Final Exam CHILD 320

In what ways might parents relinquish their influence of their adolescents?

if you don't make time for your kids, don't do activities together, can't come to you for help, etc. friends care while you don't.

What are the 4 different typologies that were identified using early adolescents drawing responses?

- boys thought the most important quality of the ideal woman was that she be a good-looking, attractive, smiling, physically developed person engaged in leisurely activity not requiring adult responsibilities. - boys viewed the ideal man as seldom shown as smiling. boys and girls depicted a model ideal man who was first of all, fun and playing; he was neither a parent, nor a breadwinner, nor a contributor to society. This sporting image is not entirely consistent with the image of the traditional male as the provider for his family. Chivalrous football player - girls view of the ideal man. Depicted him smiling and possessed important inner qualities, such as fun and kindness. Shown as a football player and bringing flowers or a present. smiling hard worker - girls thought the ideal woman was working and assuming adult responsibilities. Depicted them as smiling and they referred to important inner qualities, especially kindness, and caring.

Describe, Operational Thinking Characteristic: Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

- As you begin to have higher level thinking, more likely to take a systematic approach to solving problems. Maybe even more than one solution.

4th point highlighted by Montemayor in his 1983 article on adolescents development, - how might conflict in the parent-adolescent relationship be beneficial to adolescents?

- Generally healthy for the personal development. Establish own sense of identity. Teaches how to have normal relationships. Effective problem solving skills.

2nd point highlighted by Montemayor in his 1983 article on adolescents development, - What topics do parents and adolescents rarely argue about?

- Hot topics like sex, drugs, religion or politics.

Sternberg's theory of Love: Of the 7 forms of love, what are 2 most likely to be evidenced in adolescent love experiences, besides friend?

- Liking (friendship)- Infatuation (only physical)- Empty Love (for teh children's sake)- Romantic Love (intimacy and passion/ swept off your feet)- Compantionate Love (Commitment and intimacy / love without magic)- Fatuous (passion and commitment/ foolish love)- Consumate Love (balance of all of them / a complete love / the ultimate form of love) 2 most likely to see in adolescence are infatuation and romantic love

1st point highlighted by Montemayor in his 1983 article on adolescents development, - What issues are parents and adolescents likely to have conflict over?

- Normal, everyday, family matters

Sternberg's theory of Love: what are 3 emotions or qualities present in love relationships?

- Passion: hormonal urges / physical aspects- intimacy: emotional closeness- commitment: how commited you are in the relationship These result in the 7 forms of love

What factors appear to be important to parent-adolescent sexual discussions?

- Who is communicating: girls communicate with their mothers more and will be less sexually active, or will have protected/safe sex. Boys communicate with their dads more and will be more sexually active as it is seen as a rite of passage.- What is being communicated: Parents that have more liberal attitudes will have more sexually active adolescents, while parents that share their attitudes will have less sexually active adolescents.- Proactive/Reactive Conversations: proactive is before they become sexually active, and reactive is after they have already reached that stage.

What are 5 current functions of dating?

- a source of status and achievement - recreation - part of the socialization process - can be a context for sexual experimentation - can provide companionship - contribute to identity formation - a means of mate sorting and selection - provides a context in which to learn intimacy

Describe, Operational Thinking Characteristic: Idealism and what is possible (the real vs. the ideal)

- in childhood, real was ideal, in adolescence there is a higher sense of what could be

What are the two forms of self-consciousness that are associated with Imaginary Audience?

1. Abiding sense: the permanent things, like being short wanting to change your nose, I hate... usually things that are harder to change 2. Transient sense: things that one is able to change with out having to do a lot, like eww there's a pimple on my nose, it will go away on its own.

Steinberg's 3 areas where parents can make a difference in adolescents development?

1. Be warm= tone 2. Be Firm= Setting boundaries 3. Be supportive= support, help them

What are Barber's 2 control dimensions? And How do they differ from one another purpose and impact?

1. Behavioral= parents try to control hw and behavior 2. Psychological= parents try to manipulate

What are the 5 personality traits posted by all adolescents who manage to get to adulthood without major problems? (The 5 C's )

1. Confidence 2. Caring 3. Character 4. Competence 5. Connection +6. Contribution

Four basic changes occurring in the brain during adolescence ("What makes teens Tick" article)

1. Corpus colosome: both sides of the brain work together, use both sides to make choices 2. Prefrontal Cortex: more development than before, helps with choices 3. Imigdala: (emotion center of the brain) becomes more active. It does this because of the running of myelination moves further up, the brain into the prefrontal cortex. 4. Myelination: fatty coating to allow current in the brain to move more effetely and helps with abstract thinking

Based on the NCFR handout by McCoy and Marchant, know the 4 different roles parents may perceive having in adolescents friendships?

1. Nurturer: to nurture and facilitate peer experiences for their adolescents. 2. Protector: To protect their adolescents from the potential dangers that can result from peer relationships. 3. Peer: To be more of a peer figure for their adolescents and the adolescents' friends rather than a parents figure. 4. Uninvolved: To be an uninvolved or background figure in their adolescents' friendships.

How did Dunphy explain the developmental stages of youth's peer relationships from early through late adolescence?

1. Pre-crowd= sticking to unisexual cliques 2. being of control= unisexual cliques/ group-group interactions 3. Start to form crowds= unisexual & unisexual, so it becomes heterosexual both male & female 4. Fully dev. crowd= Heterosexual cliques coming together 5. Being of crowd disintegration

Where are the 4 statuses on predicting each parenting style?

Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive Uninvolved

What are Hollands 6 personality types and how are they important to career choices?

1. Realistic: high physical strength, practical approach to problem solving and low social understanding. Best occupations are those that involve physical activity and practical application of knowledge, such as farming, truck driving, and construction. 2. Investigative: High on conceptual and theoretical thinking. Prefer thinking problems through rather than applying knowledge. Low on social skills. 3.Best occupations: scholarly fields such as math and science. 4. Social: High in verbal skills and social skills. Best professions: those that involve working with people, such as teaching, social work, and counseling. 5. Conventional: High on following directions carefully, dislike of unstructured activities. Best occupations: those that involve clear responsibilities but require little leadership, such as bank teller or secretary.Enterprising: HIgh in verbal abilities, social skills, and leadership skills. Best occupations: sales, politics, management, running a business. 6. Artistic: Introspective, imaginative, sensitive, unconventional. Best occupations: artistic occupations such as painting or writing fiction.

What are 3 different peer influence mechanisms?

1. Selection: tendency of adolescents to become friends with peers who share their attitudes and activities- 2. Deselection: inclination to abandon a friendship if a peer changed attitudes or activities in a way that weakened similarity 3. influence: persuasion from the friend to alter opinions or behaviors to be more similar to them.

How are the phrases "you are a product of the company you keep" "birds oaf a feather flock together" "as people grow, sometimes they grow apart" important to the similarity found between friends? and which ones are likely to be most and least important?

1. Whoever you hang out with and take their manners and beliefs 2. Selecting your friends 3. Deselection of friendships - selection --- most important one "product of company"

What are the 4 areas where adolescents are most likely to demonstrate similarity?

1. educational orientations, including their attitudes toward school, their levels of educational achievement and their educational plans. 2- Media a leisure activity. Adolescent friends tend to like the same kinds of music, wear the same styles of dress, and prefer to do the same things with their leisure time. 3- Risky Activities. Adolescent friends tend to resemble each other in the extent to which they drink alcohol, smoke, try drugs, drive dangerously, get in fights, shoplift, vandalize, etc. 4- Ethnicity. Adolescence is a time when ethnic boundaries in friendships often become sharper. Friendships become less interethnic and by late adolescence, they are generally ethnically segregated.

Article: Brown & Klute: What are the 4 general truths about friendships during adolescents?

1. equality and reciprocity are considered normative mandates in friendship 2. the individuals most likely to be selected as friends are peers who are similar to the self 3. adolescents are especially likely to select same-gender peers as close friends; in multi-ethnic environments there is also a strong preference for same-race peers. 4. girls display more intimacy in their friendship than boys (at least in the frequency, if not the depth of intimate exchanges.

Bouchey & Furman article: What are the 4 dimensions that must be considered when trying to understand the individual differences in romantic relationships?

1. the timing of dating2. the intensity or quantity of experiences3. the quality of the relationships that develop4. individuals' representations of these relationships.

What is Personal Fable? And What are the two aspects of personal fable that are likely to be present during early adolescence?

= Thinking one is the center of attention 1. Adolescents feel immortal/invincible and 2. like no one understands them.

Article, Fordham & Ogbu: What is fictive kinship? and how might it be important to adolescents academic success?

A kinship like relationship between persons not related by blood or marriage in a society, but have some reciprocal social or economic relationship. It is important to their academic success because they support one another to do well in school and learn from one another.

What is Imaginary Audience? And how does it affect adolescents behavior?

Adolescents believe everyone is always looking at them and that they are always on stage. It affects them on how they do things, making them think that everyone is looking at them.

What did stein berg find about the shift in power as adolescents mature?

Adolescents establish greater autonomy and usually overpower truer mother at an older age.

How are parents important to adolescents externalizing behavior?

Adolescents that have authoritative parents take part in risk behavior to a lesser extent than other adolescents. Adolescents that have authoritarian parents, permissive, or disengaged tend to have higher rates of participation in risk behavior. Other family factors related to risk behavior (substance abuse) are high levels of family conflict and family disorganization. Adolescents in divorced families are more likely to use substances, because of the high family conflict. If others in the family are taking substances then the adolescents will have a higher chance of doing the same. Parental monitoring is likely to be low in emerging adulthood which contributs to the high risk behavior which is more than in adolescents.

How are epiphyseal growing plates useful in tracking growth?

As ossification occurs, you can see how much growth potential there still is. Once ossification caps those plates, growth is done.

How is gender intensification a function of an interaction between biological changes and social attitudes?

As they look different they are treated different. Gender begins to become important in what guys and girls do. Function of people around them respond to them as they go through puberty. Wearing make up, do sports, be a man! Be a woman! Act like it. Comes from more traditional homes

What is the optimal size for secondary schools and classrooms?

Best school size is between 500 and 1,000 students, not too small or large. For class size scholars disagree. Some claim that direct and negative relationships exists between class size and students academic performance. Others find that variation within the typical range 20 to 40 students, has little effect on student's achievement. They agree that for students with academic difficulties, small classes are preferable because each student is more likely to get individual attention.

How is identity important to adolescents preparation for intimacy?

Can't love anyone if you don't love yourself, find out who you are first, so you don't change with the people you have relationships with.

What causes the growth spurt to begin and what causes its cessation?

Caused by the production of sex hormones until they reach adult concentrations in the blood stream. Gonads start the hypothelmic-gonadostat stop it. The cessation of the growth spurt is a result of new elevated concentration of sex hormones.

How is individual development important to the peer relationships that youths are likely to have during adolescence, particularly earn compared to peer relationships experienced during child and adulthood?

Children can play with anyone, but teens want to hang with individual developed peers.

What are the best friendships, cliques, crowds, and other cohorts? What distinguishes them as different levels of what we refer to as peers?

Cliques= 3-9 friends Crowd= 2-4 friends Cohorts= functions same age/ proximity

What characteristics are we likely to see in girls who begin early to date seriously, compared to those who eat until they are older?

Date early: less mature, less imaginative, less oriented toward achievement, less happy with who they are, more superficial.

Where are the 4 statues on crisis and commitment

Diffusion - ne crises, no comment (The lowest) Foreclosure - "Closing on a house" putting down $$ but no crises Moratorium - crises, but no commitment Achieved - Crises and commitment

Understand how adolescents in the 4 statues are likely to be different?

Diffusion- no need to explore Foreclosure- no need to explore, but having a strong belief Moratorium- process of exploration, no commitment Identity Achievement - Have explored and that is why one believes the way they do and are the way they are

What are the different ways that the direct effects model and indirect (or mediated) effects model explain the influence of pubertal development on adolescent's behavior?

Direct effects- pubertal changes directly affect adolescents. More of the physical. Indirect- is others reactions to those changes that affects the teens view.

Thomas & Carver article: For religious adolescents, who is the most important to their future plans and values during early vs. late adolescence?

Early: Family Late: Youth leaders

What are the 2 different paths a young person can take when establishing a personal identity, according to Waterman?

Either having your damian where you can find who you truly are or you don't have the Damian and you're lost, you don't know who you are.

How are peer relationships important to youths individuals development? What did Erikson and Piaget say about this?

Erikson compared it to a way-station, like trains stop their, helping them on their journey Piaget said, peers help mutual defined roles

Why is G. Stanley Hall considered the "father of the scientific study of adolescence?" What did he believe defined the adolescent period?

He believed in the function of Storm & Stress

Thomas & Carver article: In what ways does religion serve as a social control for adolescents?

Hellfire and damnation can be effective from keeping kids from doing bad things.

According to Carol Gilligan, why is early adolescence a critical juncture for how girls view themselves?

Girls are raised different from boys. Different voices, girls either silence that voice or show it and share it with others.Girls realize that they were raised to be more selfless, but now the voice that is more selfish is more valued. They need to decide which voice they choose.

How is intimacy different in the friendships of girls and boys?

Girls= Spend more time talking to their friends and making sure they trust and feel close to their girlfriends Boys= More shared activities based on friendships

In theories about parents and peers, what is the difference between the hydraulic perspective and situational hypothesis?

Hydraulic perspective: Peers have very little input and parents have a lot but as peers become more important parents become less important until parents occupy very little significance in an adolescent's life. Situational hypothesis: The parents continue to be important, but the peers are more important in current issues. parents are in future goals.

Thomas & Carver article: How is adolescent religiosity associated with social competence and ability to plan for the future?

It helps adolescents become more competent and future oriented.

What is anticipatory socialization and what does it tell us about the importance of adolescents peer group status to their peers susceptibility?

Individual behavior on an expectations, with conformity will be rewarded with actual acceptance of group. it tells us they want to be with peers that support you doing good.

What are internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors? What gender is most likely evidence which type of behavior?

Internalizing Problems: problems such as depression and anxiety, that affect a person's internal world, for example: depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. MOST COMMON WITH FEMALESExternalizing Problems: problems that affect a person's external world, such as delinquency and fighting. MOST COMMON WITH MALES

What are the rites of passage and how are they important to people's adolescent experience?

Is a key event, comes to a different point in life. Transition to adolescence Example, getting a drivers license.

How is the "top-dog" phenomenon important to school transition?

Issues of moving from the top position to the lowest position.

Article, Fordham & Ogbu: What does "acting-white" mean?

It means academic learning or success. The main reason black students do poorly in school is that that experience inordinate ambivalence and effective dissonance in regard to academic effort and success.

Miller article: Many studies have shown earlier onset of intercourse and less contraceptive use among teen in single parent families. Why is this the case?

Less parental supervision, females more sexually active because of a model thing they see their mom dating, etc. Marriage family kids don't think of their parents as being sexual humans.

2 routes to adolescent delinquency: What is the difference between life-course-persisteint and adolescence-limited delinquents?

Life - Course - Persistent Delinquents: in Moffitt's theory, adolescents who show a history of related problems both prior to and following adolescence. Adolescence-Limited Delinquents: IN Moffitt's theory, delinquents who engage in criminal acts in adolescnce and/or emerging adulthood but show no evidence of probems before or after these periods.

From the textbook: What racial group is most likely to be sexually active, and what racial group is least to be sexually active?

Most likely =African AmericansLeast Likely = Whites

What are the main characteristics of social perspective-taking during early adolescence and how is it likely to change teens relationships?

Moves from my perspective then goes to your perspective vs my perspective and then goes to us. "Us" is very fragile. Eventually becoming more stable.

What are Baumrind's typologies of parenting style? What are the different outcomes for adolescents in parenting styles?

Parental responsiveness and demandingness.- Authoritative - high demandingness and high responsiveness: they love their children but also set clear standards for behavior and explain to their children the reasons for those standards. - Permissive/indulgent - low demandingness and high responsiveness: They show love and affection toward their children but are permissive with regard to standards of behavior. - Authoritarian (one size fits all) - high demandingness and low responsiveness: they require obedience from their children and punish disobedience without compromise, but show little warmth or affection towards them. - Uninvolved/indifferent/disengaged - low demandingness and low responsiveness: uninvolved in children's development.

Based on the Brown article discussed in class, what characteristics mediated the link between parenting practices and adolescents crowd affiliations?

Parents are important to the peer crowds kids end up in. 3 diff kinds of parenting behavior seemed to predict the crowds they ended up in. Brown added that seemed to increase the power of the model was the teen's own behavior. What parents did had influence on peer crowd kid would be inadded that the teen's own behavior such as GPA, if they are invovled in drugs, etc. the model became stronger. important because of impact they have on teens behavior which results in

What did Biddle, Banks and Marlin find when they compared the influence of parents and peers?

Parents have the most influence on their adolescent through what they say, while with their peers, it's what they do.

What are secondary sex characteristics and how are they different from primary sex characteristics?

Primary- reproductive males: Testes & Penis females: Vagina & Ovaries Secondary- things that prepare the body for reproduction males: Adams apple, wide shoulders females: breast, wide hips

Describe, Operational Thinking Characteristic: New awareness that thoughts are separate entities that can be thought about

Real to the possible (CAN THINK ABOUT THOUGHTS - METACOGNITION) Thoughts can now be considered as separate entities (meta-cognition)

According to the text book: How do teens reported sources of support change between childhood and emerging adulthood? What are the 2 main reasons that friends become more important to during adolescence?

Teens at first rely on parents at first, then they want their peer more than family. They focus on the peer loyalty. They still love their family but they spend more time with friends, it's more about the social.

Selman's social cognition theory: What are the different stages that follow the normal development of friendship?

Stage 2: close friendship as fair-weather cooperation (give and take) Stage 3: close friendship as intimate and mutually sharing-intense (no longer about just you and me it's about the relationship between us, the relationship is fragile, jelousy, intensity, etc.) Stage 4: close friendship as autonomous interdependence (not as intense as in three but still important. more mature)

What is the difference between status offenses and index offenses? Give examples of each

Status Offenses: offenses such as running away from home that are defined as violations of the law only because they are committed by juveniles.Index Crimes: Serious crimes divided into two categories: violent crimes such as rape, assault, and murder, and property crimes such as robbery, motor vehicle theft,and arson.

From the textbook: What are the differences between teens who remain virgins and those who become non-virgins?

The two groups have similar levels of self-esteem and overall life satisfaction.

How do girls silence their "different voice?" and how can we help girls deal with their critical juncture?

The battle should not be over individual women finding equality, but womanhood and those characteristics that make it unique, finding equality. Ex: women aren't meant to do all that men can, they are meant to do what men can't.

What educational and employment factors changed from (1840-1920) that brought about the "Age of adolescence" (1890-1920)?

The industrial rise and age of adolescents - high demand for children in the work force - As factories got more independent, the less help they needed so the younger people were able to go back tp school - needed more skilled employees - Universal education was more accessible for everyone

Article, Fordham & Ogbu: How might acting-white be reflected in the academic success of black adolescents?

This problem arose because white Americans refused to acknowledge that black Americans are capable of intellectual achievement. Black Americans began to doubt their own intellectual ability as a result of this.

What were some of the coping strategies that high achieving black adolescents used to avoid being labeled as "acting white"

Those who are academically able do not put forth the necessary effort and perseverance in their schoolwork, and so poorly in school. Do below what they could. Discourage their peers from emulating white people.

How are transitions from elementary & middle school important?

Transition from elementary school to middle school is harderSchool size: important to pro-social and antisocial behaviorClass size: important to academic acheivement Physical changes of puberty may coincide with the school transition, as well as peer relations. Early adolescence often marks the beginning of romantic and sexual experimentation. Changes in school experience, such as moving from a small classroom to a larger setting where a student has many teachers instead of just one. Academic work is harder, and grades are viewed as more important. This can all add to anxieties and school-related stress.

How are is the participant form of parent peer involvement different from the other identifies forms?

Uninvolved: parents are unconcerned with their adolescents' friendship in any form, unless they are placed in a position where they must address them Monitoring: parents may track their children's peer activities, but do little to alter, restrict, or facilitate those relationships. Managerial: parents talk primarily about monitoring, as well as the rules and expectations that have been established to control or protect the adolescents from the real or anticipated pitfalls that existing friendship. Facilitating: parents will often mention monitoring and managing activities, however, the majority of their conversations will focus on personal behaviors that they feel enhance the adolescents'opportunities to experience positive friendships. Participating: parents will often mention behaviors typical of the other levels but will talk about involvement with adolescents' friends as resulting from an innate enjoyment of being with the adolescent and his or her friends.

3rd point highlighted by Montemayor in his 1983 article on adolescents development, - How has parent-adolescents conflict changed her that last century?

Very little has changed over the years in what parents argue about

From the textbook: What are the broader characteristics of adolescents who experience sexual intercourse early on (15 or younger)?

Virgins: Adolescents that remain virgins through high school are more likely than nonvirgins to be late maturing in the timing of their pubertal development, and they tend to have higher levels of academic aspirations. They are also more likely to be politically conservative and to participate in religious activitiesNonvirgins: early users of drugs and alcohol. More likely to be from single-parent families and to have grown up in poverty.

Thomas & Carver article: When religiosity is divided into public and private spheres which is most likely to be important to adolescents behavior?

What they do in private.

Miller article: Why are parent-teen closeness, parental supervision and monitoring of children, and parent-child communication are all important to adolescent pregnancy risk?

because it deceases the risk of teen pregnancy, having parents monitor and be involved in their children's life

What are the first secondary sex characteristics that are likely to be present in boys and girls?

boys: testes girls: pubic hair/ breast budding