final exam-envs
A descending mass of air is warmed as it is compressed
chapter 10 Which one of the following is an example of adiabatic heating?
salinization
chapter 11 Which one of the following can result from irrigating crops in dryland areas with insufficient water to leach salts down through the soil?
mollisol
chapter 11 Which one of the following is the best soil for agriculture?
resistant to many insect pests
chapter 12 A Bt crop is a genetically modified crop that is
33%
chapter 12 Approximately what percentage of the world's croplands are used to feed domestic animals?
United States and India
chapter 12 Which of the following countries have the largest areas of arable land?
beef
chapter 12 Which one of the following sources of calories in the human diet requires the greatest amount of land per calorie to produce?
bees
chapter 13 The principal concern with the use of neonicotinoid insecticides is their adverse effects on _________.
DDE
chapter 13 Which one of the following has been shown to most adversely affect the reproduction of birds?
Screwworm flies
chapter 13 Which one of the following insect pests has been eliminated from the United States by release of sterile males?
herbicides and insecticides
chapter 13 Which two of the following kinds of pesticides account for most use of pesticides in agriculture in the United States?
United States
chapter 14 Carbon dioxide emissions by which one of the following countries have decreased the most since 2005?
natural gas
chapter 14 Most electric power plants built in the United States since 2000 use which one of the following sources of energy?
China
chapter 14 Which one of the following countries has the lowest per capita energy consumption?
electricity
chapter 14 Which one of the following is not a primary source of energy?
China
chapter 15 The country with the greatest number of nuclear power plants under construction is
France
chapter 15 Which of the following countries generates the greatest percentage of its electricity from nuclear power plants?
plutonium-239
chapter 15 Which one of the following fissionable isotopes is produced in a breeder reactor?
alpha particles
chapter 15 Which one of the following kinds of radiation is associated with the greatest amount of biological damage per unit of absorbed energy?
soybeans
chapter 16 Biodiesel is a fuel made from a mixture of normal diesel fuel and oil from
USA and Brazil
chapter 16 The two countries that account for the greatest amount of ethanol production as a fuel are
less than 5%
chapter 16 When plants such as switchgrass are grown as a potential source of liquid fuels, the energy in sunlight is converted to potential energy in the biomass of the plant with an efficiency of ____________.
Nicotine
chapter 17 The substance in cigarette smoke that is addictive is ______________.
A
chapter 17 Which one of the dose-effect curves shown below correctly describes what public health authorities assume to be the relationship between exposure to ionizing radiation and the risk of cancer?
Japanese citizens living in Hiroshima and Nagasaki when the atomic bombs were dropped develop cancer 35 years later as a result of the large doses of radiation they received when the bombs exploded.
chapter 17 Which one of the following is not an example of the consequences of chronic exposure?
smoking
chapter 17 Which one of the following is the greatest lifestyle-related cause of death in the United States?
Weddell Sea off the coast of Antarctica
chapter 18 At which one of the following places is bottom water formed in the ocean?
water vapor
chapter 18 Which one of the following gases accounts for the greatest percentage of the greenhouse effect globally?
NO
chapter 19 Ozone concentrations accumulate in air if volatile organic carbon compounds react with which one of the following?
convert sulfur dioxide to hydrogen sulfide
chapter 19 The catalytic converter on automobiles is not intended to do which one of the following?
World Trade Organization
chapter 2 : The prohibition by the United States of the importation of products made with child labor has been objected to by which one of the following organizations?
China
chapter 2 : The solution to the corn blight of 1970 in the United States was to import corn from _____________ that was immune to the fungus that was causing the blight.
Cuba and North Korea
chapter 2 : Which of the following countries have centrally planned economies?
Gross domestic product
chapter 2 : Which one of the following measures of the economic progress of China would you expect to have increased the most since 1980?
2-3 months
chapter 20 Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge takes about ______________.
at least a factor of 50
chapter 20 If the BOD of raw sewage is 200 ppm, by how much would that water have to be diluted to prevent the oxygen in a stream from dropping from 10 ppm to less than 6 ppm?
100%
Over the next 30 years, roughly what percentage of the world's net population growth is expected to occur in urban areas?
85%
chapter 20 In the United States, federal law requires that secondary wastewater treatment plants remove at least ________ percent of the BOD and suspended solids from the raw wastewater.
Diverting treated sewage effluents to Puget Sound
chapter 20 The eutrophication of Lake Washington was mitigated by which one of the following methods?
malaria
chapter 20 Which one of the following diseases is not transmitted via water contaminated with sewage?
10-19
chapter 21 The number of states with bottle laws is
cigarette butts
chapter 21 Which one of the following is the most common form of trash identified by volunteers who participate in annual beach cleanups?
china
chapter 21 Which one of the following nations accounts for the greatest consumption of bottled water?
The 2004 Stockholm Convention
chapter 22 Production and/or use of the so-called 'dirty dozen' toxic substances was banned or greatly restricted as a result of
3 mg/kg for 20 days
chapter 22 Suppose that a potentially toxic substance was added to the feed of experimental mice. Which one of the following scenarios would be associated with the largest dose of the toxic substance?
Leakage underground storage tanks
chapter 22 The most common source of groundwater contamination is
RCRA prohibits the disposal of hazardous wastes in landfills
chapter 22 Which one of the following is not true of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)?
5
chapter 23 As a result of the urban heat island effect, cities are typically ___________ degrees Celsius warmer than surrounding areas.
older than 60
chapter 23 In Japan, the majority of rice farming is done by people who are ____________ years old.
Curitiba, Brazil
chapter 23 Which one of the following is considered to be the most livable city in Latin America?
by nitrogen fixation and lost by either anammox or denitrification
Biologically available nitrogen can be added to aquatic systems
Symbiosis
Commensalism is an example of
NO
Emissions of which one of the following gases as a result of fossil fuel burning leads to the production of ozone in the troposphere?
There is less water vapor in the atmosphere at high latitudes than at low latitudes
Further increases of carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere are expected to warm temperatures more at high latitudes than at low latitudes because
northwest
If Earth rotated in the opposite direction, the Trade Winds in the northern hemisphere would blow from the
both A and B benefit from the relationship
If the relationship between species A and B is mutualistic, __________ .
lowering the pressure
In a flash steam geothermal power plant, water is vaporized by ____________.
China and India
In which two of the following countries are the greatest numbers of people living on less than $10 per day?
Milankovitch cycles
The glacial-interglacial cycles that have taken place during the current ice age are believed to be caused by oscillations in the characteristics of Earth's rotation about its rotational axis and in its orbit around the Sun. These cyclic oscillations are called
breakdown of detritus
The nutrients that support plant growth in natural terrestrial ecosystems are supplied mainly by
evapotranspiration
The process by which water vapor passes through stomata from plants to the atmosphere is called
paper and paperboard
The single largest component of municipal solid waste in the United States is
20-29%
What percentage of municipal solid waste in the United States is recycled?
ozone
Which one of the following air pollutants is not a primary pollutant?
ozone
Which one of the following gases is primarily responsible for the fact that the temperature of the stratosphere increases with increasing altitude?
An influx of middle-class people displaces poor residents from a formerly deteriorating neighborhood where homes and businesses were repaired and rebuilt
Which one of the following is an example of gentrification?
Lichens appear on basalt rock 50 years after a volcanic eruption on the Big Island of Hawaii
Which one of the following is an example of primary succession?
Drought
Which one of the following is not involved in maintaining population equilibrium?
Melting of the ice floating on the Arctic Ocean
Which one of the following mechanisms is expected to cause temperatures during the 21st century to rise more at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere than at high latitudes in the southern hemisphere?
The site of a former service station is abandoned because the underground fuel tanks below the site were found to have developed leaks
Which one of the following scenarios would be characterized as a brownfield?
Air rises at the equator and sinks at 30 degrees latitude
Which one of the following statements is true about a Hadley cell?
The handle was removed from the Broad Street pump
chapter 1 : The 1854 cholera outbreak near Broad Street in London came to an end when
At the end of winter
chapter 1 : The figure below shows concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere from the late 1950s to the present time. In addition to the long term trend of increasing CO2 concentrations, the concentrations also oscillate up and down by several parts per million on an annual basis. At what time of the year would you expect the concentrations to be highest?
security
chapter 1 : Which one of the following is not one of the vital concepts that move societies toward a sustainable future?
energy can neither be created nor destroyed
chapter 1 : Which one of the following statements is not one of the four basic assumptions of the scientific method?
Speed up the hydrologic cycle and slow the thermohaline circulation of the ocean
chapter 10 Global warming during the 21st century is expected to
Irrigation water is cheap, and initial installation costs are high
chapter 10 Which of the following reasons explains why most farmers in the United States do not irrigate their crops via drip irrigation?
aquifers
chapter 10 Which one of the following contains the most liquid freshwater?
I and III
chapter 3 : Consider the following statements: (I) In any energy conversion, some of the usable energy is always lost as heat (II) Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it may be converted from one form to another, (III) Systems will go spontaneously in one direction only, toward increasing entropy. Which of these are statements of the second law of thermodynamics?
remove all the carbon dioxide from the stormwater runoff
chapter 3: Ecologist Eckhard wants to stop the algal blooms in City Park Lake by reducing the inputs of essential nutrients to the lake from stormwater runoff. Which one of the following strategies would have the least effect on the algal blooms?
salt marsh
chapter 3: Which one of the following is an example of an ecotone?
50
chapter 4 : A population is growing exponentially with a doubling time of 10 years. If the size of the population now is 400, what was the size of the population 30 years ago?
the relationship has a negative effect on both A and B
chapter 4 : If the relationship between species A and B is competitive, __________ .
R-strategists have high biotic potential and poor recruitment most of the time
chapter 4 : Which one of the following statements is true?
3 ppm
chapter 5 : The ecological efficiency in a food chain is 15%. A pollutant (X) is transferred from one trophic level to the next with an efficiency of 45%. The concentration of X on trophic level 4 is 81 ppm. What is the concentration of X on trophic level 1?
H
chapter 6 : Hardening of urban streams in the name of flood control is an example of which one of the letters of the acronym HIPPO?
rice, wheat, and corn
chapter 6 : The three crops that account for about 50% of global food demands are
The Convention on Biological Diversity
chapter 6 : Which one of the following international agreements assures that wealthy nations cannot mine the genetic resources of other countries and then patent products that indigenous people have used for millennia?
whooping crane
chapter 6 : Which one of the following species is currently protected under the auspices of the U.S. Endangered Species Act?
regulating
chapter 7 : Climate moderation is an example of which one of the following kinds of ecosystem services?
China and Europe
chapter 7 : Which of the following areas experienced a net gain of forest area between 2000 and 2010?
Japan and Norway
chapter 7 : Which of the following countries are continuing commercial whaling despite the 1986 moratorium on whaling imposed by the International Whaling Commission?
open access
chapter 7 : Which of the following kinds of property rights is associated with the Tragedy of the Commons?
20% in country A and 15% in country B
chapter 8 : In hypothetical country A, everyone dies when they reach the age of 60. In hypothetical country B, which has a better health care system, everyone dies when they reach the age of 80. If the total population of both countries is stable, what percentage of the total population would you expect to be in the age group 32-43 years inclusive?
Population momentum
chapter 8 : The fertility rate in Burkino Faso has exceeded the replacement rate for many years and is currently about 5.1. if the fertility rate were to suddenly drop to the replacement rate, why would the population of Burkino Faso continue to increase?
Since 1960, the percentage of people living in high-income countries has increased
chapter 8 : Which one of the following statements is not true?
The name of a restaurant chain in Thailand
chapter 9 : Cabbages and Condoms is
20%
chapter 9 : Globally, approximately what percentage of pregnancies are ended by abortions?
10
chapter 9 : In countries that have completed the demographic transition, the crude birth rates and crude death rates are both about ______ per 1000 people per year
The dependency ratio decreases and then increases
chapter 9 : Which one of the following statements describes what happens when countries pass through the fertility transition?
