final exam ethics
Too often we use the words good and bad or right and wrong in a non-moral sense. Which claims deals with acceptable social behavior?
Claims of etiquette
When a person makes a choice and is free of any constraint or compulsion and has engaged in rational deliberation, he has made which of the following choices?
Competent choice
Care theorists define symmetrical relationships as one in which one of the parties in the relationship usually depends largely on the other.
False
Dependent effects are always acceptable, whereas the independent effects are never acceptable.
False
Moral reasoning can only be applied to derive principles from moral principles.
False
The fact that different societies' moral beliefs and practices differ from other societies' moral and beliefs necessarily means that there is no underlying fundamental moral principles they accept.
False
The main challenge to act utilitarianism is that instead of being objective, it is subjective.
False
The positive element to moral reasoning is that once moral reasoning has taken place, it removes all conflicts in that person, that is, the person who uses moral reasoning will never have conflicting judgments.
False
Utility is associated with what gives pain, whereas disutility is associated with what gives pleasure.
False
The number of individuals who are affected by a particular act is called a scope. Scope is a good assessment of an act's overall effects. It is defined as which of the following?
How many individuals are affected by the act.
Which of the following best describes Kant's ethical theory?
It is a rational theory
Which of the following best describes Ross' ethical theory?
It is an intutionist theory
The claims that human life is fundamentally valuable, that it is a virtue to remain loyal to one s friends, and that only a bad person would refuse to help someone in trouble would be what kind of claim?
Moral Value Claims
Which of the following defines subjectivism?
Moral principles hold for particular persons, but may differ from one person to another.
If relativism is true, is there any room for a moral reformer, such as Martin Luther King, Jr?
No
Which of the following is false?
None of the above are false.
Which of the following moral theories can actually support tolerance?
Objectivism
Which of the following primacies does Virtue Ethics embrace?
Primacy of character and character motivation
Which of the statements is true and justifies the use of Virtue Ethics?
Principle-based ethics produces "saints" which we would feel uncomfortable calling saints
According to our text, which of the following statements is true?
Simply because people may act a certain way doesn't mean they ought to act that way.
Intensity is defined as what?
The degree of force or strength of an experience.
Which of the 2 following statements is true according to our author?
The moral standard that actually holds for a society is determined by the beliefs and practices the society accepts.
Which of the following defines relativism?
The same moral principles hold for all members of a particular society.
Which of the following defines objectivism?
The same moral principles hold universally
A moral theory should have explanatory power, that is, it should give us at least some insight into what is moral or immoral.
True
A study of cultural history indicates that even when people have differed widely in race, language, and culture, they have been amazingly similar in their moral beliefs and aspirations, thereby undermining the major claim of relativism.
True
According to our authors, one item which undermines relativism is the Horrific Evils Objection, the claim that some acts are so evil (slavery, the holocaust) that it would be unreasonable to abandon moral intuitions for the sake of some moral theory, that is relativism.
True
Although moral principles are universal, they can still vary in their degree of generality.
True
An ethical theory attempts to derive and thus explain all other moral claims on the basis of fundamental values.
True
Consequentialism maintains that moral right depends solely upon consequences. Consequences are evaluated in terms of their utility and disutility.
True
Ethics is the systematic and reasoned study of morality.
True
In moral reasoning we start with a moral principle, relate that principle to our particular situation through one or more descriptive claims, and then infer the appropriate moral judgment.
True
Morality has to do with what we (simply because we are persons) should be like and how we should act.
True
Objectivists and David Wong agree that human societies share a number of fundamental moral values and principles and that people have more in common with each other, morally speaking, than they have differences.
True
One of the major criticisms of care theorists against traditional principle-based theories is that the traditional principle-based theories present a distorted picture of human nature.
True
One way in which the social groups objection undermines relativism is that many people fit into more than one group.
True
The moral progress objection undermines relativism because it assumes the existence of an absolute standard or goal, something which relativism would deny
True
In order for a person to be considered autonomous, he must fulfill which of the following conditions?
all of the above
When a person makes a choice and is free of any constraint or compulsion, and has engaged in rational deliberation, and has authentically assessed his values, he has made which of the following choices?
authentic choice
When we say that a person must be capable of rationally deliberating about her choices, we are pointing to which condition necessary for autonomous individuals?
competency condition
According to our authors, in our modern society, the debate over abortion is really about which of the following?
facts about the moment life begins.
According to Aristotle, each virtue lies at the golden mean between some excess and deficiency.
false
According to David Ross all moral duties are equal.
false
According to Kant, because our ability to reason is as good as God's ability to reason, the moral standard God devises will never be greater than the one our reason devises.
false
According to Plato, even though God is perfect, He can nevertheless still change and remain perfect.
false
According to Ross the duty of nonmaleficence is not more stringent than the duty of beneficence.
false
According to our textbook people who are normal autonomous persons are always able to exercise moral agency in every situation.
false
According to the textbook, we admire people who live by or apply only prudential values.
false
An actual moral duty is one that I ought to fulfill if there is no more important duty to override it, whereas a conditional moral duty is more important than the others.
false
An advantage of act utilitarianism over rule utilitarianism though is that it deals better with the justice/human rights objection.
false
Another problem with act utilitarianism is that it tends to be morally rigid. It acknowledges that right is right and wrong is wrong, and does not take into account the different situations a person may face.
false
Because different people and different societies may have different moral standards dictates that there is no such thing as an absolute moral standard.
false
Because of the nature of friendship, a consequentialist may still be a good friend to another person even though he is using that person for his or her own pleasure.
false
Care theorists applaud the emphasis on duty that principle-based theorists promote in the relationship between a mother and her child.
false
If a person is morally competent, that is, if that person is autonomous, we still should not hold that person responsible for his moral decisions.
false
In rule utilitarianism a moral act depends entire upon the consequences for each particular situation being addressed.
false
Like hedonism and rationalism, the natural law theory claims that there is only one fundamental good to the exclusion of all other goods.
false
Objectivism states that we should act the same way no matter what the circumstances are.
false
Our authors claim that if I commit some evil because I have been threatened with torture, then I am still responsible for the evil deed I performed.
false
Some moral theories are valid even though ordinary people may not be able to understand and use them.
false
Subjectivism claims that once a person has produced his own moral code, he is never to violate that code. In other words, the code he has established for himself is unchanging for himself.
false
The Inconsistency Objection charges that rule utilitarians are inconsistent in their application of general rules.
false
The beauty of Care Ethics vs. Justice Ethics is that it helps address women's rights.
false
The beauty of the golden mean is that it is absolute, that is, the golden mean for each category will be the same for each person regardless of age, gender, generation.
false
The positive thing about basing morals upon values is that values do not contradict each other, that is there is no conflict whenever you base morals upon values
false
Unlike Kantian/deontological ethics, Virtue Ethics does not allow for more than one moral choice per ethical situation.
false
Unlike the other moral ethical theories (consequentialism, virtue ethics, etc.), a God-based ethical theory has a problem with moral confirmation.
false
When we say that a person must be capable of making his own free choices with the control of any external constraints or inner compulsions, we are pointing to which condition necessary for autonomous individuals?
independence conditions
When a person makes a choice with no real deliberation and no authentic assessment of one's values, he has made which of the following choices?
independent choice
What claims derive from civil authority?
legal claims
Claims which state that it is hard to see when you are driving in the rain, that Jose was feeling grief and fear, ad that Sandra s program could run into a lot of trouble are what kinds of claims?
moral descriptive claims
Moral claims which make assertions about what sorts of acts are right or wrong and what one should or should not do are what kind of claims?
moral prescriptive claims
When we claim that it is good for you to drive on the left-side of the road in England because people there drive on the left-side of the road, we are making what kind of claim?
prudential claims
Which claims deals with what would be in our interest to do a certain action?
prudential claims
Some wish to base morals upon nonmoral values. Which of the following is a nonmoral value which people have tried to base morals upon?
rationalsim
According to Aristotle, which of the following distinguishes man from mere animal?
reason
According to Aristotle, who promoted Virtue Ethics, humans seek happiness, which consists of becoming fully-realized human beings.
tru
A legitimate criticism of virtue ethics is that people have blind spots in their lives and don't always know what virtue truly is. For example, Aristotle believed that a person could own slaves and still be considered virtuous.
true
A major distinctive between Care Ethics and Virtue Ethics is that whereas Care Ethics focuses on relationships, Virtue Ethics focuses on the individual.
true
A major objection to Ethics is that it fails to take into account that if ethics is gender based, then you really can't change this because (1) you can't ultimately violate the natural make-up of a person and (2) if our theories on ethics have been developed by a male-dominated society (even care ethics), then how can you be sure that your new views on ethics haven't been tainted by that male-dominated society?
true
A moral agent is a person who not only satisfies the conditions of autonomy but also makes actual moral choices.
true
A person who allows his choices to be guided by inappropriate values inevitably ends up undermining his autonomy.
true
A problem that many proponents of secular moral theories face is that many, if not most, people link morality and ethical standards with God.
true
A problem with act utilitarianism is that of calculation: it is virtually impossible to be able to calculate, determine what the consequences of acts actually will be.
true
According to Immanuel Kant in order for something to be considered moral, it must be based upon reason.
true
According to Socrates, there is a dilemma with a God-based morality. If the moral standard exists apart from God, then God is under that standard and is therefore less than God. On the other hand, if God dictates what is good, then God can do anything He wants and it will still be good, thereby eliminating any need to speak about good and morality at all.
true
According to act utilitarianism producing the greatest amount of overall utility is what makes a particular act morally right.
true
According to our textbook, there are different levels of moral agency even for autonomous persons who can use all their capacities because sometimes people don't always use their capablities.
true
According to the Collapse Objection, rule utilitarians will eventually have to supply a rule for every situation.
true
According to the alternate dependency account, the moral standard basically describes the perfect nature of God.
true
According to the natural law theory, everything has a natural function that serves to achieve some desirable end or goal.
true
According to the natural law theory, reason should play a role in ethics because the cosmic and natural order appear to be rational.
true
Act utilitarianism has the beauty of being impartial (applies to ALL people), simple (because it can be explained by a simple principle), and flexible.
true
Act utilitarianism is based upon the fact that our actions have consequences.
true
Although things do not always function properly, such malfunctions are clearly undesirable, while the ends toward which nature aims are normally desirable and so have natural value.
true
Although you cannot conclusively prove which moral theories are true, intuition does play a major role in helping us determine if a moral theory is valid.
true
Any individual whose conditions or state precludes autonomy on a continuing bais is called a moral incompetent.
true
Are there some acts, such as murder, which show that some things are wrong and some things are right no matter what others might claim?
true
Care ethics focuses primarily on relationships rather than on the individual.
true
Caring relationships can affect a person's identity; for example, many times we define ourselves as someone's son or someone's wife, etc.
true
Deontological ethics determine right and wrong by identifying right kinds of acts and moral duties instead of looking at consequences.
true
Ethical Egoism focuses on what benefits "me" (the individual) regardless of how it affects or uses others.
true
If something is genuinely good, then we presumably ought to act in ways that are consistent with our valuing that good, that is, the genuine value supports prescriptions for action.
true
Immanuel Kant's theory seeks to seek the fundamental good, that is something which is good intrinsically and so should contribute more goodness in any situation to which it is added.
true
In Kant's ethical theory, the intentions and motives of a person are more important than the consequences of the action.
true
It is not possible for all values to be instrumental because instrumental values derive from fundamental values and not vice versa.
true
Kant believed that life was realistic; therefore, according to Kant, since we will never become perfect in this lifetime, there must be a God who grants us immortality so that we will have enough opportunities even after death to become perfect morally.
true
Moral values should override values of etiquette.
true
Nontheistic natural law theorists are going to have a particularly difficult time showing that natural aims do comprise goods that have moral value.
true
One of the advantages of rule utilitarianism over act utilitarianism is that it addresses the calculation problem more successfully.
true
One of the main problems with consequentialism is that it is difficult to rank/evaluate pleasures.
true
One of the major problems with rule utilitarianism is that ultimately it has to be so specific with the rules it devises to cover all situations that eventually it becomes too much like act utilitarianism instead of rule utilitarianism.
true
One of the negative results of subjectivism would be anarchy or chaos.
true
One of the problems with rule utilitarianism is that the same rule applied to different situations can produce totally different and contradictory results.
true
The Dilemma Objection to rule utilitarianism focuses on the problem of deciding which rule to follow when multiple rules conflict.
true
The consolidation of moral claims by showing that they can all be derived from a small set of fundamental values is what constitutes an ethical theory.
true
The idea behind rule utilitarianism is the claim that certain rules will promote significantly greater overall utility than if that rule did not exist.
true
The last objection to act utilitarianism is that it tends to reject or dismiss human rights.
true
Unlike principle-based theories, care ethics values emotions and claims that sensitivity, empathy, and solidarity of feeling can promote morally desirable attitudes.
true
Using the story of the man breaking in line at the theater, our authors are claiming that not only do we live by certain moral codes (not breaking in line of somebody who is already in line) but that we also expect others to honor that moral code, thereby undermining subjectivism.
true
We must authentically embrace those values that morality identifies as most important and then strive to base our choices upon those values.
true
While pleasure can contribute to happiness, it is certainly possible for someone to enjoy a constant stream of pleasure without being happy.
true
Friendship, love, family, faith, life, health, etc. are considered to be what?
values
If a person, who is fully morally autonomous and is thereby responsible for his/her actions, steps out onto the street and is about to be hit by the car, are we justified in pulling that person back away from the street to save him/her?
yes
According to Kant people should never be treated as a means because of the following reason:
Each person is valuable because he is both free and capable of rationality
According to our text, people ALWAYS make choices on what best serves or benefits them.
False
Duration is defined as which of the following?
How long the effect will last.
When a person chooses his breakfast foods based upon what he has always eaten, without giving any real thought to what s/he is eating, what kind of choice has s/he made?
Independent Choice
According to Aristotle, the virtuous character must embrace all the virtues. In order for a person to develop both intellectual and moral virtues, which of the following is true?
Intellectual virtue is developed through teaching and moral virtue through practice.
There are three important elements to moral reasoning. Which of the following is NOT one of those elements?
Intuition
Which of the following claims that a moral standard can exist apart from the existence of God?
The autonomy thesis
If psychological egoism is true, then which of the following statements is true?
There is no need to speak about selfish or unselfish choices, since all that would remain is just sheer choice.
Which of the following characterizes Good-promoting virtues?
These serve to promote specific values or goods (sociability and generosit
According to Carol Glligan which of the statements is true?
Traditional Ethics is gender-based.
It is important that a moral theory be complete, that is, it covers and supports the entire range of meaningful moral claims.
True
Which medieval Catholic scholar promoted the natural law theory?
aquinas
When we say that a person must be capable of discerning, reflecting upon, and personally choosing her own goals and values, we are pointing to which condition necessary for autonomous individuals?
authenticity conditions
Even though we might not agree with a person's moral decision, a person who is morally autonomous, we should still defer to that person's decision even if that decision harms others.
false
If God exists, knowledge of God's moral character can only come from religion.
false
A value which is desirable in itself is called what?
fundamental value
A person thus exercises moral agency every time he makes a specific moral choice in a specific situation
true
According to Kant, in order for a maxim to be considered moral, it must be universal in its application, that is, it should apply to all people at all times regardless of the circumstances.
true
Rule utilitarianism also addresses the moral saints problem and the moral permissiveness objection better than act utilitarianism.
true
Which of the following is not a condition of the Doctrine of Double Effect?
The good effect cannot itself be the means by which one achieves the bad effect.
According to the principle of forfeiture, when a person deliberately attacks or threatens an innocent, that person forfeits certain natural rights, such as the right o live.
true
A value is either fundamental or instrumental. It cannot be both.
false
According to our text is it possible or even desirable to have a value-free autonomy?
no
Which of the following does NOT characterize a moral claim?
religious oriented