final exam
Briefly explain what is meant by the term economies of scale.
Economies of scale is when a company mass produces a product instead of having it made at a regular pace of production, to make it cheaper.
Briefly explain what is meant by the term economies of scope.
Economies of scope is when a company maximizes resources, such as branching out beyond their original product.
Define free agency.
Free agency is when a player has fulfilled their contract, they are able to change teams, "selling their talent."
__________ was the first state to establish a high school athletic association.
Georgia
Professional sport can be traced to ancient __________.
Greece
What are the primary sources of funding for athletic departments in private schools?
The primary sources are tuition and donations.
Briefly explain the purpose of the player draft.
The purpose is so the worst teams get a chance at getting a good upcoming player
Professional development includes a) attending as many sporting events as possible b) participating in business and professional associations c) a commitment to lifelong learning d) b and c
d) b and c
Name at least three esports revenue sources.
Revenue sources for esports are streaming, selling games, and merchandise.
What are the four primary sources of revenue for professional sport teams?
The four primary sources are ticket sales, sponsorships, media deals (tv), and merchandise.
How can a diverse workforce give an organization a competitive advantage?
The organization gets different perspectives on the topics because of different backgrounds and networking.
The organizational ______ incorporates the workplace values, norms, and behaviors that produce patterns of behavior unique to an organization. a) behavior b) values c) skills d) culture
d) culture
Professional ______ activities include engaging in lifelong learning and participation in business and professional associations. a) networking b) education c) membership d) development
d) development
Which of these employees in a professional association is most likely to serve as the public liaison for the interscholastic athletic organization? a) chief financial officer b) executive director c) director of membership services d) director of media relations and marketing
d) director of media relations and marketing
The practicum and the internship are types of ______ experiences. a) basic b) fun c) growth d) field
d) field
Which of these revenue streams is unique in esports business compared to traditional sports? a) sponsorship b) media rights c) ticket sales d) game publisher fees
d) game publisher fees
List the three premises that indicate the value of interscholastic athletic programs.
Athletics support school work, success later in life, and sport are educational.
What four steps are involved in developing a strategy?
(1) defining the company's mission, (2) setting objectives and goals, (3) designing a business portfolio, and (4) developing functional plans.
For what three reasons do professional sports need television?
(1) they receive significant revenues from network, satellite, and cable TV agreements(2) broadcasting enhances the enjoyment of watching sporting events;(3) teams and leagues can charge more for sponsorships because of the added exposure sponsors receive.
Name at least one future challenge facing professional sport.
A future challenge is the increase in technology and globalization.
Which university had the first master's level sport administration program of study that prepared students for jobs in a variety of sport-related industries? A) Ohio University B) Bowling Green State University C) University of Wisconsin D) Harvard University
A) Ohio University
Marketing is a unique aspect of sport management because A) sport activities tend to be spontaneous B) the outcome is predictable C) events are consistent D) there is great certainty surrounding the results
A) sport activities tend to be spontaneous
Sport managers compete for the __________ of consumers through the sale of items that might or might not be related to the primary focus of the sport business. A) auxiliary income B) discretionary funds C) primary income D) restricted funds
B) discretionary funds
Identify the potential benefits of esports participation on physical activity and fitness.
Benefits of esports are fine motor skills, hand-eye coordination, and flexibility.
How does one start the critical thinking process? A) by attacking the other person's point of view B) by thinking about what to say next C) by identifying the issue and conclusion D) b and c
C) by identifying the issue and conclusion
Briefly describe some of the professional league issues that are subject to collective bargaining.
Collective bargaining has retirement funds and policies.
Which of the following aspects of communication is not important for sport managers to understand? A) written communication B) oral communication C) communication technology D) sport products
D) sport production
__________ allows users to place money on the line every day.
Daily Fantasy Sports Traditional Fantasy Sports
What four aspects of professional sport distinguish it from other industries?
Interdependence, structure, labor management, and the role in media all distinguish professional sport from other industries.
Who broke the color barrier in professional baseball in 1947?
Jackie Robinson
What premise differentiates professional team sport from any other business organization?
League think, and interdependence, the idea of needing the competition to have a product, instead of not wanting any competition.
__________ revenues are generated when leagues and teams grant merchandise and apparel manufacturers the right to use their names and logos.
Licensing
Define luxury tax.
Luxury tax is the tax a team has to pay when a team goes over their soft salary cap.
The __________ provides professional certification and development for athletic administrators through its leadership training program.
NIAAA (National Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association)
What does the acronym NCAA stand for?
National Collegiate Athletic Association
Define organization.
Organization is a group of people working together to reach a common goal.
identify potential career opportunities in esports.
Potential careers are marketing manager, game designer, and event manager.
In 2015, the NCAA adopted a new governance system that allowed __________ conferences the autonomy to make their own rules on issues pertaining to their schools.
Power Five
Explain why a private school might have an advantage over a public school when faced with a financial crisis.
Private schools have tuition to make up for the lack of funding while public schools have things like pay to play to keep their organizations going in financial difficulty.
What are some examples of esports being used to substitute traditional sports during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Some examples are when traditional sports couldn't meet in person, players were able to still meet online, and it provided entertainment to those who are interested, just like traditional sports.
Define streaming and describe how it has enhanced the sport experience.
Streaming is watching a live game online, it enhanced the sport experience by allowing more people to watch the games at home instead of going and seeing them in person.
Initially, college sports were controlled by _________
Students
__________ has helped elevate professional sport beyond competition and athleticism into the realm of entertainment.
Television
What exemption pertains to Major League Baseball (MLB) but to no other professional league?
The Sherman anti-trust act.
Briefly describe the responsibilities of an athletic director.
The athletic director sets up all the events, focuses on hiring and firing, and maintaining facilities.
What rule in some professional sports places a limit on the total compensation a team can use for players' salaries?
The rule for a limit on compensation a team can use for players' salaries is a salary cap.
Why do colleges and universities seek membership in a conference?
They seek memberships in a conference so they have equal competition for the sports provided and have a set of rules and guidelines.
Name the three principles of the professional sport industry.
Three principles are labor, management, and governance.
What is the primary goal of the NFHS?
To protect the amateur status of sport, keeping athletes unpaid.
________ trains computers to mimic aspects of human intelligence, including but not limited to processing the human language and digital images. a) Artificial intelligence b) Machine learning c) Virtual reality d) Augmented reality
a) Artificial intelligence
Briefly describe when a directive leadership style is most appropriate.
When the employees of an organization don't know whats going on.
Explain the scientific management approach.
You get paid for what you do, there's no value.
How are the terms sport (as opposed to sports) and religion (as opposed to religions) alike? a) Both are broad terms that encompass many activities (in the case of sport) or faiths (in the case of religion) b) Both imply lists of activities (in the case of sport) or denominations (in the case of religion) that can be counted c) Both are concerned primarily with physical or religious activities in the private sector d) Both are concerned primarily with physical or religious activities in the public sector
a) Both are broad terms that encompass many activities (in the case of sport) or faiths (in the case of religion)
Which of these is a sport streaming site? a) DAZN b) ESPN c) Fox Sports d) NBC Sports
a) DAZN
At most schools, how much of the budget is allocated to the athletic department? a) 1-8% b) 3-5% c) 5-7% d) 8%
a) 1-8%
Which of these employees in a professional association is most likely to be accountable for the daily operations of the organization and supervise the staff? a) executive director b) chief financial officer c) director of membership services d) director of media relations and marketing
a) executive director
To demonstrate social responsibility, sport managers should a) acquire a sound understanding of the historical, psychological, sociological, and philosophical dimensions of sport b) ignore the social implications of sport c) disregard the cultural implications of sport d) move past the historical dimensions of sport
a) acquire a sound understanding of the historical, psychological, sociological, and philosophical dimensions of sport
What was the first team sport to employ professional athletes? a) baseball b) football c) hockey d) basketball
a) baseball
According to Pettigrew (1990), which of the following elements should be considered to understand change? a) content, context, and process b) content, context, and change c) content, process, and revitalization d) context, process, and revitalization
a) content, context, and process
_______ are unstated beliefs about how the world is, was, or will be. a) descriptive assumptions b) fallacies c) prescriptive assumptions d) values
a) descriptive assumptions
Which of these is a physical benefit of sport participation? a) increased cardiovascular health b) increased self-esteem c) improved cognitive development d) increased social belonging
a) increased cardiovascular health
_________ are an integral part of your personality and are related to your values. a) interest b) skills c) competencies d) norms
a) interest
Goal setting is part of the __________ function of management. a) planning b) organizing c) staffing d) directing
a) planning
What source of power stems from charisma, charm, and appeal? a) referent b) expert c) informational d) legitimate
a) referent
Sport is a _____ institution of astonishing magnitude and influence as evidenced by its allotment of several pages in the daily newspaper, its own slot on every television and radio news program, and its own cable channels. a) social b) fun c) competitive d) entertaining
a) social
If someone gives you advice, help, or time, you should send a ______ letter within 24 hours. a) thank-you b) payment c) reminder d) bill
a) thank-you
The __________ leadership style implies an exchange between leaders and followers whereby they agree on the types of performances that will lead to reward or punishment for followers. a) transactional b) laissez-faire c) transformational d) managerial
a) transactional
Skills that a person should be able to perform in a variety of vocational settings, including sport organizations, are called a) transferable skills b) quantitative skills c) qualitative skills d) functional skills
a) transferable skills
In 1869, the __________ became the first professional baseball team. a) Chicago Cubs b) Cincinnati Red Stockings c) Brooklyn Dodgers d) Boston Red Stockings
b) Cincinnati Red Stockings
______ uses algorithms programmed to find patterns in data and then self-adjust to those patterns with more data. a) Artificial intelligence b) Machine learning c) Virtual reality d) Augmented reality
b) Machine learning
Your work _____ is embodied in your attitude toward work and the set of values that you work and live by. a) schedule b) ethic c) skills d) values
b) ethics
What term did David Harris use to describe the notion that teams must, among other things, share revenues in the interest of league stability? a) league thoughts b) league think c) league stink d) thinking league
b) league think
When people function as __________, they are focused on doing things right; when they function as __________, they are focused on doing the right thing a) leaders; managers b) managers; leaders c) employees; managers d) subordinates; superiors
b) managers; leaders
What is the primary function of a high school athletic director? a) coordinate and schedule the use of all athletic venues b) provide the leadership and management of the interscholastic athletic program c) hire officials and coaches d)oversee athletic booster club activities and fundraising activities
b) provide the leadership and management of the interscholastic athletic program
Which of the following statements describes career paths in the sport industry? a) volunteering and networking are not critical to success b) the sport industry is recognizing the value of opening the workforce doors to a wide variety of available talent. c) a love of sport is sufficient for success d) obtaining employment often depends more on what the applicant knows than whom the applicant knows.
b) the sport industry is recognizing the value of opening the workforce doors to a wide variety of available talent.
Which of these is an organized form of sport that usually extends over several days or weeks and starts with a large pool of participants and narrows to a single champion? a) class b) league c) tournament d) match
c) tournament
The __________ leader raises followers' consciousness about the importance of outcomes and explains how followers can reach those outcomes by placing organizational interests ahead of self-interests. a) transactional b) laissez-faire c) transformational d) managerial
c) transformational
Anytime a person influences the ________ of others, regardless of the reason, that person is demonstrating leadership.
behavior
What effect did free agency have on professional sport? a) It lowered salaries. b) It lowered expectations. c) It raised salaries. d) It raised expectations.
c) It raised salaries.
_______ is the computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional image or environment with which a person can interact in a seemingly real or physical way by using special electronic equipment. a) Artificial intelligence b) Machine learning c) Virtual reality d) Augmented reality
c) Virtual reality
Financing for sport businesses is unique because a) most of the revenue comes from gate receipts b) extraneous revenue sources are unimportant c) a significant portion of revenue comes from extraneous sources such as concessions, parking, merchandise, and TV rights d) there is no financial accountability for sport managers
c) a significant portion of revenue comes from extraneous sources such as concessions, parking, merchandise, and TV rights
For which of these positions is it imperative that the administrator understand NCAA and conference rules and regulations? a) marketing or promotions director Incorrect b) ticket manager c) compliance officer d) equipment manager
c) compliance officer
The power of sport as a social institution is seen in a) public vilification of athletes b) lack of royalties paid to athlete product endorsers c) enormous attention from print and broadcast media d) the limited attention sport receives worldwide
c) enormous attention from print and broadcast media
Mistakes in reasoning that don't seem to be mistakes are called ______. a) lies b) truths c) fallacies d) reasons
c) fallacies
One reason the ______ of sport are unique aspects of sport management is that sport invariably attracts consumers who spend more money outside the sporting arena than they spend on the sport itself. a) media deals b) licensing c) financial structures d) social institution
c) financial structures
which of the following areas will challenge sport managers of the future? a) slowed development of new sports b) decreased opportunities for participation c) increased social responsibility d) smaller market segments
c) increased social responsibility
Sport managers can promote themselves, seek growth opportunities, and _____ through their use of social media sites such as LinkedIn. a) compete b) create sales c) network
c) network
critical thinking is a) straightforward thinking b) negative thinking c) positive, caring, and productive d) creative thinking
c) positive, caring, and productive
Grooming, posture, attire and accessories, and social media presence are aspects of a person's a) business etiquette b) academic preparation c) professional image d) work transition and adjustment
c) professional image
Staffing involves which of these? a) goal setting b) deciding who will do which task and when they will do it c) recruiting and hiring new employees d) influencing employees to produce goods and services e) evaluating employees' adherence to standards
c) recruiting and hiring new employees
Making a good first impression is important because studies have shown that 55 percent of a first impression is based on what the other person ______. a) hears b) says c) sees d) believes
c) sees
What involves identifying and understanding your personal and work values, interests, abilities, aptitudes, and personality traits? a) research b) decision making c) self-assessment d) business etiquette
c) self-assessment
Field experiences are a) supervised practical experiences that culminate in employment at the field experience site b) self-selected activities apart form the formal academic program c) supervised practical experiences that connect the theoretical and conceptual with the practical d) opportunities for involvement with clubs, organizations, and sports
c) supervised practical experiences that connect the theoretical and conceptual with the practical
Which of the following competencies is paramount for people working in sport communication management? a) budgeting b) accounting c) written and verbal communication d) directing and supervising
c) written and verbal communication
Small districts or private schools often have a __________ organizational structure for interscholastic athletics.
centralized
What are the three basic structures of community sport opportunities in North America?
classes, leagues, and tournaments
__________ is organized physical activity across the lifespan that is based in community, school, and private local sport organizations.
community sport
The basic function of a __________ is to establish rules and regulations that support and sustain a level playing field for member institutions while creating in-season and postseason competitive opportunities.
conference.
_________ is a technology that superimposes a computer-generated image on a user's view of the real world, thus providing a composite view. a) Artificial intelligence b) Machine learning c) Virtual reality d) Augmented reality
d) Augmented reality
Which of these descriptions on Exchange Betting is correct? a) Wagers are placed before the start of an event. b) Wagers can be placed during an event. c)Bettors choose a higher or lower number than the bookmaker's posted spread. d) Two parties bet, one backs a selection, and the other one lays that selection.
d) Two parties bet, one backs a selection, and the other one lays that selection
How are publicly supported parks and recreation centers in the United States typically funded? a) local tax dollars b) user fees c) private donations d) a and b
d) a and b
Athletic administrators across the country have made tough decisions to keep their athletic programs afloat by_____________. a) increasing game contests b) eliminating teams c) raising participation fees d) b and c
d) b and c
Which of these is a distinguishing feature of professional sport? a) number of spectators b) tendency of franchise owners to abandon cities c) amount of money the athletes earn d) interdependence of the teams
d) interdependence of the teams
_______ are activities you enthusiastically engage in and find enjoyable. a) skills b) values c) memories d) interest
d) interest
According to your textbook, you are a professional a) four years from now, when you complete the sport management program b) when you take your first sport management job c) when you collect your first paycheck d) now
d) now
Which of these is not a barrier of AI adoption according to this chapter? a) logistics b) company culture c) ethics d) popularity
d) popularity
Which of the following is not a primary objective of general education courses? a) development of knowledge and skills specific to career choices b) experience in real-life settings c) development of skills in writing, speaking, analysis, critical thinking, and leadership d) teaching students to express themselves better in writing than in speaking
d) teaching students to express themselves better in writing than in speaking
Public schools often have a __________ organizational structure for interscholastic athletics.
decentralized
To be an effective team member, you must a) be prompt b) put your needs first c) provide complete and high quality work d) not use others as resources e) a and c
e) a and c
The __________ of an organization is the extent to which it achieves its goals.
effectiveness
According to the definition of sport by Pitts and Stotlar (2013) and Pitts (2016), an activity must always be competitive to be considered sport. t or f
false
Attending sport management classes generally constitutes a field experience. t or f
false
Girls typically start sport programs earlier than boys do. t or f
false
Implicit norms are formally communicated rules that govern behavior. t or f
false
In Daily Fantasy Sport, users draft players and assemble a team prior to the season. t or f
false
In the United States, private schools provide the largest number of general after-school programs. t or f
false
Internships do not play a significant role in helping students decide which career to pursue. t or f
false
It is generally not very difficult for athletic administrators to keep their athletic programs afloat during times of economic hardship. t or f
false
National Association for Collegiate Esports (NACE) is currently the only national governing body for intercollegiate esports. t or f
false
Pokémon Go is an example of VR technology being used in mobile gaming. t or f
false
Sport betting is currently legal in all states in the United States. t or f
false
The credentials required for coaching are the same at public and private schools. t or f
false
The general education component in an undergraduate curriculum is not vital to the sport management student's education. t or f
false
The goal of youth sport classes is generally to develop young athletes into future Olympians. t or f
false
The primary goal of management is to exert influence on individual and group behaviors. t or f
false
Those in business positions in professional sport organizations have great control over team performance issues. t or f
false
The environment can be divided into two categories: __________ and __________.
general ; specific
Name the three management approaches presented in the textbook.
human relations, scientific approach, and process approach
A professional __________ model can be helpful for providing guidelines, structure, and accountability for community sport organizations.
human resource management (HRM)
To achieve their goals, organizations obtain __________ and then transform them into __________.
inputs ; outputs
The goal of __________ is to provide information and knowledge to children as they begin to play sports or are introduced to new sports.
instructional leagues
The __________ segment of the U.S. sport industry contributes more than US$15 billion to the industry each year.
interscholastic athletics
__________ is the process of influencing people to work individually or collectively toward the achievement of a goal.
leadership
Briefly describe when a participative leadership style is most appropriate.
low pressure environments
What is the main goal of commercial organizations?
make money
Although the terms __________ and __________ are used interchangeably, they are not the same; they are complementary.
managers ; leaders
Associate and assistant athletics directors are __________ managers.
middle-level
__________ is defined as the study of individuals and groups in organizations.
organizational behavior
What is an example of a public organization?
park
A __________ refers to a course of action or a direction in which to move the organization from one point to another.
plan
In sport organizations, the management process typically starts with __________ and ends with __________ and __________.
planning; controlling; evaluating
__________ has been defined as the ability to influence others and as control over resources.
power
What is the primary source of funding for athletic departments in public schools?
property tax and left over money
One of the main outcomes of sport at its various levels is community development and the building of __________ within and across communities.
social capital
An organization or program that exists to provide ongoing, regulated competition in a specific sport is called a __________.
sport league
What are the criteria for division classification?
the number of sports sponsored, the type of sports sponsored (team or individual), the size of the athletic department budget, attendance at games and seating capacity in stadiums and arenas, and whether the program offers athletic grants-in-aid
__________ of the Educational Amendments of 1972 was a landmark legislation that banned sex discrimination in public and private schools.
title 9
According to NFHS data, student-athletes' achievements include attending college, obtaining degrees, and having higher socioeconomic statuses. t or f
true
All management function processes ultimately revolve around the manager's actions and decisions. t or f
true
Culture manifests itself in organizations through myths, symbols, ceremonies, and artifacts. t or f
true
Developing strong critical thinking skills can help sport management students flourish in their personal and professional lives. t or f
true
Most of a high school athletic director's time is spent engaged in traditional managerial activities. t or f
true
No matter what type of job you hope to pursue, it is important to remember that professionalism begins in the classroom. t or f
true
Professional associations help you learn more about your field, keep up with advances in your field, and expand your network of associates. t or f
true
Research shows that the best field experiences in sport management are those that require interns to expand their knowledge and learn new skills. t or f
true
Rights fees to televise live high school contests are significantly less than the media rights for many professional sport leagues and major collegiate sport offerings. t or f
true
Sport participation has physical and psychological benefits. t or f
true
The management structure and delivery system in community sport organizations are quite different from one organization to another. t or f
true
To ensure that you are a competitive candidate for sport management jobs, you must exhibit a positive attitude. t or f
true
In North America, organized __________ has a broad definition that ranges from community organizations to interscholastic and club programs.
youth sport