Final Exam

primary prevention

A 17 year old college bound student received a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis? This is an example of?

osteomalacia

A bone disorder that results from insufficient vitamin D is referred to as?

III

A child with a history of recent strep throat infection develops glomerulonephritis. This is most likely a type of _____ hypersensitivity reaction.

broken and protruding through the skin

A compound, transverse fracture is best described as a bone that is?

the first trimester

A fetus is most vulnerable to environmental teratogens during?

longitudinal

A fracture broken along the long axis is called?

incomplete fracture

A fracture cracked but not completely separated is called?

comminuted fracture

A fracture that is broken in two or more pieces is called?

latent

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage is called?

mast cells

A primary effector cell of the type I hypersensitivity response is?

tender point pain

A unique characteristic feature of fibromyalgia is the presence of?

phagocytosis

A white blood cell can ingest bacteria or cellular debris through a process called?

overactive immune function and failure of the immune system to differentiate self and nonself molecules

Autoimmune diseases result from

occurs at an earlier age

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene....

cardiac and smooth muscle

Calcium channel blocker drugs are often used to treat conditions associated with?

cell differentiation

Cancer grading is based on?

endocrine

Cell to cell communication through secretion of chemical signals into the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body is called ____ signaling?

endocrine

Cell-to-cell communication through secretion of chemical signals into the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body is what type of signaling?

HLA or MHC

Certain autoimmune diseases are associated with the presence of specific proteins on a person's cells. These proteins are called ____ proteins?

stimulating chemotaxis, lysing target cells, having multiple plasma proteins, enhancing phagocytosis

Characteristics of complement include?

-involvement of lateral curvature of the spine -increase during period of rapid growth -identifiable by uneven shoulders or scapular prominence -possibility of leading to respiratory complications

Characteristics of scoliosis include?

bacterial

Chlamydia is a ? type of infection.

chemotherapy, cancer cells, cancer metastasis to bone marrow and malnutrition

Deficits in immune system function occur in cancer as a result of?

natural killer cell function lymphocyte activity neutrophil activity complement activity

Dietary zinc is an important defense against infection, because it maintains?

massive histamine release from mast cells leads to vasodilation

Dramatic hypotension sometimes accompanies type I hypersensitivity reactions because

mutation of the microbe

Drug resistance of microbes occurs secondary to?

bone marrow

During acute inflammation, what releases stored neutrophils?

lactic acidosis.

During conditions of prolonged insufficient oxygen availability, anerobic glycolysis accumulated pyruvate can lead to?

cell size, cell shape, cell organization

Dysplasia is recognized by abnormal changes in?

decreased blood viscosity

Extreme cold does not injure cells by?

mechanical pressure, ligand binding, and voltage changes

Ion channels open and close due to?

mechanical pressure, ligand binding, and voltage changes

Ion channels open and close in response to?

elevated immature neutrophils

Leukocytosis with at "shift to the left" refers to?

carcinomas

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are know as?

generalized pain, headaches, fatigue, sleep disturbances

Manifestations of fibromyalgia include?

norepinepherine

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by?

another type of normal cell

Metaplasia involves the replacement of normal cells by?

protein

Most receptors in cell membranes are made of?

impaired muscle function

Myasthenia gravis is a type II hypersensitivity disorder that involves?

liquefactive

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _______ necrosis.

of the entire organism

Somatic death refers to death...

endocytosis of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

Some individuals inherit a gene that results in dangerously high cholesterol caused by impaired?

IgG or IgM

What are the two antigen-antibody complexes which trigger the complement cascade?

C-reactive proteins (CRP) and serum amyloid A

What are two of the most important acute phase proteins?

macrophages

What cells are strong phagocytes?

plasma cells

What cells produce antibodies?

glycolysis

What cellular process can operate without oxygen?

necrosis

What cellular response is irrevesible?

WBC

What count helps determine if infection with any organism is present?

macrophages

What in the spleen helps filter out foreign substances?

erythrocyte sedimentation

What indicates degree of inflammation?

C3

What initiates the alternative pathway in immunity?

first recognition of an antigen

What initiates the lectin pathway or the alternative pathway?

lysosome

What is a bag of degenerative enzymes normally found within cells?

a segment of DNA that codes for a protein

What is a gene?

lymphoctyes

What is activated in the spleen that can be transported to other lymphoid tissue to fight infection?

Amebiasis

What is an infection caused by a protozoan parasite?

sepsis

What is an overwhelming infection that may lead to shock, multiple organ failure and death and caused by an organism?

allostasis

What is best defined as the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well being?

necrosis

What is cell death occurring by severe cell swelling and the breakdown of organelles?

a process of cell division in which each daughter cell has a full set of 46 chromosomes

What is mitosis?

insulin

What is not normally secreted in response to stress?

monocyte

What is produced in the bone marrow and circulates in the blood, from which they enter tissue and mature into macrophages?

major histocompatibility complexes

What is the name for the cluster of genes on chromosome 6 involved in antigen presentation?

active phase protein count

What is the protein count indicating the level of inflammation?

T-cells

What type of cell phagocytocizes and degrade foreign antigens?

endemic

When a disease is native to a particular region it is called?

precipitation of the antigen-antibody complex, phagocytosis of the antigen-antibody compley, neutralization of the antigen

When antigen-antibody complexes are formed in the blood, which of the following processes can occur?

histamine and other inflammatory mediators

When mast cells degranulate, they release?

liver

Where are acute phase proteins produced?

on the ribosomes

Where are proteins synthesized in a cell?

increased (band) neutrophils

Which clinical finding is most indicative of an acute bacterial infection?

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Which disorder is associated with a type III hypersensitivity mechanism of injury?

HIV/AIDS

Which disorder is considered a primary immunodeficiency disease?

active transport

Which form of molecular transport requires energy in the form of ATP?

T and B lymphocytes

Which of the following immune cells develop specificity for one antigen?

blood vessel endothelium

Which tissue type is categorized as epithelial?

ATP provides energy for ion pumping and other cellular proceses

Why is ongoing synthesis of ATP necessary for cell survival?

it is a procedure to determine the extent of tumor spread

Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know that means. The correct response is?

immature (band) neutrophils

As segment neutrophils are consumed in infection and demand exceeds production, what is released?

T-cell recognition

Antigen-presenting cells function to display foreign antigen on the cell surfaces bound to MHC for what to recognize?

vaccines with dead or altered organisms and active infections

Active immunity involves?

is malignant

After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed w primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor is?

tertiary prevention

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of?

kill rapidly dividing cell

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemo, which will?

histamine

An important mediator of a type I hypersensitivity reaction is?

endemic

An infectious disease that is common in a community is termed?

lungs and pancreas

Cystic fibrosis is a single-gene disorder that primarily affects what organs?

mutant tumor-suppressor gene

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring?

ionizing radiation

Free radical injury can be caused by?

antigen agglutination antigen precipitation opsonization complement activation

Functions of antibodies include?

activate intracellular enzyme systems

GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins) function to?

tissues requiring synchronized function

Gap junctions are connecting channels that allow passage of small molecules from one cell to the next and are especially important for?

T helper cells

HIV/AIDS is a primary immunodeficiency disease involving the destruction of what type of immune cells?

symptoms often do not occur until approximately 40 years of age.

Huntington disease is often transferred to offspring before a parent knows of the genetic possibility of the disease because?

30 yo

Immune function is likely to be most effective in a?

antibody titer

Immunity to a specific organism can be determined by?

decrease

In general, with aging, organ size and function?

exotoxins, endotoxins, self-destruction of cells, enzymes from white blood cells

Infectious injury often results from?

failure to avoid phenylalnine results in progressive mental retardation

Information parents should be given about the consequences of PKU include?

macrophages

Interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-a are inflammatory cytokines secreted by?

calcium

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is?

-transfer of preformed human antibodies -injection of human immune globulin -injection with preformed animal antibodies

Passive immunity is provided by?

develop recurrent infections

Patients with immunodeficiency disorders are usually first identified because they?

permanent damage and death

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in?

direction from mRNA, amino acid movement into the nucleus, nucleotide triplets

Protein synthesis involves?

amino acids

Proteins are made of?

acute phase proteins

Proteins that are increased in the bloodstream during acute inflammation are called?

results from a chomosomal abnormality called nondisjunction

Results of biochemical tests indicate an infant has PKU. The parents ask what PKU means. Correct response would not be?

Burkitt lymphoma

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers including?

negative; negative; positive

RhoGAM (an Rh antibody) would be appropriate in an Rh-______ woman with an ____Rh-_____ antibody titer carrying an Rh____ fetus.

synthesizing proteins

Ribosomes are very important organelles within the cell that have the function of?

vitamin D

Rickets if characterized by soft, weak bones resulting from a deficiency in?

-use of corticosteroids -diabetes melllitus -spleen removal -stress

Risk of infection is increased in?

type I hypersensitivity reactions

Seasonal allergic rhinitis is most involved in what type of hypersensitivity reactions?

membrane attack complexes

What are porelike structures that function within the complement system?

catecholamine release

Tachycardia, diaphoresis and increased peripheral resistance are indicators of stress and occur due to the release of?

antigen-antibody complexes

The "classical pathway" for activation of the complement cascade is triggered by?

pyruvate to the citric acid cycle

The benefit of glycolysis is that this second stage of catabolism supplies?

increases intracellular calcium level in cardiac cells

The cardiac drug digitalis enhances myocardial contraction because it?

dysplasia

The cellular change this is considered preneoplastic is?

protein sythesis

The chief function of ribosomes is?

lipid synthesis and metabolism

The chief function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is?

expression of tissue-specific genes

The differences in structure and function of cells in different body tissues are resulting from?

may involve the enhancement or impairment of the immune system

The effect of stress on the immune system may?

immune suppression

The effects of excessive cortisol production include?

increased vascular permeability

The effects of histamine release include?

infection

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is nonspecific for the type of organism causing an?

droplet

The most common method of disease transmission is?

Bruton agammaglobulinemia

The most common primary immune deficiency that affects only B cells is?

selectin receptors

What are receptors on neutrophils that help neutrophils stick to capillary endothelium?

-giving injections of preformed antibodies provides immediate immunity -herd immunity controls disease without immunizing everyone in the population -lack of immunization may lead to an epidemic

What are the characteristics of immunization?

severity of infection

The number of neutrophil bands (immature neutophils) indicate the?

each child has a 25% chance of being affected

The parents of a child with PKU are concerned about the risk of transmitting the disorder in future pregnancies. The correct assessment of this risk is?

inadequate mineralization in the the osteoid

The pathophysiology of osteomalacia involves?

monocyte

The precursor cell to the macrophage is the?

IgE

The predominant antibody of a typical allergic response is?

energy and repair

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is?

decreased functional reserve

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is?

maternal age

The primary factor associated with the risk of Down Syndrome is?

processing and packaging of proteins into vesicles

The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is?

IgE (principle antibody mediating type I hypersensitivity reactions)

The principle Ig mediator of type I hypersensitivity reactions is?

opsonization

The process of covering bacteria with antibodies to promote phagocytosis of the microorganisms is called?

WBC

The specific type of _____ that is elevated indicates the type of organism involved in infection.

mycoses

The term used to describe fungal infections is?

monocytes

What are immature macrophages and are only 5% of the total WBC?

hypertrophy

An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed?

secondary prevention

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of?

display foreign antigen on their cell surfaces bound to MHC

Antigen-presenting cells function to?

being found in blood vessels

Characteristics of smooth muscle include?

may differentiate into any type of cell, have greater capacity to proliferate than more differentiated cells, are dependent upon environmental cue for proliferation and can die in the absence of appropriate environment

Characteristics of stem cells include that they?

repairs the end caps of chromosomes and activity allows a cell to replicate indefinately

Characteristics of telomerase include?

voltage-gated channels

Excitable cells are able to conduct action potentials because they have?

filters the blood

The spleen is an important defense against infection because it?

tumor necrosis factor

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of?

proteins float in a fluid lipid bilayer

The main principle of the fluid mosaic model is that?

perforin

The membrane attack complex formed by complement is similar in function to?

monocytes and tissue macrophages and dendritic cells

The mononuclear phagocyte system consists of?

p53

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is?

direct the synthesis of proteins

The primary role of genes is to?

the ration of intracellular to extracellular potassium ions

The resting membrane potential in nerve and skeletal muscle is determined primarily by?

prior to conception

The risk period for maternal rubella infection leading to congenital problems begins when?

proteins

Transport channels, receptors, and cell adhesion molecules all are found in cell membranes and they are made primarily of?

are produced by normal cells, help determine cancer origin, help identify progression of cancer, include prostatic-specific antigen

Tumor markers are:

enter the host cell, use the host's metabolic processes to survive and replicate, do not produce toxins

Viruses differ from most bacteria in that they?

secreting cytokines, killing antigen-presenting cells, stimulating of B cells, killing virally infected cells.

What are the functions of T cells?

DNA and proteins

What are the major components in the nucleus of a cell?

a series of steps through which a cell progresses when it replicates

What is the cell cycle?

DNA

What is the cellular component most susceptible to radiation injury?

it ultimately determines which amino acid will be placed in a protein.

What is the importance of a sequence of three base pairs (a codon) in DNA?

mitochondria

What is the organelle that contains enzymes necessary for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP?

subclinical

What is the stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease process is well established?

sensitivity

What is the term referring to the probability of a test that it will test positive when applied to a person with the condition (and that it will not generate a false negative result)?

etiology

What is the term referring to the proposed cause or causes of a particular disease process?

aldosterone

What stress-induced hormone does not increase blood glucose?

catabolism

What type of cellular metabolism involves energy release via breakdown of nutrient sources such as glucose to provide ATP?

anabolism

What type of cellular metabolism refers to energy-using processes that result in complex molecules such as fat?

idiopathic

When the cause of disease is unknown, it is said to be?