final

What is a motor unit?

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

Which structure prevents knee hyperextension?

ACL

What breaks the bond between the active site on actin and the myosin head?

ATP

What is the molecule that unzips and unwinds the DNA molecule?

DNA helicase

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a stable internal environment

What are the functions of myelin?

Protect and electrically insulate the axon Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission

What is the longest muscle in the human body?

Sartorius

What is the most injured SITS muscle?

Supraspinatus

Which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bones?

calcium

What is the forerunner of most bones, and covers many joint surfaces of mature bone?

cartilage

The anterior rami of spinal nerves form which nerve plexuses?

cervical

What structures are found within the spinal cord?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

What stimulates olfaction?

chemoreceptors

When a skeletal muscle lengthens, what helps it resist excessive stretching and subsequent injury to the muscle?

collagen

What type of joint is biaxial and exhibits an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into the concave depression on the other?

condylar joint

Which tissue has more matrix than cells? Hint: some forms of this are bone, adipose, and blood.

connective

What is the crossed-extension reflex?

contraction of extensor muscles in limb opposite of the one that is withdrawn

What type of contraction occurs when you hear a loud noise behind you, and you look back over your left shoulder?

contralateral contraction

When & how does transcription occur? (hint: DNA & RNA)

copying of genetic instructions from DNA to mRNA within the nucleus

What is the "rooflike" structure that is posterior to the cerebral aqueduct and has four bulges that are involved in visual tracking and reflexes as well as the processing of auditory signals and reflexes?

corpora quadrigemina

During exercise when your muscles produce lactate, how does the body maintain a constant blood pH?

acidosis

Which process only occurs in the plasma membrane of a living cell?

active process

What neurotransmitter does the ANS use in the synapse between the vagus nerve and the pacemaker of the heart?

actylcholine

What mediates emotions and projections to the prefrontal cortex that allows us to decide how we will respond emotionally?

amygdala

Where is CSF reabsorbed into the blood? (Hint: it projects into the space between the dural layers)

arachnoid granulations

What type of neuron comprises 90% of the neurons in the nervous system?

association

Which specialized cells within nervous tissue protect and assist neurons and function as "housekeepers" of the nervous system?

astrocytes

What equalizes air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane?

auditory tube

Which division of the nervous system has two nerve fibers connecting the CNS to an effector?

autonomic nervous system

What two types of joints are found in the shoulder region?

ball and socket, multiaxial

Which stretch receptors in the walls of the arteries trigger a reflex that causes the heart rate to decrease?

baroreceptors

Why does resting membrane potential (RMP) exist?

because of unequal electrolyte distribution between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid

What is highly permeable to water, glucose, and lipid-soluble substances but can be an obstacle for delivering medications to the brain?

blood brain barrier

Where are osteogenic/osteoprogenitor stem cells found?

bone tissue

What happens to the covalent bonds in an exchange reaction?

broken down and then reformed

What supplies ATP for muscle contraction during short bursts of intense activity?

creatine phosphate

What is the inorganic matter of osseous tissue matrix composed of?

crystalline hydroxyapatite

What is the attachment site for the nuchal ligament?

dorsal apexes of the spinous processes of the withers

What is the most common form of shoulder dislocation?

downward displacement of humerus

What are important to the chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, and electrical excitability of nerve and muscle?

electrolytes

When the adrenal medulla is stimulated in response to stress, what hormones does it release?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Where is elastic cartilage found in the human body?

external ears, larynx, and epiglottis

What produces the collagen of areolar tissue?

fibroblasts

Tendons are composed of which connective tissue?

fibrous connective tissue

What is a substance that is capable of dissolving freely in water?

hydrophilic

What type of reflex occurs when body temperature increases, and thermoreceptors are stimulated sending nerve signals to the CNS and motor signals to the sweat glands to reduce body temperature?

visceral reflex

In an excitatory cholineragic synapse, the AP depolarizes at the axon terminal, opening what channels to trigger exocytosis of acetylcholine?

voltage gated calcium channels

Which channels in the plasma membrane open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge difference across the membrane?

voltage-gated channels

What is the layer of skin that is predominantly composed of adipose tissue and is the common site for drug injections due to its vascularity?

hypodermis

What part of the diencephalon senses dehydration and regulates the sleep-wake cycle and body temperature?

hypothalamus

What is the synaptic contact between neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem that determines whether afferent neurons issue a signal to the muscles?

integrating center

What is the name of the dense fibrous connective tissue membrane that forms the ligament found between the radius & ulna and tibia & fibula?

interosseous membrane

What parts of the brainstem control respiration?

medulla oblongata

1. Which autonomic reflex is not controlled by the spinal cord?

memory and learning

What is the name of the fibrocartilage that provides shock absorption, lubrication, and nutrition to the knee joint?

meniscus

Which cells are associated with the sense of touch?

mnerkel cells

Which white blood cell is found in the dendritic cells of the epidermis that originates in the bone marrow and guards against pathogens?

monocytes

What are the air-filed holes in the skull that act as chambers and add resonance to the voice?

paranasal sinuses

What are the 3 hormones that regulate calcium exchanges between blood and bone?

parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, calcitonin

What is the study of the mechanism of disease?

pathophysiology

What links individual amino acids together?

peptide bond

What part of the temporal bone houses the middle and inner ear cavities, the receptors for hearing and balance, and the internal auditory meatus?

petrous

What is the delicate membrane that follows the contours of the spinal cord, continues inferiorly as fibrous terminal filum, fuses with the dura, and forms the coccygeal ligament?

pia mater

What is spatial summation?

postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals at the same time

What is the function of dietary antioxidants?

protect the cells from oxidative reactive oxygen species generated during various cellular processes

Which tissue is multilayered with nuclei at several layers, contains cilia, and goblet cells, and is found in the respiratory tract?

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What is the bony feature of the scapula that is the attachment site for the biceps brachii tendon?

radial tuberosity

How do you identify squamous cell carcinoma?

raised, reddened, scaly appearance, forming concave ulcers

What can increase the rate of a reaction in the human body?

reactant concentration

What action does the stretch reflex require to prevent an antagonistic muscle from interfering with the agonist?

reciprocal inhibition

What is the most abundant formed element of the blood?

red blood cells

What qualities do glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) give to the ground substance in tissue?

regulate water and electrolyte balance of tissues

Which connective tissue is a mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts, forms a supportive stroma (framework) in lymphatic organs, and can be found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow?

reticular connective tissue

Which glands are inactive until puberty, produce a milky sweat that contains fatty acids, and responds to stress and sexual stimulation?

sebaceous glands

Which tissue permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances, secretes a serous fluid and is located in the alveoli of the lungs and glomeruli of the kidneys?

simple squamous epithelium

Which tracts of the spinal cord send feedback to the cerebellum from the muscles and joints?

spinocerebellar

What beneficial adaptations occur following anaerobic resistance training?

stimulates muscle growth and hypertrophy

What are the functions of the skeleton?

support protection movement electrolyte balance acid-base balance blood formation

What are examples of negative feedback in the human body?

sweating, shivering

What are the symptoms of meningitis? What is used to make a diagnosis?

symptoms - inflammation of the meninges diagnosis - examination of CSF via spinal tap

Which joints are cartilaginous joints?

synchondroses and symphyses

What is the name of the cartilaginous joint in which hyaline cartilage binds the bones together?

synchondrosis

What is the name of the joint between the diaphyses of the radius and ulna?

syndesmosis

What is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid and has a viscous, slippery texture like raw egg whites?

synovial fluid

What is considered the gateway to the cerebral cortex and is also the integration center of the autonomic nervous system?

thalamus

What would happen to the resting membrane potential of a resting neuron if the potassium leak channels were suddenly blocked?

the cell will not be able to repolarize and will not transmit another action potential

What is the seat of sensory perception, memory, thought, judgment, and voluntary motor actions?

the frontal lobe

What bony structure of the humerus holds the biceps tendon?

the glenoid

What is involved in spinal gating of pain signals?

the interneurons within the substantia gelatinosa

What structure do the calcium ions bind to when muscle contraction is initiated?

troponin

Which nerve does most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in?

vagus nerve

What are the characteristics of carbohydrates?

-Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen -Provide source of energy -Yield 4 kilocalories/gram -Include monosaccharides, disaccharides & complex polysaccharides

What are examples of oxidation?

-a browning banana -an apple browning - the Statue of LIberty changing color -rusting of metal

What establishes the resting membrane potential?

-concentration gradients -electrostatic pressure -membrane permeability -active ion transport

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

-defines cell boundaries -governs interactions with other cells -controls passage of materials in and out of cell

What beneficial adaptations occur during a lengthy aerobic training program?

-increase of RBC's and O2 to transport capacity of blood -enhances function of CV, respiratory, and nervous systems

How many liters of blood does the muscular system utilize per minute during intense exercise?

11.6 L/min

How many skull bones are there? How many phalanges? (Adult body)

22 skull bones 14 phalange bones

What is the simplest structure considered to be alive?

a cell

What is formed during fracture healing when cartilage is deposited in granulation tissue?

a soft callus

Define hypothesis?

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

How does the skeletal system help maintain acid-base balance?

absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts

What type of lever is the atlanto-occipital joint?

first class lever

What are the swellings of the clustered somas of neurons outside the central nervous system?

ganglion

What is the only polysaccharide synthesized in the human body?

glycogen

What cells found in simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes?

goblet cells

Which cell type is only located in two layers of the epidermis, the stratum spinosum, and the stratum granulosum?

keratinocytes

What is the name of the spaces found in the concentric lamellae? What do they contain?

lacunae

What type of receptor are most encapsulated nerve endings?

mechanoreceptors

Which monoamine neurotransmitter does an adrenergic synapse use that has an important role in your body's fight or flight response?

norepinephrine

DNA is the polymer of what and what does it consist of?

nucleotide, consists of A,T,C,G

Which glial cell forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

oligodendrocytes

Which bone cell secretes the hormone osteocalcin and stimulates insulin secretion increasing insulin sensitivity in adipocytes limiting the growth of adipose tissue?

osteoblasts

What are the bone dissolving cells on the bone surfaces called?

osteoclasts

What is the most abundant element found in the human body?

oxygen

What makes the resting membrane potential slightly less negative than if the RMP was determined solely by potassium?

the positively charged sodium ions entering the neurons down the concentration gradient but they are also attracted by a negative electrical potential inside the neuron

Which vertebrae provide the largest ranges of motion in each of the 3 body planes?

thoracic

What type of junctions does the blood-CSF barrier utilize between cells of the choroid plexus capillaries to form tight junctions between ependymal cells?

tight junctions

Where are the trusses and arches found that help form the internal scaffolding networking of bone?

trabecular bone