Final Exam - Child Development Ch. 11

Three of the following factors are influential in young children's ability to form one or more secure attachments to caregivers. Which factor is least important?

Presence of the same caregiver throughout the day

Three of the following are recommended ways to foster attachment. Which one is not a recommendation according to attachment literature?

Promote emotional bonds only in infancy.

When parents are divorced, which of the following is recommended to help their child maintain a secure attachment?

Send communication from the school with duplicate copies to both homes.

In the elementary and middle school grades, Kendra seems to be a bright, well-adjusted girl. But in tenth grade, her grades plummet, and she has lengthy periods of exceptional sadness and lethargy. Following are four possible explanations of this change in Kendra's behavior. Which one is most consistent with research findings?

Serious depression is more common in adolescence that in the elementary school years, and it is sometimes the result of a chemical imbalance.

For the past four afternoons Sheila and Rachel have acted out the same scene with their dolls: the girls put their dolls to bed. The dolls want the light left on. The girls tell the dolls that the light must be turned off at night. The girls then explain at length that the dolls will be safe in bed with the light off. The scene ends with the dolls going to sleep in the "dark" room. Such fantasy play is apt to:

help the girls constructively work through their own fear of the dark

When Lucianne opens a gift from her Uncle John, she discovers that he has given her his prized toy soldier collection. She smiles and thanks her uncle for the gift. At the same time she is thinking, "Yuck! What will I ever do with this?!" Based on this information, Lucianne must be at least:

4 years old

Flora is watching Clark open birthday presents. Clark opens the present from Aunt Terri and finds a Barbie doll. Clark smiles at Aunt Terri and thanks her for the gift. Flora knows that Clark really thinks the Barbie is a terrible gift. From this information, you can reasonably conclude that Flora is probably at least:

9 years old

Which one of the following best reflects a child's need for relatedness?

As soon as she gets home from school each day, Andrea calls her best friend.

Richard has wild mood swings. For weeks at a time he has no appetite and little energy. But he also has periods in which he's quite happy and energetic, sometimes to the point where his friends find overwhelming. Such symptoms suggest that Richard has:

Bipolar disorder

Which one of the following pairs of children best illustrates a difference in temperament?

Carol is very sociable and outgoing; Chris is more quiet and reserved around peers.

Ruth loves to undertake projects and always sees them through to completion. She is well organized and responsible, which makes her a desirable teammate for small-group work. Within the context of the five dimensions of personality listed in the textbook, you would be most likely to rate Ruth high on:

Conscientiousness

Brenda's teachers describe her as extremely conscientious. Brenda worries about her schoolwork being complete, accurate, and neatly prepared. Brenda also worries incessantly about her appearance, often stopping in the restroom to make sure that every hair is in place. When you ask Brenda about her friends, she confides that she thinks that many of them don't like her. And when she's not preoccupied about academic or social matters, Brenda worries about the murderers and terrorists who might be lurking around every corner. Such symptoms are most consistent with:

an anxiety disorder

Which one of the following best illustrates Erikson's stage of identity versus role confusion?

Craig is trying to decide what career he wants to pursue.

Which one of the following best describes attachment in the early years?

an enduring emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver.

You have been observing Emilia and conclude that she has considerable empathy. Which of the following behaviors would lead to such a conclusion?

Emilia notices that Jill is feeling sad. She goes over to talk to Jill, and she begins feeling sad herself

At an infant care center, 6 month old Dexter begins to cry. Hearing Dexter, 7 month old Kristina starts crying as well. Before long, several other infants add to the chorus. This situation illustrates:

Emotional Contagion

Which one of the following best describes empathy?

Experiencing the same feelings as someone in unfortunate circumstances.

David loves to interact with other students, and he readily asserts his opinions in class. Within the context of the five dimensions of personality listed in the textbook, you would be most likely to rate David high on:

Extraversion

Three of the following are common signs that a youngster is contemplating suicide. Which one is least likely to be indicative of suicidal thoughts?

Gracie has become quite interested in looking and dressing like a popular rock star.

Mr. Sandborne wants to promote emotional development in his 5th grade students. Three of the following strategies should help him in this effort. Which one is least likely to be effective?

He should encourage his students to ignore their feelings as much as possible.

Three of the following statements about diversity in attachment are true. Which one is false?

In some cultures, harsh and abusive parenting is the norm rather than the exception, and so children rarely become attached as an adult.

Which one of the following statements is most accurate regarding gender differences in emotion?

In the elementary school years, many boys begin to hide their true feelings.

Jules is discovering that by being able to write all the alphabet letters in cursive, he is winning the approval of his teacher. Without knowing anything else about Jules, the best guess is that he is in Erikson's stage of?

Industry versus inferiority

Most developmental psychologists believe that temperament:

Involves certain genetic dispositions, which are moderately open to socialization.

Mr. King runs a tight ship in his middle school math classes. At the beginning of each class, he gives a ten-minute explanation of a new concept or procedure, and then he hands out worksheets that students complete independently at their desks. Which one of the following students has a temperament that is probably the best match with Mr. King's classroom?

Jayson is quiet and diligent

Which one of the following children is most likely to be identified as having an emotional-behavior disorder in need of intervention?

Lana, who has no friends and seems to be constantly depressed.

Mr. Jones is concerned about one of his students, Todd, who has recently been identified as having a conduct disorder. Which one of the following is a good strategy for Mr. Jones to use with Todd?

Mr. Jones sets limits on Todd's behavior. "under no circumstances will either physical or verbal aggression be acceptable in my classroom," he tell Todd.

Three of the following teachers are using strategies that are likely to be effective with students who have emotional-behavioral problems. Which teacher is not using an effective strategy?

Ms. Walsenburg allows students to be verbally aggressive with classmates as long as they don't become physically aggressive.

Avi often feels anxious at school. He lacks confidence for approaching academic tasks and often expresses self-pity. Within the context of the five dimensions of personality listed in the textbook, you would be most likely to rate Avi high on:

Neuroticism

Imagine you are a teacher. You are currently attending a meeting that was convened to discuss Martin, a student in your sixth-grade class whose behavior has been quite disruptive. A psychologist who has recently conducted an in-depth psychological evaluation says that Martin has an emotional-behavioral disorder. From this information you should conclude that:

The source of Martin's behavior problems may be either biological or environmental.

If we consider Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, then which one of the following issues would we expect high school students to be most concerned about?

Trying to decide who they really are and what role they will play in adult society.

Three of the following strategies should help young children form healthy attachments to a caregiver. Which one is NOT consistent with recommendations presented in the textbook?

When parents divorce, suggest that one parent become the primary nurturer and that the other one act more as an occasional "playmate."

Three of the following are accurate statements about cultural differences in children's emotional responding. Which statement is inaccurate?

Within a culture, emotional expression tends to be consistent; there are few individual differences

Which one of the following most accurately describes the concept of temperament?

a child's way of responding to events and of regulating impulses.

Roger's classmates think of him as a bully. He frequently assaults other boys and is even mean to neighborhood pets. Roger brags about stealing cars from local dealerships to go joy-riding in the middle of the night. He is already known to the local authorities for truancy and vandalism. These behaviors suggest that Roger may have:

a conduct disorder

Edward is a timid 8 year old who is shy around his peers. He gets easily frustrated with challenging school assignments and would much prefer to do simple tasks that he can accomplish quickly. If we were to consider three key dimensions of temperament described in the textbook, we would rate Edward high on:

both extraversion/surgency and effortful control

Gender differences in emotions seem to be:

due partly to biology and partly to socialization

Letitia is a quiety, thoughtful young woman who has several close friends. She enjoys their company on occasion, but she is often just as happy curled up by herself in a comfortable chair reading and writing poetry. If we were to consider three key dimensions of temperament described in the textbook, we would rate Letitia high on:

effortful control

from the perspective of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, children's ability to trust those around them stems from?

experiences with adults during infacncy

Melissa is a happy-go-lucky 15 year old who loves a good party. When her parents aren't home, she and her friends sometimes raid the family liquor cabinet, and she has experimented with marijuana a few times. If we were to consider three key dimensions of temperament described in the textbook-extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control - we would rate Melissa high on:

extraversion/surgency

On his first day at a new preschool, 3 year old Kegan's attention is immediately attracted to a wooden train set on the far side of the room. But no sooner has he begun to play with the train than a large teddy teddy bear catches his eye, and he seems unconcerned when his mother leaves the room. Kegan continues to flit from one toy to another all morning without getting involved in any of them. He hardly reacts when Mom returns a couple of hours later. Kegan's behavior is most consistent with an?

insecure-avoidant attachment

On her first day at a new child care center, 2 year old Martha is quite upset when her father leaves to go to work. When Dad returns that afternoon, Martha runs to him for a hug but then soon pushes Dad away. Martha's behavior is most consistent with an?

insecure-resistant attachment

Which one of the following scenarios is most consistent withe the strange situation?

a mother and her young child are in a playroom. soon after, an unknown adult joins them, and then Mom leaves the room for a few minutes. The child's behaviors are observed through a one-way mirror.

Which one of the following best describes Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

a series of states, each of which has a unique developmental task to be addressed.

When children appear to have insecure attachments to the important adults in their lives, teachers and other practitioners should:

seek professional guidance, possibly including a therapeutic intervention.

Racine is very moody. One day she seems reasonably happy, but the next day she's irritable and on edge. The day after that, she's quite cheerful. Taking developmental differences in affect into account and without knowing anything else about Racine, our best guess would be that Racine is in:

seventh grade

Which on of the following statements most accurately describes differences among socioeconomic groups in emotional responding?

Lower-SES children have more emotional difficulties than their middle-SES peers because of the greater uncertainty and deprivation in their lives

Children's early attachments with caregivers are most likely to:

help children form ideas about the nature of typical interpersonal relationships

The emotions guilt and shame are different from emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger in that they:

require awareness of society's standards

Kathleen is 2 years old. She very much wants to do things for herself-dressing herself, brushing her teeth, and so on- in the morning. Most of the time her mother will not let her do such things because she is so slow and clumsy. Today Mom tells Kathleen she can dress herself, but before long Mom is saying: "Kathleen, you've got your pants on backwards again! Can't you ever put your clothes on right? Here, let me do it. You're making me late for work." If Kathleen hears this kind of talk very often, Erikson suggests that Kathleen might be at risk for developing a sense of?

shame and doubt (rather than autonomy)

when a new child care provider picks up 11 month old Ceci for the first time, Ceci screams hysterically and struggles to get away. Which one of the following is the most likely explanation for Ceci's behavior?

she is showing stranger anxiety, which is common at the end of the first year.

Matthew willingly allows anyone to hold him or change his diapers, but he seems to be especially happy in the arms of his mother, father, or regular day car provider. Without knowing anything else about Matthew, you might reasonably guess that he is?

two to six months old

Recent research indicates that the quality of an infant's early attachment to a primary caregiver:

is important but does not necessarily dictate the quality of other close relationships.

ten-year-old Kieran is quite attached to his mother and father. His parents are divorced. According to the text, which of the following would be a possible response to this disruption with his relationship with his parents?

He would become angry or aggressive

Which behavior is most likely to indicate that an adolescent has an emotional or behavioral disorder?

Jeff is usually somber and uncommunicative; the only time he interacts with his peers is to hit or yell at them.

Three year old Julie is shy around other children and fearful of unfamiliar places and events. Julie's parents worry about how inhibited she is and so enroll her in a half-day preschool class that she attends until she begins kindergarten two years later. Based on what research suggests about the stability of temperament, what would you expect of Julie when she reaches adolescence?

Julie will be a little on the shy side but not totally isolated from her peers, and she might be moderately hesitant about new experiences.

Four year old Lena lives with her father, grandmother, and 8 year old brother. She spends 40 hours a week at a neighbor woman's home while her father and grandmother are at work. All four of these individuals are reasonably kind and attentive to her. Chances are Lena will...?

form attachments to all three family members and to the neighbor.

Three of the following are common ways in which toddlers engage in emotional regulation. Which strategy is not common at this age?

mentally blocking out an unpleasant emotion

In Erik Erikson's view, children in the initiative versus guilt stage ideally learn to:

plan and carry out some of the own activities

Which one of the following emotions are young infants least likely to feel?

pride

While Mother fills out an application form at a new preschool, 18 month old Colin happily explores a few toys nearby. When Mom momentarily steps out to use the washroom, Colin becomes upset, but he quickly calms down and smiles upon her return. Colin's behavior is most consistent with a

secure attachment

Children are likely to form secure attachments to teachers when:

student and teacher are both emotionally invested in the relationship