final death

The validity of a syllogism depends on a. the truth of its conclusion. b. both the truth of its premises and the truth of its conclusion. c. its form. d. the truth of its premises.

its form.

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between Answers: a. experimental groups and control groups. b. experts and novices. c. well- and ill-defined problems. d. laboratory and real-world settings.

laboratory and real-world settings.

In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the _________________ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty. Answers: a. intermediate b. initial c. transitory d. goal

initial

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n) Answers: a. age-appropriate principle. b. instrument inference. c. given-new contract. d. garden path model.

instrument inference.

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _________________ state. Answers: a. functional fixedness b. initial c. goal d. intermediate

intermediate

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. Premise 2: I ate lunch today. Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight. This syllogism is Answers: a. abstract. b. invalid. c. valid. d. biased.

invalid.

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. Premise 2: I got a good grade. Conclusion: Therefore, I studied. This syllogism is Answers: a. skewed. b. robust. c.. invalid. d. valid.

invalid.

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they Answers: a. lose the ability to communicate in any way. b. start speaking out loud even though they cannot hear themselves. c. invent a sign language themselves. d. demonstrate compensatory regeneration of lost auditory neural pathways.

invent a sign language themselves.

Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the _________________ decision of ____. Answers: a. rational; accepting any offer b. irrational; accepting any offer c. irrational; accepting only high offers d. rational; accepting only high offers

irrational; accepting only high offers

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases? Answers: a. "Because he always jogs" b. "a mile seems" c. "Because he always jogs a mile" d. "he always jogs"

"Because he always jogs a mile"

Terrell volunteers his time to campaign for Joel Goodman. He spent all afternoon putting up "Goodman for Congress" signs around his town and arrived back at headquarters just in time to watch the Goodman- Hernandez debate on TV. Terrell was eager to watch the candidates debate each other, even though he was 100 percent sure he was going to vote for Goodman. Terrell's first response to the debate will most likely be Answers: a. "I wonder why Goodman was vague on the school tax issue when I know he has a clear idea about that." b. "I noticed that Goodman and Hernandez agreed on the new environmental policy." c. "Goodman answered the question on job creation very well." d. "Hernandez is really going to make this a tight race."

"Goodman answered the question on job creation very well."

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique? Answers: a. It involves arrangement of a sequence of symbols b. Communication c. Governed by rules d. Hierarchical structure

Communication

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify Answers: a. none of the words spoken by others. b. 100 percent of the words spoken by their own voices. c. 50 percent of the words spoken by others with an accent similar to theirs. d. 50 percent of the words spoken by their own voices.

50 percent of the words spoken by their own voices.

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing Answers: a. 8 and 13. b. A and 13. c. A and M. d. 8 and M.

A and 13.

Which term best describes the task of factoring the equation 9x 2 + 5x - 7 = 4x 2 - 2x + 8? Answers: a. Divergent b. Analytical c. Functional d. Analogical

Analytical

In an effort to get his sister Sharon to vaccinate her young children, Frank compiled the results from many scientific research studies that show the long-term health benefits of childhood vaccines. Yet when Frank presented the information to Sharon, she refused to believe him, stating that the research was clearly faked by large pharmaceutical companies. Sharon not only said that vaccines are risky but also now claims they are poisonous. What occurred in the conversation between Frank and Sharon? Answers: a. Belief bias b. Falsification principle c. Backfire effect d. Mental modeling

Backfire effect

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence? Answers: a. Before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night. b. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the room. c. The Eskimos were frightened by the walrus. d. The cats won't bake.

Before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night.

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems? Answers: a. Experts often organize problems differently than novices, based on principles. b. Experts possess more knowledge about their fields than novices. c. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field. d. Experts often spend more time analyzing problems than novices.

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

Which of the following activities would require Type 2 cognitive processing? Answers: a. Turning the lights off at bedtime b. Zipping your jacket when it's cold c. Making a left turn on a green light d. Choosing an entree from a menu

Choosing an entree from a menu

In written English, which punctuation mark has the most parsing power? Answers: a. Comma b. Exclamation point c. Hyphen d. Period

Comma

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process? Answers: a. Developing schemas for each individual problem b. Connecting the fortress with the tumor c. Generalizing from groups of soldiers to using many rays to solve the problem d. Likening the dangerous mines to the dangerous tumor

Connecting the fortress with the tumor

Which term best describes the process of brainstorming? Answers: a. Preinventive b. Compound c. Divergent d. Mindful

Divergent

Which term best reflects the process of reading and understanding sentences in a story? Answers: a. Rigid b. Conscious c. Sequential d. Dynamic

Dynamic

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles? Answers: a. Divergent thinking b. Perseveration c. Functional fixedness d. Discriminability

Functional fixedness

Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema? Answers: a. If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends on Saturday night. b. No artists can be beekeepers, but some of the beekeepers must be chemists. c. All A are B. All B are C. Therefore, all A are C. d. I forgot to charge my cell phone last night; therefore, I missed an important call today.

If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends on Saturday night.

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of_________________ research. Answers: a. Think-aloud protocol b. In vivo problem solving c. Situationally produced mental set d. Environmental functional fixedness

In vivo problem solving

________ occurs when a person gives up trying to solve a tough problem and then suddenly comes up with the answer while doing something else. Answers: a. Daydreaming b. Incubation c. Mindfulness d. Insight

Incubation

If human speech is represented as a string of taffy on a candy-making assembly line, then what function does speech segmentation serve at the candy factory? Answers: a. It mixes the taffy ingredients. b. It puts the taffy in packages. c. It adds flavors to the taffy. d. It cuts the taffy into pieces.

It cuts the taffy into pieces.

Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking? Answers: a. It has a single correct answer. b. It has a large number of potential solutions. c. It is open-ended. d. It is the cornerstone of creativity.

It has a single correct answer.

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language? Answers: a. Language has a structure that is governed by rules. b. Language symbols must have high discriminability. c. Language involves the use of a lexicon. d. Coding is required for language.

Language has a structure that is governed by rules.

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable? Answers: a. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman. b. Lydia is a state governor. c. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement. d. Lydia is a state governor and active in the feminist movement.

Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.

Dictionaries commonly list the multiple definitions of a particular word in a numbered list, with the first definition as #1, the next definition as #2, and so on. Which concept does this reflect? Answers: a. Object-relative construction b. Meaning dominance c. Lexical priming d. Positional inference

Meaning dominance

Subgoals serve a key role in which of the following? Answers: a. Functional fixedness b. Creative cognition c. Means-end analysis d. Volitional daydreaming

Means-end analysis

The phrase "You just hear what you want to hear" best reflects which of the following concepts? Answers: a. Expected emotion b. Availability heuristic c. Myside bias d. Belief bias

Myside bias

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? Answers: a. Applying the mapping to generate a parallel solution because of the difficulty in generalizing from one problem to another b. Mapping corresponding parts between the problems because the elements are difficult to identify c. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection d. Solving the problem through reorganization because past experience can make it more difficult to reorganize a problem

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

Which of the following correctly pairs a problem-solving stage with a process under Basadur's model? Answers: a. Solution Implementation: Idea Finding b. Problem Generation: Evaluation and Selection c. Problem Formulation: Fact Finding d. Problem Solving: Planning

Problem Solving: Planning

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the _________________ problem. Answers: a. light bulb b. radiation c. Russian marriage d. Tower of Hanoi

Russian marriage

"You can't have any pudding unless you eat your meat," says a man to his son at the dinner table. This is an example of a. a permission schema. b. the illusory correlation. c. a self-serving bias. d. inductive reasoning.

a permission schema.

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to? Answers: a. SKY b. ANT c. SPY d. ROACH

SKY

Which of the following is NOT a factor in prosody? Answers: a. Structure b. Sound c. Semantics d. Rhythm

Semantics

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate? Selected Answer: Correctc. Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope. Answers: a. Semantics are multidimensional in scope. b. The scope of lexical semantics is variable. c. Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope. d. Lexicon is smaller in scope than semantics.

Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope.

Which of the following terms best describes the concept of entrainment? Answers: a. Isolation b. Similarity c. Cooperation d. Understanding

Similarity

Research conducted by Chi and Snyder demonstrated that the Gestalt-style perceptual grouping of items occurs in which region of the brain? Answers: a. Temporal lobe b. Cingulate gyrus c. Parietal lobe d. Prefrontal cortex

Temporal lobe

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow. a. The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations. b. The argument is weak because there is only one specific case. c. The argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities. d. The argument is strong because the premise includes scientific evidence.

The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex? Answers: a. The temporal and parietal lobes b. The frontal and temporal lobes c. The frontal and parietal lobes d. The parietal and occipital lobes

The frontal and temporal lobes

Which of the following is a nonverbal component of communication? Answers: a. Anaphoric inference b. Causal inference c. Theory of mind d. Syntactic priming

Theory of mind

Which term best reflects a musical composer who writes a film score in the key of E? Answers: a. Prosody b. Heuristics c. Entrainment d. Tonic

Tonic

Which term best reflects a musical composer who writes a film score in the key of E? Answers: a. Prosody b. Entrainment c. Heuristics d. Tonic

Tonic

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? Answers: a. Two-string problem b. The radiation problem c. Mutilated checkerboard problem d. Tower of Hanoi problem

Two-string problem

From a thinking perspective, when faced with making a decision, the suggestion to "Go with your gut" would emphasize ________, while the suggestion "Take your time" would place emphasis on ________. Answers: a. Type 1; System 2 b. System 2; System 1 c. Type 2; Type 1 d. System 1; Type 1

Type 1; System 2

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task? Answers: a. Concrete words "window, monkey" and abstract words "doubt, energy" b. Words "pizza, history" and nonwords "pibble, girk" c. Common words "cat, boat" and uncommon words "peon, furtive" d. Correctly spelled words "speech, potato" and misspelled words "speach, potatoe"

Words "pizza, history" and nonwords "pibble, girk"

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents Answers: a. a single dissociation. b. a source problem. c. a mental set. d. convergent thinking.

a mental set.

Ling is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an Answers: a. expected emotion. b. integral immediate emotion. c. immediate emotion. d. incidental immediate emotion.

a. expected emotion.

From the perspective of the listener, as a person speaks, each sentence often is characterized by ________ until the sentence is completed. Answers: a. heuristics b. tonics c. entrainment d. ambiguity

ambiguity

Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using Answers: a. the falsification principle. b. the law of large numbers. c. an atmosphere effect. d. an illusory correlation.

an illusory correlation.

The ability to shift experience from one problem-solving situation to a similar problem is known as Answers: a. analogical encoding. b. in vivo problem solving. c. analogical transfer. d. insight.

analogical transfer.

Dr. Chan is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Chan is studying the effect of _________________ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache? Answers: a. perceptual segregation b. analogies c. anaphoric interference d. divergent thinking

analogies

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of _________________ in problem solving. Answers: a. mental set b. means-end analysis c. functional fixedness d. analogy

analogy

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) ____________________ inference. Answers: a. instrument b. analogic c. narrative d. anaphoric

anaphoric

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n) Selected Answer: Correctd. anaphoric inference. Answers: a. global connection. b. garden path sequence. c. instrument inference. d. anaphoric inference.

anaphoric inference.

Donte purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Donte says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Donte's judgment is most likely biased by a(n) a. illusory correlation. b. availability heuristic. c. representativeness heuristic. d. permission schema.

availability heuristic.

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the Answers: a. falsification principle. b. belief bias. c. availability heuristic. d. representativeness heuristic.

availability heuristic.

Wally and Shamika are out on a date. When Shamika asks where they should go for dinner, Wally says, "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n) a. confirmation bias. b. availability heuristic. c. conjunction rule. d. permission schema.

availability heuristic.

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the _________________. Answers: a. belief bias b. confirmatory bias c. mental set d. availability heuristic

belief bias

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the _________________ group had the fastest response time. Answers: a. bread and butter b. black and pink c. color d. blank

bread and butter

The typical purpose of subgoals is to Answers: a. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. b. solve insight problems. c. avoid the need to perform means-end analysis. d. move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state.

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to Answers: a. break up or stay involved with a current girlfriend. b. take astronomy or geology as a physical science elective course. c. go out for junior varsity hockey or junior varsity basketball. d. buy first-class or coach tickets for a spring break trip.

buy first-class or coach tickets for a spring break trip.

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people a. do not always make decisions that maximize their monetary outcome. b. are more likely to purchase meat advertised as 80 percent fat free than 20 percent fat. c. misjudge homicide as more prevalent in the U.S. than suicide. d. can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

The given-new contract is a method for creating Answers: a. anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences. b. comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation. c. children's mastery of syntax. d. resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence.

comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation.

Consider the following syllogism: If it's a robin then it is a bird. It is a bird. Therefore, it is a robin. In the example above, "Therefore, it is a robin" is a _________________ of a _________________ syllogism. Answers: a. premise; conditional b. conclusion; conditional c. premise; categorical d. conclusion; categorical

conclusion; conditional

Use of the word "If" is a good way to identify a(n) ________ syllogism. Answers: a. invalid b. irrational c. conditional d. categorical

conditional

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are skewed by the operation of the Answers: a. confirmation bias. b. falsification principle. c. typicality principle. d. permission schema.

confirmation bias.

Intermediate states can be created by Answers: a. creating subgoals. b. restructuring goal states. c. restructuring initial states. d. creating operators.

creating subgoals.

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to Answers: a. identify words that are contained in sentences. b. separate a sentence into individual words. c. decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation. d. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword.

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword.

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _________________ reasoning. Answers: a. falsification b. intuitive c. deductive d. inductive

deductive

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _________________ reasoning. a. inductive b. deductive c. conjunctive d. descriptive

deductive

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to Answers: a. show that some problems are easier to solve than others. b. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. c. measure the time-course of solving well-defined versus ill-defined problems. d. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _________________ approach developed by Ronald Finke. Answers: a. creative cognition b. convergent thinking c. the means-end analysis d. divergent thinking

divergent thinking

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents Answers: a. insight. b. hierarchical organization. c. convergent thinking. d. divergent thinking.

divergent thinking.

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____________________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations. Selected Answer: a. environmental context b. the cooperative principle c. instrumental inferences d. local connections

environmental context

Josiah is trying to decide whether to take a new job in a new city. He is worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example of Answers: a. incidental immediate emotion. b. expected emotion. c. integral immediate emotion. d. immediate emotion.

expected emotion.

Rosa is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Rosa decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _________________ , she will use a _________________ strategy. a. gains; risk-aversion b. gains; risk-taking c. losses; risk-taking d. losses; risk-aversion

gains; risk-aversion

Experts categorize problems based on Answers: a. general principles that problems share. b. how similar the objects in the problem are. c. surface and deep structures. d. event-specific knowledge.

general principles that problems share.

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates Answers: a. structural analyses. b. convergent thinking. c. creative cognition. d. group brainstorming.

group brainstorming.

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that they Answers: a. had languages that were more primitive than languages of most non-isolated societies. b. communicated by hand signals but not verbal language as we know it. c. had a large number of sophisticated language systems. d. had just a few language systems that were all governed by similar rules.

had a large number of sophisticated language systems.

There are two gumball machines outside the local grocery store, one large machine and one small machine. Both machines have only yellow and orange gumballs, and each machine contains 50 percent of each color. For each coin, the large gumball machine dispenses 15 gumballs, while the small machine dispenses 5. Tim is a young genius whose interests include probability and sound decision-making. His "probability project of the day" is to get a greater percentage of either of the colors, but not an equal amount of each color. Given this, and presuming Tim has only one coin, Answers: a. he should use his coin in the large machine. b. it doesn't make a difference which machine he uses. c. he should wait for other people to use the machines and see what they get. d. he should use his coin in the small machine.

he should use his coin in the small machine.

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the ____________________ property of language. Answers: a. hierarchical b. parallel c. relational d. propositional

hierarchical

Noam Chomsky proposed that a. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language. b. language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement. c. the underlying basis of language is different across cultures. d. as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before.

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they Answers: a. incorrectly apply the permission schema. b. are influenced by the atmosphere effect. c. confuse the ideas of validity and truth. d. ignore the falsification principle.

ignore the falsification principle.

Sandeep is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Sandeep feels is an example of an __________ emotion. a. integral b. immediate c. incidental d. expected

incidental

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves_________________reasoning. Answers: a. inductive b. connective c. deductive d. syllogistic

inductive

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using Answers: a. the conjunction rule. b. an omission bias. c. the similarity-coverage model. d. inductive reasoning.

inductive reasoning.

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying Answers: a. language comprehension. b. language acquisition. c. speech parsing. d. speech production.

language acquisition.

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's Answers: a. parser. b. syntactical capacity. c. mental set. d. lexicon.

lexicon.

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they Answers: a. made the objects themselves. b. had been preselected as "creative" individuals. c. had received training in creative thinking. d. were told they were expected to be creative.

made the objects themselves.

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps: Answers: a. surfacing, structuring, and generalizing. b. noticing, mapping, and applying. c. restructuring, searching, and simulating. d. well-defining, insighting, and means-end analysis.

noticing, mapping, and applying.

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n) Answers: a. object with a specific function. b. novel object. c. frequently used object. d. familiar object.

novel object

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the Answers: a. novel objects before a function was described. b. object parts. c. inventions rated high in both practicality and originality. d. practical objects within the category.

novel objects before a function was described.

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as Answers: a. subgoals. b. operators. c. intermediate states. d. mental sets.

operators.

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT Answers: a. goal state. b. initial state. c. operators. d. intermediate states.

operators.

Utility refers to Answers: a. the validity of a syllogism. b. how useful a reasoning process is. c. degree of risk aversion one has. d. outcomes that achieve a person's goals.

outcomes that achieve a person's goals.

According to the situation model of text processing, Answers: a. it will take longer to understand a story that involves a complex series of situations. b. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of information about phrases, sentences, and paragraphs. c. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events. d. people draw inferences about what is happening in a story by considering both local and global connections.

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers), Answers: a. performance is the same for both tasks. b. performance is better for the abstract task. c. performing the abstract task improves performance of the concrete task. d. performance is better for the concrete task.

performance is better for the concrete task.

The application of a(n) _________________ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem. Answers: a. conjunction rule b. availability heuristic c. permission schema d. atmosphere effect

permission schema

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _________________ problem. Answers: a. source b. target c. exemplar d. prototype

source

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to the Answers: a. meaning of a conversation. b. rules for combining spoken words into sentences. c. previously understood information that we bring into the conversation. d. tendency to see relationships between spoken concepts even when those relationships do not exist.

previously understood information that we bring into the conversation.

In the information-processing approach to problem solving, an operator is most closely associated with ________. Answers: a. transfer b. insight c. progress d. analysis

progress

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through Answers: a. parsing. b. syntactic framing. c. reinforcement. d. genetic coding.

reinforcement.

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving Answers: a. sensory operators. b. continuity and form. c. multiple goal states. d. reorganization or restructuring.

reorganization or restructuring.

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate Answers: a. the problem space. b. how analogies can be used to solve problems. c. representation and restructuring. d. means-end analysis.

representation and restructuring.

Coherence refers to the Answers: a. mental process by which readers create information during reading that is not explicitly stated in the text. b. representation of the text in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text. c. mental process whereby ambiguity is resolved online during sentence reading. d. principle that we process information in isolation before we link it to its context.

representation of the text in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution _________________ prior to the solution of an insight problem and _________________prior to the solution of a non-insight problem. Answers: a. rise suddenly just; gradually rise b. gradually rise; gradually rise c. gradually rise; rise suddenly just d. vary unpredictably; vary unpredictably

rise suddenly just; gradually rise

In the context of language, another term for "heuristics" is ________. Answers: a. turns b. meanings c. phrases d. rules

rules

Syntax is the Answers: a. rules for combining words into sentences. b. way people pronounce words in conversational speech. c. mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases. d. meanings of words.

rules for combining words into sentences.

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says, "My grandfather smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his argument involves a. none of these b. sample size. c. framing. d. the conjunction rule.

sample size.

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from Answers: a. discriminating between well- and ill-defined problems. b. being able to solve other problems at all. c. understanding why the procedure works successfully. d. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

The constraint-based approach to parsing states that Answers: a. semantics is activated only at the end of a sentence. b. semantics is activated as a sentence is being read. c. the grammatical structure of a sentence determines the initial parsing. d. semantics is only activated to clear up ambiguity.

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read.

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more a. quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word. b. slowly to letters appearing in nonwords than letters appearing in words. c. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words. d. quickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word.

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of Answers: a. parsing. b. lexical priming. c. speech segmentation. d. temporary ambiguity.

speech segmentation.

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or Internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the _________________ bias. Answers: a. actor-observer b. self-serving c. dual systems d. status quo

status quo

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in his or her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as Answers: a. syntactic priming. b. anaphoric inferencing. c. phonemic restoration. d. garden pathing.

syntactic priming.

Experts _________________ than novices. Answers: a. take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem b. are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problems c. spend less time analyzing problems d. are better at reasoning in general

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

6.67 out of 6.67 points Correct In analogical problem solving, the _________________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the _________________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution. Answers: a. target; source b. source; target c. exemplar; source d. prototype; target

target; source

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if Answers: a. fewer tacks are provided. b. the candle is already lit. c. pliers are also presented. d. the box is empty.

the box is empty.

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is a. a mental model. b. the law of large numbers. c. a categorical syllogism. d. the falsification principle.

the falsification principle.

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT Answers: a. the falsification principle. b. illusory correlations. c. selective attention. d. the availability heuristic.

the falsification principle.

Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she takes a route on her drive home that goes past the abandoned shacks, but she feels more negative when she takes a route that goes past the mansions with large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by Answers: a. the principle of diversity. b. confirmation bias. c. the framing effect. d. the law of large numbers.

the framing effect.

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on Answers: a. the identification of a single meaning for that word. b. the meaning dominance of each definition of the word. c. a bottom-up progression of meaning comprehension. d. the word that comes immediately before and the word that comes immediately after the ambiguous word in the sentence.

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.

At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., was asked to determine America's favorite day of the week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S. started collecting data immediately, calling people at their residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America's favorite day of the week is Monday. Given your text's discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because a. everyone in America was not asked their opinion. b. the participants were only asked one question for this poll. c. the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population. d. the participants were not sufficiently geographically diverse.

the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population.

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning a. utility. b. the representativeness heuristic. c. the falsification principle. d. confirmation bias.

the representativeness heuristic.

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using Answers: a. the availability heuristic. b. the law of small numbers. c. framing. d. the representativeness heuristic.

the representativeness heuristic.

In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, prefrontal cortex activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). Prefrontal cortex activation was a. greatest for rejected offers. b. greatest for accepted offers. c. dependent on how much money the responder was offered. d. the same for accepted and rejected offers.

the same for accepted and rejected offers.

Insight refers to Answers: a. the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience. b. prior learning facilitating problem solving. c. prior learning hindering problem solving. d. the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that Answers: a. a person's mental set can hinder finding a solution to a problem. b. the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving. c. people arrive at the solution to an insight problem suddenly, but proceed more methodically toward the solution of a non-insight problem. d. people often have to backtrack within the problem space to arrive at an answer to a problem.

the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving.

A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence. Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard. The participants' response times were longer for ____________________ because of the ____________________ effect. Answers: a. trial 1; word frequency b. trial 2; word superiority c. trial 2; word frequency d. trial 1; word superiority

trial 1; word frequency

A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence. Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard. The participants' response times were longer for ____________________ because of the ____________________ effect. a. trial 2; word frequency b. trial 1; word superiority c. trial 2; word superiority d. trial 1; word frequency

trial 1; word frequency

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine Answers: a. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem. b. how a person's expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a beginner. c. which people can be considered more creative in ability to solve problems. d. how to develop computer programs that best mimic human problem solving.

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

People tend to overestimate a. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings. b. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings. c. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree. d. subjective utility values following a decision.

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

The crucial question in comparing garden path and constrain-based approaches to parsing is ____________________ is involved. Answers: a. whether syntax b. when syntax c. when semantics d. whether semantics

when semantics