation
a presence of a hormone trggers decrease in number of hormone receptors, is what type of regulation?
up-regulation
abence of a hormone triggers increase increase in number of hormone receptors, is what type of regulation?
Movement of organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid of the digestive tracts is called
absorption
Solutions with pH below 7.0 are
acidic
step 1
activated g protein stimulates PDE activity is step 1,2,3,or 4 of lower cAMP levels?
step 1
activated g protein: activates enzyme adenylate cylase is step 1,2,3,or 4 of increased cAMP levels?
step 4
activated kinases affect target cell: depends on nature of proteins affected is step 1,2,3,or 4 of increased cAMP levels?
step 2
adenylate cyclase: converts ATP to cyclic-AMP is step 1,2,3,or 4 of increased cAMP levels?
Proper enamel development in childhood requires
adequate calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D in the diet
Structure labeled "b" is the
adrenal gland
Which of the following is NOT an organ of the urinary system
adrenal gland
The arteries that supply individual nephrons are the
afferent
Breathing through the nose rather than breathing through the mouth is advantageous because
air is warmed on inhalation
The plasma component that is the major contributor to osmotic pressure is called
albumin
The average pH of blood falls in a range of slightly
alkaline
The substance you would find covering much of structure "B" is
cementum
Which of the following best describes the main function of the lower respiratory tract?
moving air to and from gas exchange surfaces
Hypersensitivity of the immune system to harmless antigens.
allergy
The site of gas exchange between air and blood is the
alveoli
What is the name of the structure labeled "A"?
alveoli
Which of the following is the site for gas exchange?
alveoli
The bony socket for the root of the tooth is the
alveolus
hormones
amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, and lipid derivatives are all divitions of what?
All the vessels of the systemic arterial system originate from the
aorta
The arteries that arch along the cortex and medullary boundary are the
arcuate
leukotrienes
are eicosanoids released by activated whiteblood cells, important in coordinating tissue responses to injury or disease, describes what?
hydrophobic
are lipid derivatives hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
catecholamines and petide hormones
are not lipid soluble, unable to penetrate cell membrane, and bind to receptor proteins at outer surface of cell membran "extracellular receptors", this describes what 2 hormones?
hydrophilic
are peptide hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
The GI layer labeled "A" is the
mucosa
The correct order of the layers of the digestive tract, from deep to superficial, is
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
The correct order of the layers of the digestive tract, from deep to superficial, is
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
What type of membrane lines the respiratory tract?
mucous
The nerve network that innervates the muscularis externa is located in the
muscularis externa
The thickest layer of the heart is the
myocardium
An osmotic gradient is established by the
nephron loop
The wbc that phagocytosis injured and infected tissue is the
neutrophil
Food normally passes through the
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
The tonsils that lie on the sides of the pharynx are called
palatine
The structure labeled "C" is the
palatine tonsil
The structure labeled "c" is the
pancreas
Exocrine secretions from pancreatic cells are collected in the
pancreatic duct
Chordae tendineae originates at the
papillary muscles
In general, which of the following nerve activities is MOST likely to stimulate digestive functions
parasympathetic
In general, which of the following nerve activities is MOST likely to stimulate digestive functions?
parasympathetic
When you smell food, the ________ is stimulated
parasympathetic NS
HCl is secreted by
parietal cells
g protien
what protien changes concentration of second messenger cyclic-amp "cAMP" within cell?
hormones
what stimulates synthesis of enzymes or structural proteins?
endocrine system
what system includes all encorine cells and body tissues and organs that produce hormones or paracrine factors?
direct communication
what type of communication occurs between 2 cells of the same type?
The name of the structure in cross-section that is labeled "B" is
trachea
The windpipe that conducts air toward the lungs is the
trachea
What is the structure labeled "D"?
trachea
The right atrioventricular valve is the
tricuspid
The layer that stabilizes and anchors a blood vessel is the
tunica externa
Children normally develop ________ deciduous teeth.
twenty
The muscularis mucosa normally contains ________ distinct layers.
two
A typical red blood cell lasts
two to three months
The most abundant organic waste in urine is
urea
Muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder are the
ureters
paracrine communication
uses chemical signals to transfer information from cell to cell within single tissue; most common form of intercellular communication, does this describe direct, paracrine, synaptic, or endocrine communication?
The structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the
uvula
Increasing the diameter of a blood vessel by relaxing a muscle is called
vasodilation
The right atrium receives blood from the superior and inferior
vena cava
The vessels that collect blood from capillary beds are called
venules
The membrane covering the heart is the
visceral pericardium
The layer of the GI tract labeled "D" is also known as the
visceral peritoneum
Compression of a bolus of food against the hard palate triggers the ________ phase of swallowing
voluntary, buccal
Compression of a bolus of food against the hard palate triggers the ________ phase of swallowing.
voluntary, buccal
epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, also called catecholamines
what are the 3 compounds of tyrosine derivatives?
cyclic-amp, cyclic-gmp, and calcium ions
what are the 3 important second messengers of the intracellular intermediaries?
endocrine cell
what cell releases their secretions into extracellular fluid?
A condition characterized by a generalized thickening and toughness of arterial walls is
arteriosclerosis
The formation of lipid deposits on the tunica media is called
atherosclerosis
The boundary between the right and left ventricles is the anterior
atrioventricular sulcus
The brachial artery divides and branches directly into the _______ and ______ arteries.
axillary, subclavian
Dental plaque is composed of
bacterial matrix and a combination of food particles.
The white blood cell that releases histamine is the
basophil
The hepatic portal system is responsible for
delivering blood to the liver for nutrient concentration adjustments
The submucosal layer consists mainly of ________ tissue.
dense irregular connective
direct communication
exchange of ions and molecules between adjacent cells across gap junctions; occurs between 2 cells of same type; highly specialized and relatively rare. does this describe direct, paracrine, synaptic, or endocrine communication?
You are more likely to damage the inner cheek than the hard palate during mastication. This is because the
hard palate contains keratinized cells while cheek cells are more delicate nonkeratinized cells.
The most superior portion of the pharynx is the
nasopharynx
What is the structure labeled "B"?
nasopharynx
The boundary between crown and root is called the
neck
The functional unit of the kidney is called the
nephron
Ions are absorbed and enter the body via the
small intestine
This segment of GI tract is taken from the
small intestine
Which of the following represents a place where stratified squamous epithelial tissue is NOT found?
small intestine
Salivary amylase is secreted from
submandibular and parotid salivaries
The common waste product of RNA metabolism is
uric acid
The structure labeled "B" is the
uvula
catecholamine & peptide hormones
what 2 hormones are not lipid soluble?
second messengers
what acts like the empoyies of campus mail offices, in terms of the intracellular intermediaries?
eicosanoids
what are lipid soluble and diffuse across membrane to reach receptor proteins on inner surface of membrane "inracellular receptors"
eicosanoids and steroid hormones
what are the 2 classes of lipid derivatives?
eicosanoids
what class of lipid derivatives affect enzymatic processes in etracellular fluids?
eicosanoids
what class of lipid derivatives are important paracrine factors?
eicosanoids
what class of lipid derivatives are small molecules with five-carbon ring at one end?
eicosanoids
what class of lipid derivatives coordinate cellular activities?
homeostasis
what commen goal does the endocrine and nervous system share?
endocrine cells
what do call glandular secretory cells that release their secretions into extracellular fluid?
thyroid hormones
what hormones come from tyrosine dervatives?
melatonin
what is the primary hormone of tryptophan derivative?
amplification
what leads to thousands of second messengers in cell?
eicosanoids
what lipid derivative is derived from arachidonic acid?
steroid hormones
what lipid derivative is derived from cholesterol?
amplification
what magifies effect of hormone on target cell?
amplification
what part of the intracellular intermediaries is the binding of a small number of hormone molecules to memvrane receptor?
endocrine system
what system regulates long-term processes of growth, development, and reproduction?
direct, paracrine, synaptic, and endocrine communication
what the four types of communiction, in regardes to the endocrine and nervous system?
hormones
what turn existing enzyme or membrane channel "on" or "off"?
tyrosine and tryptophan
what two derivatives are synthesized from the amino acids?
exocrine cells
what type of cell secrete their products onto epithelial surfaces?
endocrine cells
what type of cells release chemicals "hormones" into the bloodstream?
direct communication
what type of communication is highly specialized and relatively rare?
g protien
what type of protien has enzyme complex coupled to membrane receptor?
g protien
what type of protien is involvg ed in link between first messenger and second messenger?
endocrine system
what uses chemical messengers to relay information and instructions between cells?
less sensitive
when levels of particular hormone ar high, cells beome less or more sensitive?
more sensitive
when levels of prticular hormone are low, cells become less or more sensitive?
catecholamines and peptide hormones
which 2 hormones are unable to penetrate cell membrane?
catecholamines and peptide hormones
which 2 hormones bind to receptor proteins at outer surface of cell membrane "extracelular receptors"?
first messenger
which intraceellular intermediaris may act as enzyme activator, inhibitor, or cofactor?
g protien
which protien binds GTP?
endocrine communication
which type of communication alters metabolic activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously?
endocrine communication
which type of communication has cells, of the same name of this type of communication, that release chemicals "hormones" into the bloodstream?
synaptic communication
which type of communication is ideal for crisis management?
paracrine communication
which type of communication is the most common form of intercellular communication?
synaptic communication
which type of communication releases neurotransmitter at a syapse that is very close to target cells?
paracrine communication
which type of communication uses chemical signals to transfer information from cell to cell within single tissue?
Blood that has an unaltered composition is called
whole blood
Structure "B" is the
Thoracic duct
T Cells are lymphocytes that have undergone their first stage of development in the
Thymus Gland
The structure labeled "A" is the
Thyroid
The digestive hormone that dilates intestinal capillaries is
VIP
The typical urine volume per day is approximately
1200 mL
Each lung contains approximately ________ alveoli
150 million
The amount of gastric juice produced each day is approximately
1500 mL
What is the correct order of structures as fluid moves through the nephron?1. Glomerular capsule 2. Distal convoluted tubule 3. Proximal convoluted tubule 4. Nephron loop
1; 3; 4; 2
The muscularis mucosa normally contains how many distinct layers
2
Children normally develop ________ deciduous teeth
20
The kidneys, at rest, receive about what percent of cardiac output kidneys
25%
A single drop of whole blood from an average healthy adult contains ________ red blood cells.
260 million
Red blood cells comprise about _________ of the cells in the human body.
33 percent
This figure depicts which substance?
A hemoglobin protein
Right Lymphatic Duct & Thoracic Duct
Where the lymph eventually empties into two terminal vessels
Lymph is filters by moving through these, which are in clusters along the path of lymphatic vessels.
Lymph Nodes
The network of tiny blind-ended tubes distributed in the tissue spaces.
Lymphatic Capillaries
which of the following would NOT function as an antigen-presenting cell?
Lymphocyte
The primary cells of the immune system are
Lymphocytes
The cells, tissues and organs that work together, having a primary function to protect the body against environmental and internal threats, is the _________ system.
Lymphoid
The lymphoid vessels closely associated with blood capillaries are
Lymphoid capillaries
The vessel network labeled "B" is composed of
Lymphoid vessels
Damaged tissues release chemicals the recruit
Mast cells
The hormone that may exert an antioxidant role in the CAN is
Melatonin
Specific Immunity
Memory
The initial phase of the general stress response
Mobilizes energy
Acquired Immunity
Natural Immunity
Is a disease caused by a retrovirus that enters the bloodstream and integrates into the DNA of T cell lymphocytes.
AIDS
Blocks HIV's ability to reproduce within infected cells.
AZT
The process of antibodies adhering to mucus membranes to add additional protection from pathogens is called
Adhesion prevention
Lymph enters the node through 4 of these lymph vessels.
Afferent
Which of the following hormones increases renal reabsorption of sodium
Aldosterone
A full stomach can contain approximately ________ liters of material
1-1.5
The length of the entire digestive tract is approximately
10 meters
Mature T cells differ from other lymphocytes in that they have matured
In the thymus
The vessel network labeled "A" is comprised of
Arterioles, venules and capillaries
pathogens inside cells T cells are generally responsible for controlling
Specific immunity
The ability of a B or T cell to react with one antigen while ignoring all others is called
Specificity
the largest mass of lymphoid tissue in the body is the
Spleen
The adrenal glands are located
Superior to the kidney
The adrenal medulla is stimulated by
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers
The mature lymphocytes that are responsible for cell-mediated immunity are
T cells
Most of the hormones that regulate digestive activity are produced in the
duodenum
The portion of the small intestine that receives chyme and digestive secretions is the
duodenum
arachidonic acid
eicosanoids are derived from what acid?
A blood clot that does not retain its vessel wall location becomes a(n)
embolus
The hardest biologically manufactured substance is
enamel
The structure at "A" is composed of
enamel
negative feed back
endocrine and nervous system are relgulated primarily by positive feedback or negative feedback?
chemicals
endocrine and nervous system rely on the release of what?
chemical messengers
endocrine and nervous system share many what?
Tracheal cartilage is structurally in a C-shape so that
large masses of food can pass through the esophagus
A midsagittal section through the trunk would divide the heart unequally, with most lying on the _____ side.
left
The left atrium and ventricle are supplied blood by the
left coronary
The structure labeled "D" leads directly into the
left lung
Where is the cardiac notch located?
left superior lobe
The lesser omentum attaches to the stomach's
lesser curvature.
The tissue labeled "B" is the
lesser omentum
Disorders characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking the body's own tissue are
Inherited autoimmune disorder
Pancreatic beta cells produce and secrete
Insulin
Chemical messengers that coordinate viral infection defenses are
Interferons
Artificial Exposure
Immunization
inherited Immunity
Inborn Immunity
Diabetes mellitus Type I accounts for __________ percent of all cases of diabetes.
5-10
Adult males will typically have _______ of blood in their cardiovascular systems.
5-6 liters
The normal pH of urine generally averages around
6.0
The circular folds and villi of the small intestine collectively increase surface area for absorption by a factor of
600
Normal blood plasma pH levels vary between
7.35-7.45
Normal blood glucose levels are homeostatically maintained at
70-110 mg/dL
A typical trip through the esophagus takes approximately
9 seconds
Platelets circulate for ______ days
9 to 12
The small intestine is responsible for ________ percent of nutrient absorption
90%
One effect of glucocorticoids
Amino acid metabolism
Artifically induced passive immunity can be described as
An administered antibody in antiserum
Life-Threatening allergic reaction
Anaphylactic Shock
The structure labeled "b" is the
Anterior pituitary
Protein compound normally present in body.
Antibodies
Combines with antibody to produce humoral immunity
Antigen
presentation The first step in the specific defense response is
Antigen
Specific immunity against antigens and pathogens in body fluids is provided by
B cells
The mature lymphocytes that are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are
B cells
The sac-like chamber at the base of the thoracic duct that receives lymph from the abdominal pelvis and lower limbs is called the
Cisterna chili
The lymphocyte cells that are identical to one another after being activated are
Clone
Antibody
Combining Site
Inactive proteins in blood
Complement
The group of circulating proteins that helps antibodies destroy pathogens is
Complement
Process of changing molecule shape slightly to expose binding sites
Complement Fixation
T cells Cells that directly destroy pathogens are
Cytotoxic
The most abundant lymphocyte that attack virally infected body cells are
Cytotoxic T cells
general digestive activities during the alarm phase of the stress response will
Decrease
The structure that protects skin against mechanical abrasion is
Desmosomes
Insulin resistance is a characteristic of
Diabetes mellitus type II
Lymph exits the node through 1 of these lymph vessels.
Efferent
the pancreatic islets are clusters of
Endocrine cells
Which of the following is NOT a hormone released from the adrenal cortex?
Epinephrine
The hormone associated with the alarm phase of the general stress response is
Epinephrine/norepinephrine
The pineal gland is located in the
Epithalmus
Approximately 99 percent of the pancreatic cells have
Exocrine digestive function
The development of sperm is promoted by
FSH
The localized general tissue response to injury is
Inflammation
The muscular tube through the body used for digestion is known as the
GI tract
The muscular tube through the body used for digestion is known as the
GI tract.
The digestive hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release insulin is
GIP
Nonspecific Immunity
General Protection
Increased breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose is stimulated by
Glucagon
Pancreatic alpha cells produce and secrete
Glucagon
The largest zone of the adrenal cortex secretes
Glucocorticoids
Hormones that regulate the activity of the gonads are know as
Gonadotropins
B cells are activated by contact with
Helper T cells
Also known as antibody-mediated immunity.
Humoral Immunity
the nonspecific defense that denies access to pathogens is
Physical barrier
Melatonin is produced and secreted by the
Pineal gland
The gland historically called the "master gland" is the
Pituitary
Secrete copious amounts of antibody into the blood- nearly 2000 antibody molecules for every 2nd they live.
Plasma Cells
Antibodies are produced by
Plasma cells
Hormones that are made by the hypothalamus are secreted by the
Posterior pituitary
The structure labeled "c" is the
Posterior pituitary
The release of ADH from the __________ is stimulated by osmoregulators in the _________
Posterior pituitary; hypothalamus
Damaged cells alter the local interstitial fluid environment by releasing
Prostaglandins, proteins and potassium
Antibodies are composed of
Protein
Structure "A" is the
Right lymphoid duct
Normal lymph flow is directed toward the
Thoracic cavity
Lymph from the body secretions inferior to the diaphragm and the left side of the body collects in the
Thoracic duct
Hormones that activate other endocrine glands belong to the group known as
Tropic
Like many viruses, such as the common cold, HIV changes rapidly so development of a what that may not occur for several years.
Vaccine
endocrine communication
communication that has specific cells that release chemicals "hormones into bloodstream; alters metabolic, activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously, does this describe direct, paracrine, synaptic, or endocrine communication?
Progressive dehydration of indigestible foods is called
compaction
Because of their length, juxtaglomerular nephrons are particularly important in
concentrating urine
Blood is a type of
connective tissue
Swallowing is
conscious first, and then a subconscious activity
Swallowing is
conscious first, and then a subconscious activity.
The vessels that supply blood to the heart are called the
coronary arteries
The superficial granular region of the kidney is called the
cortex
The vessel that collects blood from the nephron capillaries is which vein
cortical radiate
step 3
cyclic-AMP "second messenger": activates kinase is step 1,2,3,or 4 of increased cAMP levels?
important second messengers
cyclic-amp "cAMP", cyclic-gmp "cGMP", and calcium ions are important to which intracellular intermediaries?
gtp
cyclic-gmp is derivative of what?
atp
cydlic-amp is derivative of what?
The structure at "B" is composed of
dentin
The muscle that compresses the urinary bladder and expels the contents is the
detrusor
The process of wbc migrating out of capillaries to the surrounding tissues is called
diapedesis
Which of the following activities occurs in the oral cavity?
digestion of carbohydrates
The structure labeled "C" is shared by which two organ systems?
digestive and respiratory
The part of the nephron that makes further adjustments in the composition of tubular fluid through a combination of secretion and reabsorption is the
distal convoluted tubule
Dentin is distinguishable from bone in that dentin
does not contain cells.
The highest level of endocrine control is exerted by the
hypothalamus
The entrance to the colon is the
ileocecal valve
The flow of material into the large intestine is controlled by the
ileocecal valve
prohormones
inactive molecules converted to active hormones before or after secretion, is called what?
Ridges and fold within the GI tract function to
increase surface area
Ridges and fold within the GI tract function to
increase surface area.
Water enters the body through
ingestion and metabolism
The connection between the nasal cavity and the pharynx is the
internal nares
The opening from the nasal cavity to the nasopharynx is called the
internal nares.
Fingerlike projections in the small intestine are called
intestinal villi
During quiet breathing, inhalation
is active and exhalation is passive
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over inhaling through the mouth because
it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air
Most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in the
jejunum
The excretory function of the urinary system is performed by the
kidneys
The primary location of ion excretion is the
kidneys
The connective tissue portion of the inner membrane of the digestive tract is called
lamina propria.
What is the structure labeled "C"?
large intestine
The bone lying anterior to the heart is the
sternum
cholesterol
steroid hormones are derived from what?
hormones
stimulate synthesis of enzymes or structural proteins; increase or decrease rate of synthesis; turn existing enzme or membrane channel "on" or "off", are all functions what?
Pharyngeal phase of swallowing is triggered by
stimulation of tactile receptors in the pharynx.
The GI layer labeled "B" is the
submucosa
The layer of the GI tract that is highly vascularized is the
submucosa
The nerve network that innervates the mucosal and submucosal layers of the digestive tract is physically located in the
submucosa layer
The apex of the heart lies _______ to the diaphragm.
superior
The base of the heart is the portion that is most
superior
bind and read hormonal messages
target cells receptors do what to hormonal messages?
growth, development, reproduction
the endocrine system regulates long-term processes of what three things?
prostaglandins
the group of eicosanoids produced in most tissues of body, are called what?
melatonin
the pineal gland produces what hormone?
Backflow of urine into the ureters from the bladder is generally prevented by
the slit-like openings of the ureter
The structure labeled "a" is the
thyroid
tyrosine derivatives
thyroid hormones and compounds: epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, also called catecholamines. all these are dervatives of what?
tyrosine derivatives
thyroid hormones come from what derivatives?
prostaglandis and leukotrienes
what are the two primary groups of eicosanoids?
receptor cascade
what do you call a single hormone promotes release of more than 1 type of second messenger?
leukotrienes
what do you call eicosanoids rleased by activated white blood cells, or leukocytes?
target cells
what do you call specific cells that possess receptors needed to bind and "read" normonal messages?
leukotrienes
what eicosanoids is important in coordinating tissue responses to injury or disease?
prostaglandins
what group of eicosanoids are involved in coordinating local cellular activities?
prostaglanins
what group of eicosanoids can sometimes converted to thromboxanes and prostacyclins?
prostaglanins
what group of eicosanoids produced in most tissues of the body; are involved in coordinating local cellular activities; sometimes converted to thromboxanes and prostacyclins?
peptide hormones
what group of hormones are are synthesized as prohomones?
peptide hormones
what group of hormones are chains of amino acids?
amino acid derivatives
what group of hormones are small molecules structurally related to amino acids synthesized from the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan?
steroid hormones
what hormones are lipids structurally similar to cholesterol?
hormones
what increase or decrease rate of synthesis?
first messenger
what intracellular intermediaries leads to second messenger?
cydlic-amp
what is a derivative of atp?
cyclic-gmp
what is a derivative of gtp?
cells
what is in different tissues that have different combinations of receptor and in the presence or absence of specific receeptor ditermines hormonal sensitiity?
cells
what is in different tissues that have different combinations of receptors?
first messenger
what is like the postoffice to the college campus, interms of the intracellular intermediaries?
first messenger
which intracellular intermediaries tesults in change in rates of metabolic reactions?
g protien
which protien is activated when hormone binds to receptor at membrane surface?
nervous system
which system acts fast and would allow me to get out of the way of a speeding car?
nervous system
which system handles crisis management?
endocrine system
which system is unable to handle split-second responses?
endocrine system
which system would not work fast enough to help me dodge a bus?