Final exam (anthropology)
exogamy is adaptive because... - increases the number of individuals that one can rely on in times of need - increases the likelihood that disadvantageous alleles will find phenotypic expression and eliminate them from the population - impedes peaceful relations among social groups and therefore promotes population expansion - was an important casual factor in the origin of the sate - reduces the gene pool of a community
increases the number of individuals that one can rely on in times of need
___________ is not one of the primary mechanisms of genetic evolution - gene flow - natural selection - independent assortment - mutation - genetic drift
independent assortment
Rathjes garbology project... - studies the stratification of landfills - is archaeology of modern people - answered the question why people leave things behind for archaeologists to find - is a study of potsherds - was conducted in ancient Egypt
is archaeology of modern people
the aztec capital of tenochtitlan arose on an island and facilitated... - as newcomers to the valley of Mexico the swamplands were the only free lands left for settlement - the long, narrow causeway bridges connecting the island to the shore made the capital easy to defend - its position in the lake itself made it easier to transport food crops to market - all of the above
its position in the lake itself made it easier to transport food crops to market
A. afarensis is most clearly identified as a hominin because.. - its post cranial remains indicate bipedalism - its pointed canines project beyond other teeth - it had stereoscopic vision - it had a small brain case - its molars larger than those of later Australopithecus
its post cranial remains indicate bipedalism
the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and expressions - ethnosemantics - biosemantics - protolinguistics - phonemics - kinesics
kinesics
Most present day foragers... - primarily fish for subsistence - are wholly dependent on welfare supplied by state-level societies - live largely in isolation from food-producing neighbors and the influence of state - live in marginal environments - adopted foraging after abandoning more advanced subsistence strategies
live in marginal environments
sedentism is.. - living in permanent settlements - living off domesticated species - transhumance - capitalist based exchange - living off wild species
living in permanent settlements
H. erectus is generally associated with the... - neolithic age - oldowan age - mousterian age - lower Paleolithic age - upper Paleolithic age
lower Paleolithic age
archaeologist study.. - language - race - biological adaptation - modern cultural diversity - material remains
material remains
Cuneiform is the name for early writing in... - china - mesoamerica - indus valley - mesopotamia - andes
mesopotamia
_______ describes the area between the tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is today Iraq and southwestern Iran - mesopotamia - mesolithic - mesoamerica - mesozoic - mesoderm
mesopotamia
knowledge of the properties metals, including how to extract, process, and use them to make tools, is... - metalology - annealing - smelting - metallurgy - smithing
metallurgy
The first hominoids fossils are from the.. - oligocene - miocene - pliocene - pleistocene - holocene
miocene
with domestication, the husks of wild cereals became - tougher - thicker - darker - more brittle - none of the above
more brittle
______ is the name of the stone tool tradition associated with neanderthals - oldowan - acheulian - mousterian - wurm - lower Paleolithic
mousterian
In shanidar cave in northern Iraq, roughly 45 thousand years ago... - neanderthals buried their dead with what looks to have been very complex, symbolic ceremonies - modern humans called fro-magons carved figurines of pregnant women and reindeer and painted dangerous carnivores on the walls - catalhoyukians slept in archaic bunk beds with their dead ancestors on the bottom bunk - Aztecs removed the hearts of their human sacrifices in a ritual known as the flowery death
neanderthals buried their dead with what looks to have been very complex, symbolic ceremonies
_______ identifies the cultural period in which the first signs of domestication are present - upper paleolithic - mesolithic - microlithic - neolithic - chalcolithic
neolithic
the incest taboo is a cultural universal, but.. - not all cultures have one - not all cultures define incest the same way - not all cultures know about incest - some cultures have replaced it with the levirate - some cultures nevertheless encourage incest
not all cultures define incest the same way
Paleolithic means.. - the study of fossil humans - old technology - old stone age - bronze age - a period of warm weather between glacial periods
old Stone Age
natural selection.. - is unique to flowering plants - operates when there is competition for strategic resources - the driving principle behind creationism - was discovered by Gregor Mendel - operates only on single celled animals because their genotypes are adaptable to environments
operates when there is competition for strategic resources
the ______ model suggest that a wave of anatomically modern humans replaced the neanderthals - broad spectrum revolution - phyletic transformation - out of Africa or eve model - multiregional evolution - manifest destiny
out of Africa or eve model
transhumance is a form of.. - horticulture - pastoralism - foraging - agriculture - reciprocity
pastoralism
__________ is the postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple is expected to live in the husbands community - neolocality - patrilocality - matrilocality - ambilocality - uxorilocality
patrilocality
a "big" man is a.. - person who holds a permanent political office - hereditary ruler - person of influence and prestige - leader who avoids excessive displays of generosity - leader who has tremendous power because he is regarded as divine
person of influence and prestige
_______ refers to an organisms evident biological characteristics - phoneme - genotype - biological circumscription - phenotype - hereditary inequality
phenotype
_________ refers to to the minimal sound contrasts that distinguish meaning in a language - morphemes - phonemes - syntax - grammar - diglossia
phonemes
The study of sounds used in speech is - historical linguistics - sociolinguistics - phonology - morphology - ebonics
phonology
___________is not one of the adaptive strategies included in cohens typology - pastoralism - redistribution - agriculture - industrialism - foraging
redistribution
paying taxes is an example of... - generalized reciprocity - balanced reciprocity - the market principle - redistribution - negative reciprocity
redistribution
when chiefs maintain granaries from their subjects' contributions, from which people can take at times of need, this is an example of.. - generalized reciprocity - balanced reciprocity - primitive communism - redistribution - silent trade
redistribution
shifting cultivation - typically involves the use of draft animals - cannot support permanent villages - requires irrigation - requires cultivators to let exhausted plots of land lie fallow for several years - relies extensively on chemical fertilizers
requires cultivators to let exhausted plots of land lie fallow for several years
compared to their wild counterparts, domesticated animals tend to be.. - faster - more aggressive - larger - smaller - very similar
smaller
Who do sociolinguistics study? - Bipedalism - Speech in social context - the universal grammar of language - cognitive capacity for language - cross-cultural phonemic distinctions
speech in social context
a _______ feature differential access to resources based on social stratification - chiefdom - band - clan - tribe - state
state
________ are the major components of fieldwork in archaeological anthropology - the genealogical method and excavation - excavation and participant observation - systematic survey and the emic perspective - stratigraphy and taphonomy - systematic survey and excavation
systematic survey and excavation
_________ refers to the study of the processes that affect the remains of dead animals - taphonomy - necrology - autopsy - degradation - osteology
taphonomy
rules of endogamy... - prove that incest taboo is not a cultural universal - encourage people to disregard social distinctions in choosing mates - tend to maintain distinctions between groups - expand a populations gene pool - result in ever-widening kinship networks
tend to maintain distinctions between groups
_____ is the name of the wild ancestor of maize - corn - guajolote - cassava - teosinte - elote
teosinte
of the following nonhuman primates, __________ are most comparable to humans - lemurs - prosimians - new world monkeys - terrestrial primates - arboreal primates
terrestrial primates
primatology includes the study of.. - the origin of life on earth - the culture of the first humans who existed - the first tools used by humans - the anatomy and social behavior of apes, monkeys, and prosimians
the anatomy and social behavior of apes, monkeys, and prosimians
ethnology is.. - the study of human speech sounds - the comparative, generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology - the most important subfield of anthropology - the study of ancient ethnic groups - a synonym for ethnography
the comparative, generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology
stratigraphy is useful for purposes of dating because... - all environmental forces leave behind the same kind of soil deposit - the depth and order of undisturbed soil strata reflect the age of their deposition - higher strata are uncluttered by bones, stones, and artifacts - once in the soil, there are very few things that can damage or disturb bones
the depth and order of undisturbed soil strata reflect the age of their deposition
The Sapir whorf hypthesis argues that - the degree o cultural complexity is related to the effectiveness of language as systems of communication - the languages people speak influence they way they think - the hopi do not use three verb tenses; thus, they have no concept of time - culture determines what language is able to describe - all humans are endowed with the ability to use language
the languages people speak influence the way they think
The biblical practice in which a man should marry his dead brother's wife is called... - the sexual division of labor - the cargo cult - the levirate - the sorority
the levirate
in most cultures of the world, polygyny is.... - the preferred form of marriage - the least common type of marriage found in practice - less common than polyandry - linked closely to the institution of the sororate
the preferred form of marriage
a study of bilingual Japanese American women supported the Sapir-whorf finding that.... - the same women responded in different ways to questions asked in English and in Japanese - the same women responded the same way to questions asked in English and Japanese - they answered differently depending on who translated the questions - their responses were different than this of monolingual English speakers and monolingual Japanese speakers
the same women responded in different ways to questions asked in English and in Japanese
(T/F) Sexual dimorphism is less pronounced in modern humans than australopithecines
true
(T/F) cultural relativists believe that people should judge culture only according to the standards and traditions of that culture and not according to the standards of other cultural traditions
true
(T/F) ethnography involves the collection of data that become the basis for an account of a particular community, society, or culture
true
(T/F) experimental archaeologists try to replicate ancient techniques under controlled conditions
true
(T/F) humans use both biological and cultural means to adapt to new environments
true
(T/F) mousterian is the stone tool tradition associated with neanderthals
true
(T/F) the emic perspective focuses on how local people think
true
(T/F) the etic perspective is more objective, outside of cultural influence
true
(T/F) the term enculturation refers to the process through which children learn culture
true
(T/F) through potlatching, food and wealth were transferred from wealthy to needy communities, while potlatch sponsors and their villages were rewarded with prestige
true
(T/F) uniformitarianism states that the natural forces at work today are more or less the same as those that operated in the past
true
_____ is the cultural period when advanced chiefdoms and perhaps the earliest states emerged in Mesopotamia - natufian - the pre pottery neolithic - halafian - ubaid - Akkadian
ubaid
agriculturists... - clear tracts of land they wish to use by cutting down tress and setting fire to the grass - generally work less than horticulturists - must be nomadic to take full advantage of their land - use their land intensively and continuously - diet is more varied than that of horticulturists
use their land intensively and continuously
researchers know aridipithecus.... - was a knuckle walking port chimpanzee - was a bipedal hominin with very apelike characteristics - was merely a male Australopithecus anamnesis - is a new world monkey - is ancestral to neanderthals but not to homo sapiens
was a bipedal hominin with very apelike characteristics
The Denisovans.. - are descended from one man called Denis, who lived about 20,00 years ago in Africa - were distant cousins to the neanderthals and lived in Asia - provide evidence that neanderthals did not interbreed with modern humans - were found with the first evidence of use and control of fire - are the common ancestor of australopithecines and H. habilil
were distant cousins to the neanderthals and lived in Asia
Current evidence suggests that the last common ancestor of hominids and the African apes existed.... - 15 to 20 mya - 30 to 35 mya - 6 to 8 mya - 1.2 to 1.8 mya - 300,00 to 400,00 years ago
6 to 8 mya
Anthropologists most interested in the ______ era - mesozoic - Cenozoic - Paleozoic - archaean - Proterozoic
Cenozoic
__________ was the first hominin species to expand its range outside of Africa - H. erectus - A. afaransis - H. sapiens - A. africanus - H. sapiens neandethalensis
H. erectus
The surprising hominin species found on an island living as recently as 13,000 BP was.. - H. erectus - A. robustus - neanderthals - H. floresiensis - H. habilis
H. floresiensis
The romance and languages and English belong to the _______ language families - mixe-zoque - indo-european - north caucasian - dravidian - austro)asiatic
Indo-European
(T/F) a metamessage is what is communicated, not what is said, but that something is said at all
True
Many neanderthal anatomical traits reflect adaptation to.. - the interglacial environment - the lack of full human speech - extreme, dry heat - vegetarianism - a cold climate
a cold climate
In linguistic anthropology, the phrase "focal vocabulary" is used to identify.... - a set of words or distinctions that are particularly important to certain cultural groups - the main definitions were leaning in the course, i.e. "anthropology lingo" - the set of words first learned by babies over the world - that comparatively rare bits of vocabulary which have become the focus of linguistic research
a set of words or distinctions that are particularly important to certain cultural groups
linguistic displacement is the... - ability to use the rules of language to produce entirely new expressions - lexical difference between a protolanguage and a daughter language - ability to respond to environmental stimuli - linguistic dimension of culture shock - ability to talk about things that are not present
ability to talk about things that are not present
_________ defines the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses - ethnology - adaptation - ethnography - cultural resource management - phenotype
adaptation
The presence of very large molars and a sagittal crest on top of the skull is evidence of.. - adaptation to cold climates - the earliest use of domesticated plants - humanlike brain organization - a dramatic increase in hunting activity - adaptation to a diet based on tough, fibrous, and gritty vegetation
adaptation to a diet based on tough, fibrous, and gritty vegetation
bride wealth works to.. - compensate the wife's family for the loss of their children - maintain the marriage through family pressure on the spouses - compensate the wife's family for the loss of her labor - all of the above
all of the above
pastoralists such as the Nuer and the Masai view their cattle as - their main measure of wealth - a source of happiness - a main source of food (milk, blood, and meat) - all of the above
all of the above
physical/biological anthropologists are interested in.. - paleoanthropology - primatology - human physical variation - all of the above
all of the above
states require specialized functions including.. - a judiciary - fiscal support - population control - enforcement - all of the above
all of the above
The relatively high incidence of expanded family households among poorer north Americans is.. - the result of a patrilocal residence pattern - an adaptation to poverty - maladaptive, since smaller families would have fewer expenses - the result of bifurcate merging, a practice brought to the U.S by Scotch-irish immigrants during the early part of the 20th century - the reason welfare in the U.S is ineffective
an adaptation to poverty
biological anthropologists study all of the following except.. - ancient languages - human biological plasticity - primates - human evolution - human genetics
ancient languages
_______ do not have tails - new world monkeys - monkeys - apes - lemurs - tarsiers
apes
People who______ are most likely to adopt a new subsistence strategy, like food production - have followed large game into a new continent - want to increase their population more rapidly - are having the most problems following their traditional subsistence strategy - have organized into a state level society - worship animals
are having the most problems following their traditional subsistence strategy
the extinction of the australopithecines suggest that the... - australopithecines ultimately were unsuccessful in competing with early homo populations - broad- spectrum revolution was not adaptive - australopithecines had no social organization - transitional stage between apes and humans was very short - australopithecines are relatively unimportant in the study of human evolution
australopithecines ultimately were unsuccessful in competing with early homo populations
a common social unit among foragers is.. - tribe - chiefdom - segmentary lineage - state - band
band
apes have longer arms than legs, which is adaptive for... - brachiation - knuckle walking - foraging - grooming - physical defense
brachiation
The natufians were.. - broad spectrum foragers who lived in year round villages in the Middle East - the first farmers in highland Peru - long distance traders responsible for the spread of food productions from the Middle East to the Indus River valley - the first Siberian big game hunters to cross the bering land bridge - the first North American paleoindians to settle in permanent villages
broad spectrum foragers who lived in year round villages in the Middle East
Polyandry... - one of the most common forms of marriage and is found in 60% of all societies - can allow a society such as the Paharis in Nepal to avoid the division of small plots of land among sons - always lead to competition and sexual jealousy - all of the above
can allow a society such as the Paharis in Nepal to avoid the division of small plots of land among sons
______ was not domesticated in china - cassava - millet - pigs - water buffalo - rice
cassava
_______ is not part of Darwins theory of evolution - catastrophism - competition for resources - variety in population - change in form over generations - natural selection
catastrophism
_________ refers to a unilinear descent group whose members claim, but cannot demonstrate, common descent from specific ancestor - clan - lineage - extended family - family of procreation - family of orientation
clan
unstructured interviews... - seldom provide useful or accurate data - must be carried our under as similar circumstances as possible - contain open ended questions and are paced by the interviewees - are all short in duration
contain open ended questions and are paced by the interviewees
after being spoken for generations, pidgins may develope into.. - focal vocabulary - syntaxes - protolanguages - creole languages - diglossias
creole languages
if an anthropologist is studying ethnic religious conflict in contemporary Sri Lanka, she is most likely.. - cultural anthropologist - linguistic anthropologist - paleonanthopologist - archaeological anthropologist - biologival anthropologist
cultural anthropologist
______is a trend in hominin evolution since the genus homo began - a lack of sexual dimorphism - decreased molar size - stable population numbers - bipedalism - a decreasing geographic range
decreased molar size
All primate species other than humans are endangered, or soon will be, primarily because of_________ - uniformitarianism - directional selection - intragroup predation - mutations - deforestation
deforestation
in matrilineal societies... - daughters become lifetime members of their mother's group, but sons belong to their father's group - sons become lifetime members of their mother's group, but daughters belong to their father's group - descent groups include only the children of the group's women - descent groups include the children of the group's men - post-marriage residence tends to be patrilocal
descent groups include only the children of the group's women
the simple definition of evolution is.. - natural selection - mutations in breeding population - descent with modification - the process of achieving a perfect fit to the environment - competition over strategic resources
descent with modification
the American anthropological association code of ethics is.. - designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware or their obligations to the field, the host communities, and to society in general - designed to protect the anthropologists who conduct fieldwork in remote places - applicable only to research In the US - disregarded by most researchers - of little use to most anthropologists
designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware or their obligations to the field, the host communities, and to society in general
regular shift between "high" and "low" variants of language... - displacement - diglossia - semantics - kinesics - lexicon
diglossia
________ diffusion takes place when 2 cultures trade, intermarry, or wage war on one another - forced - direct - indirect - enculturated - bilateral
direct
Such an attribute as ________ distinguishes states from chiefdoms. - large residences - a paramount ruler - distinct social stratification, more than levels - subsistence economy based on domesticated species - armed conflict between competing communities
distinct social stratification, more than levels
excavations at the royal cemetery of ur revealed that servants were sacrificed to accompany their rulers into the next life by... - drinking poison - being reproduced in the form of a small votive statue - being staked down into a peat bog - having their heads chopped off
drinking poison
robert carneiros theory of state formation gave a key role to ____ then others followed - technology - warfare - trade - ecology/environment
ecology/environment
Most band-level foraging societies are relatively.. - stratified - sedentary - egalitarian - warlike - large
egalitarian
(T/F) palynology is the study of animals through fossil remains
false
(T/F) Homo floresiensis was a giant hominin that lived in Europe during the interglacial periods
false
(T/F) a primary trend in primate evolution involves a shift from sight to smell as the most important means of obtaining information
false
(T/F) although there are many different levels of culture, an individual can participate in only one level at a time
false
(T/F) ethnomusicology is one of the main four subfields of anthropology
false
(T/F) only people living in the industrialized, capitalist countries of Western Europe and the United States are ethnocentric
false
(T/F) since bands lack formalized law, they have no means of settling disputes
false
(T/F) the market principle dominates in the economies of foraging societies
false
(T/F) with domestication plants developed thicker husks
false
The Aztecs routinely cut out the hearts of sacrificial victims to feed the sun and enable the day to dawn again. This ceremony itself was often referred to.. - wars of conquest - flowery death - fountains of blood - noble bloodletting
flowery death
which subsistence strategy has characterized most of human existence - foraging - pastoralism - Swidden cultivation - agriculture - cannibalism
foraging
________ occurs in all human societies - gender-based division of labors - transhumance - highly specialized technology - domestication of animals for food - terracing
gender-based division of labors
when an individual gives something to someone else but expects nothing in return.. - balanced reciprocity - positive reciprocity - negative reciprocity - specialized reciprocity - generalized reciprocity
generalized reciprocity
The broad spectrum revolution is defined as the period when... - glacial retreats led to the exploiting of a greater variety of plant and animal foods - the greatest diversity of hominids lived in Africa - H. Sapiens populations overtook neanderthal caves and began to draw animal figures - primates developed the ability to see more than just primary colors and therefore could distinguish different types of leaves - H. sapiens shifted from gradual evolution to punctuated equilibrium
glacial retreats led to the exploiting of a greater variety of plant and animal foods
the first animals domesticate in the Middle East were.. - horses and cattle - pigs and sheep - chickens and cattle - goats and sheep - chicken and pigs
goats and sheep
the great apes include... - baboons, gibbons, and chimps - gorillas, chimps, and orangutans - gorillas, gibbons, chimps - macaques, baboons, gibbons - orangutans, siamangs, gorillas
gorillas, chimps, and orangutans
archaeologists who use written records to supplement or guide their fieldwork are... - cognitive archaeologists - historical archaeologists - experimental archaeologists - underwater archaeologists - literary archaeologists
historical archaeologists
______ was the first hominin to arrive to the new world - H. erectus - A. boisei - homo sapiens - H. sapines neanderthalensis - H. habilis
homo sapiens
the principle of superposition dictates that... - in a systematic survey, the location of the site is most likely near a river - in an undisturbed sequence of strata, the youngest layer is on the bottom - in an undisturbed sequence of strata, the oldest layer is on the bottom - a fossil that is superimposed over a rock that is being dated by an absolute method is the same age as the rock - certain radioactive isotopes decay at predictable rates that allow archaeological sites to be dated based on the amount of the isotope present
in an undisturbed sequence of strata, the oldest layer is on the bottom
ethnocentrism is defined as viewing another culture.. - by that cultures standards - in terms of your own culture and values - by government standards - by the universal moral code that we all follow - through rose colored glasses
in terms of your own culture and values
