Final Exam for Legal Environment

Industrial Solvents Inc. averages $15,000 profit per day before deciding to ignore air pollution standards, after which the average is $30,000. Industrial Solvents is subject to a fine of

$30,000 per day.

Integral Corp. is subject to the reporting provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. For its current fiscal year, Integral filed the following with the SEC: quarterly reports, an annual report, and a periodic report listing newly appointed officers of the corporation. Integral did not notify the SEC of shareholder "short-swing" profits, report that a competitor made a tender offer to Integral's shareholders, and report changes in the price of its stock as sold on the New York Stock Exchange. Under the SEC reporting requirements, which of the following was Integral required to do?

.File the periodic report listing newly appointed officers.

Wanton Corporation, its president, and several other officers of the corporation have been found guilty of conspiring with its major competitor to fix prices. Which of the following sanctions would not be applicable under federal antitrust laws?

.Suspension of the corporate right to engage in interstate commerce for not more than 1 year.

Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), if land is found to be contaminated, which of the following parties would be least likely to be liable for cleanup costs?

A minority shareholder of the public corporation that owned the land.

Under the Clean Air Act, a major stationary source is

A source that directly emits 10 tons per year or more of sulphur dioxide.

In accordance with the Federal Register Act of 1935,

A three-part Federal Register system was established.

Adjudication is a quasi-judicial function performed by administrative agencies. Adjudicatory hearings resemble a trial and are conducted by an administrative law judge (ALJ). Regarding adjudicatory hearings, which of the following statements is true?

Adjudicatory hearings follow much less restrictive rules of evidence than trials in other courts.

Which one of the following forms of law is created when regulatory agencies issue regulations and enforcement procedures in accordance with statutes?

Administrative law.

Rey Corp.'s management intends to solicit proxies relating to its annual meeting at which directors will be elected. Rey is subject to the registration and reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. As a result, Rey must furnish its shareholders with

An annual report containing its audited balance sheets for the 2 most recent years.

The SEC's antifraud Rule 10b-5 prohibits trading on the basis of inside information of a business corporation's stock by

Anyone who bases his or her trading activities on the inside information.

Portions of the requirements under the Clean Water Act (CWA) can be viewed as technology forcing, i.e., requirements that force industry to implement or design new or innovative techniques for reducing pollutant discharges. This concept is best reflected in the CWA's requirement that certain point sources use the best

Available technology economically achievable (BAT).

Goop Foods, a maker of baby foods, was warned by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through written reprimands after an inspection of unsanitary conditions in its warehouses. The president of Goop was specifically provided with these letters. One year later, the FDA made another inspection of Goop's warehouses and discovered the problems had not been resolved at all. The FDA filed charges against Goop and the president under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Who can be held criminally liable under the act?

Both Goop and the president.

Pico Mirandola purchased a stereo for $400 with his credit card. At home, Pico discovered the stereo did not work properly. Pico

Can refuse to pay the credit card bill if he attempted in good faith to return the stereo or give the store an opportunity to correct the problem.

A person who violates the Clean Water Act may be subject to

Civil and criminal liability.

Persons who favor the creation of a federal agency to regulate the production of genetically modified agricultural products should concentrate their lobbying efforts on

Congress

Gertrude was receiving both alimony and child support, but her former husband had never held a job for a long period of time. Which of the following statements is true concerning Gertrude's application for credit with Dacy Department Store?

Dacy may consider the likelihood of Gertrude's receiving these payments based on her former husband's work record.

Basil read an advertisement in the newspaper for a sale of "Major" stereos (a very well-known and reputable brand) by Hoodwink Discounters, a large chain distributor of electronics. Basil bought a stereo, but when he got home, he discovered it was a "Magor" brand, which looked just like the "Major" brand. Basil returned to Hoodwink but was told that the store had no more "Majors" and that "Magor" was essentially the same. It turned out that "Magor" was manufactured by Hoodwink. Basil could not obtain a refund. Which of the following is not a remedy available to Basil?

File a lawsuit seeking criminal penalties against Hoodwink.

The Administrative Procedure Act sets forth two methods of rulemaking by administrative agencies: formal and informal. The major difference between these two methods is that

Formal rulemaking requires that the agency conduct formal hearings at which all its evidence justifying its proposed regulation is presented.

Which of the following is least likely to be considered a security under the Securities Act of 1933?

General partnership interests.

Fresh Fruit Company has assets of less than $10 million and fewer than fifty shareholders. Gourmand Pastries Inc. has assets of more than $50 million and more than five hundred shareholders. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 applies to

Gourmand Pastries only.

Dick Grubar's appliance sales constitute less than .001% of the market. The marketplace has an abundance of retailers, and competition is vigorous. The manufacturers and the retailers dislike Grubar's price cutting. They jointly decided to boycott Grubar to limit his access to appliances and to drive him out of business. Grubar has commenced legal action against the various parties based upon a violation of the Sherman Act. He is seeking injunctive relief and damages. Under the circumstances,

Grubar is entitled to the relief requested because the facts indicate a per se violation.

James Fisk recently acquired Valiant Corporation by purchasing all of its outstanding stock pursuant to a tender offer. Fisk demanded and obtained the resignation of the existing board of directors and replaced it with his own slate of nominees. Under these circumstances,

If Valiant is listed on a national stock exchange, Fisk must file his tender offer with the SEC.

In the exercise of its adjudicatory power, an administrative agency

Is required to observe procedural due process.

The Duplex Corporation has been charged by the U.S. Justice Department with an "attempt to monopolize" the duplex industry. In defending itself against such a charge, Duplex will prevail if it can establish that

It had no intent to monopolize the duplex industry.

The Flick Corp. manufactured almost exclusively a gizmo that was sold throughout the United States. Flick required all purchasers to take at least two other Flick products to obtain the gizmo over which it has almost complete market control. As a result of this plan, gross sales of the other items increased by an amount that was a substantial portion of the total market for those items. Which of the following best describes the legality of the above situation?

It is an illegal tying arrangement.

Integral Corp., with assets in excess of $4 million, has issued common and preferred stock and has 350 shareholders. Its stock is sold on the New York Stock Exchange. Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Integral must be registered with the SEC because

Its shares are listed on a national stock exchange.

In reviewing agency action, courts practice considerable self-restraint except for which of the following reasons?

Lack of jurisdiction.

Mabel has a long history of using credit. She repaid most debts, but other times she defaulted on loans. With regard to credit information about Mabel that may have been collected by credit reporting agencies, which of the following statements is true?

Mabel is entitled to notification and the right to request information before an investigative report is prepared on her.

Bird Corp. made a $5 million exempt common stock offering under Rule 505 of Regulation D of the Securities Act of 1933. Thus, the shares were restricted securities. As the issuer of restricted securities, Bird must

Make a reasonable effort to determine that purchasers are buying for themselves and not for others.

Spiffy Manufacturing plans to offer a new issue of voting stock to the investing public. Assuming that it properly takes advantage of an exemption from registration under the 1933 act, Spiffy

Must adhere to both federal antifraud rules and state law.

Dee is the owner of 12% of the shares of common stock of D&M Corporation that she acquired in Year 1. She is the treasurer and a director of D&M. The corporation registered its securities in Year 2 and made a public offering pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933. If Dee decides to sell part of her holdings in Year 9, the shares

Must be registered if Dee sells 50% of her shares through her broker to the public.

Able Corporation was charged with a violation of the Federal Trade Commission Act. Harp, an FTC examiner, concluded that Able had violated the Act and made adverse determinations on several issues. Able believes Harp has been arbitrary in several of the determinations and clearly incorrect in others. Able

Must exhaust the available administrative remedies before relief in court can be sought.

On May 1, Apel purchased 7% of Stork Corp.'s preferred stock traded on a national securities exchange. After the purchase, Apel owned 9% of the outstanding preferred stock. Stork is registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. With respect to the purchase, Apel

Must file with the SEC, the issuer, and the national securities exchange information concerning the purpose of the acquisition.

Frey, Inc., intends to make a $2 million common stock offering under Rule 505 of Regulation D of the Securities Act of 1933. Frey

Must notify the SEC within 15 days after the first sale of the offering.

Danny Driver was going on a summer vacation with his family and leased a motor home from Nogo Enterprises. A provision in the form lease disclaimed all liability and warranties for (1) the condition of the motor home, (2) damages resulting from use of the motor home, and (3) any repairs needed on the motor home. Driver was required to initial this provision on the contract in addition to signing the entire agreement. One hundred miles out of town, the transmission broke. A repair shop estimated it would take 1 week to fix and cost $500. Driver left the motor home at the shop and made the trip by airplane. Nogo Enterprises now seeks to hold Driver liable for both the cost of the repairs and the rental of the motor home. Driver is

Not liable at all because the contract is unconscionable.

Gould Machinery builds bulldozers. Prior to this year, it sold a substantial amount of equipment to Mace Contractors on credit. Mace recently went into bankruptcy. To protect its investment, Gould took over Mace. Erhart Contractors now complains that the acquisition harms its business, alleging that its business would have improved had Gould not entered the market as a competitor. Erhart can

Obtain injunctive relief ordering divestiture.Not recover damages under the antitrust laws.

Under the NEPA, if a federal agency determines that an EIS is not necessary, it must nonetheless

Prepare a finding of no significant impact (FONSI) setting forth the reasons why the proposed action does not require an EIS.

Judy entered into an agreement with Ralph to buy diamonds from him for $100,000. Which of the following will not prevent Ralph from enforcing the agreement?

Ralph said they were worth $100,000, but an appraisal obtained by Judy revealed the fair value to be $85,000.

Which of the following statements best describes how regulatory agencies of the U.S. government are restricted in the adoption of specific regulations?

Regulations must be consistent with standards established in the legislation that created the agency.

ABC Co. manufactures popular skin care products. It has used the term "baby oil" with its products for so long that much of the public associates the term "baby oil" with ABC products. SLZ Co. comes out with a new skin care product and uses the term "baby oil" on it. Which of the following is true?

SLZ can be held liable even without intent to deceive and without a showing of damages.

Gardener ordered an exotic plant by mail from an advertisement in a magazine. Seller received Gardener's check and order, but the plant was out of season. If the plant will not be available for shipment for 3 months but the seller deposited Gardener's check in its bank anyway,

Seller must promptly refund Gardener's check.

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) defines hazardous waste broadly. The act generally applies to which of the following?

Solid waste.

The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) was enacted in 1946 as a response to criticism of the discretion and power that Congress had granted to administrative agencies. Its main function is to

Specify the procedures agencies must follow in making rules and establish standards for judicial review of agency action.

All of the following are criticisms generally made of federal regulatory agencies and policies except

Taxes imposed by agencies being too high.

Pratt Co. manufactures and sells clocks. Its best-selling item is a grandfather clock. Taylor Co. purchased 100 of the clocks from Pratt at $99 each. Taylor discovered that Stewart, one of its competitors, had purchased the same clock from Pratt at $94 per clock. In the event the issue is litigated,

Taylor has a presumption in its favor that it has been harmed by price discrimination.

Which one of the following is not exempted from federal antitrust regulation?

Telecommunications companies.

Which of the following statements regarding the Clean Water Act (CWA) is true?

The CWA seeks to restore and maintain the physical and biological integrity of the waters of the United States.

Expansion Corp. is seeking to obtain control of Resistance Corp. Expansion does not currently buy from, sell to, or compete with Resistance. Which of the following statements applies?

The acquisition is likely to be declared illegal if there will be reciprocal buying and there is a likelihood that other entrants into the market would be precluded.

Super Sports, Inc., sells branded sporting goods and equipment throughout the United States. It sells to wholesalers, jobbers, and retailers who in turn sell the goods to their respective customers. The wholesalers and jobbers, who do not sell at retail, are charged lower prices than retailers but are required to purchase in larger quantities than retailers with the cost savings inherent in such purchases accounting for the lower prices. The retailers are all charged the same prices but receive discounts for quantity purchases based exclusively upon the cost savings resulting from such quantity purchases. Girard sues Super alleging an illegal price discrimination. Which defense will be most likely to prevail?

The discounts are functional.

Glick, Inc., and Yeats Corp. are large manufacturers of goods that are in substantial competition throughout the United States. Each has capital, surplus, and undivided profits aggregating more than $29,945,000. Over a 6-year period, Yeats acquired 46% of the outstanding stock of Glick. Yeats's current directors own stock in both corporations and are on the board of directors of each. Which of the following statements applies to the above situation?

The interlocking directorate is a clear violation of federal antitrust laws.

A person who desires to build a new major stationary source must first obtain a permit. Which of the following will not be a condition of obtaining such a permit in a state that must submit Part D of a state implementation plan?

The new source cannot be constructed in a "dirty air area."

Taso Limited Partnership intends to offer $400,000 of its limited partnership interests under Rule 504 of Regulation D of the Securities Act of 1933. These interests are registered under state law. Which of the following statements is true?

The resale of the limited partnership interests by a purchaser generally will not be restricted.

Which of the following facts will result in an offering of securities being exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933?

The sale or offer to sell the securities is made by a person other than an issuer, underwriter, or dealer.

The authority of an agency to make law is typically determined by

The statute that created the agency.

Government Business Machines (GBM) has greater than an 80% share of the sales of computers to local and state governments. GBM requires all purchasers of its computers also to purchase its proprietary operating system, called GOS. Furthermore, GBM government contracts require all application software and peripherals to be purchased from GBM. Which of the following is a true statement about this tying arrangement?

The test of whether a tying arrangement is illegal is essentially the same under the Sherman Act and the Clayton Act.

The environmental impact statement (EIS) lies at the heart of the NEPA. Which of the following states a condition that must be present before a federal agency is required to prepare an EIS?

There must be a recommendation or report on a proposal for legislation or certain other "major" federal action.

Gritney, Inc., manufactures and sells foibles in competition with about four other firms in the United States. It sells about 90% of the foibles sold in the Midwest, but only about 10% nationally. Gritney will probably be found

To have monopoly power, if the relevant market is determined to be the Midwest.

Which one of the following examples of corporate behavior would most clearly represent a violation of the Sherman Act?

Two firms in the same industry agree in a telephone conversation to submit identical bids on a government contract.

Maco Limited Partnership intends to sell $6 million of its limited partnership interests. The state in which Maco was organized is also the state in which it carries on all of its business activities. If Maco intends to offer the limited partnership interests in reliance on Rule 147, the intrastate registration exception under the Securities Act of 1933, which one of the following statements is true?

Under Rule 147, certain restrictions apply to resales of the limited partnership interests by purchasers.

Tina Timely purchased a watch for which the written information contained an explanation that it was a full warranty. Shortly thereafter, the watch stopped working. Timely went back to the store where she purchased the watch and requested that it be exchanged for a new one. The store explained it could not be exchanged, but the manufacturer would repair it under the warranty for a $3.00 service charge. What are Timely's rights?

Under a full warranty, Timely may not be assessed a service charge.

Resale price maintenance is an example of

Vertical price fixing.

Dan bought a vacation home in the mountains of North Carolina. One day as he was sitting on the porch of his vacation home, Dan saw a stream of gray liquid bubbling up from an opening in his front yard. Dan immediately notified the EPA, which, after extensive examination, informed him that hazardous substances (within the meaning of CERCLA) had been previously buried deep beneath his house and a shift in the rock formation underlying his house caused a barrel to rupture, releasing its contents. Under CERCLA, Dan

Will not be liable, despite the act's broad liability, if he is able to avail himself of the so-called innocent landowner's defense.

Just before Christmas, Willy received an unordered silk scarf in the mail from a manufacturer. Several days later, the scarf was followed by a bill and letter explaining that it was sent for Willy's convenience to use as a Christmas gift. Which of the following statements is correct concerning Willy's liability for payment?

Willy may keep and use the scarf without an obligation to pay for it.

The best description of an administrative agency is that it is a governmental board, commission, officer, bureau, or department

With the power to make rules and adjudicate disputes affecting private rights.

Which of the following actions should a business take to qualify for leniency if an environmental violation has been committed? Conduct Environmental Audits/Report Environmental Violations to the Government

YES YES

A television commercial depicts a set of false teeth dunked in a glass of bubbly water and then pulled out shining clean and white. In reality, the set of false teeth is not the same stained set that was put into the bubbly water. Is this commercial deceptive?

Yes, because the public is being misled as to the seller's objective proof of a product claim.

Which of the following remedies is available against a real property owner to enforce the provisions of federal acts regulating air and water pollution? Citizen Suits against the Environmental Protection Agency to Enforce Compliance with the Laws/State Suits Against Violators/Citizen Suits Against Violators

Yes/Yes/Yes

Market Data Corporation is required to file a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission. This statement must contain

a description of securities being offered for sale.

Components Inc., a maker of vehicle parts, refuses to sell to DIY Repair Inc., a national vehicle service firm. The maker convinces Engine Parts Company, a competitor, to do the same. This is

a group boycott.

Power Inc. and QualGas Corporation refine and sell natural gas. To limit the supply on the market and thereby raise prices, Power and QualGas agree to buy "excess" supplies from dealers and "dispose" of it. This is

a per se violation of the Sherman Act.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) wants Waste Disposal Company to produce certain records for review. The EPA can gain access to the records through

a subpoena.

Mountain Crest Inc. makes and distributes its branded products to authorized dealers. To prevent price-cutting by dealers in direct competition, the firm imposes limits on where each dealer can sell the products. This is

a territorial restriction.

A ship owned by Ocean Cruises Inc. discharges some of the oil used in its engines into Puget Sound and onto the shore. Under the Oil Pollution Act, this is most likely

a violation.

Without a permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Condos Corporation fills a wetlands area that it owns in preparation for the construction of a housing complex. Under the Clean Water Act, this is most likely

a violation.

A proceeding in which an administrative law judge hears and decides issues that arise when an agency charges a person or a firm with an agency violation is

adjudication

The chief executive officers of the major U.S. steel makers would most likely be prosecuted under the antitrust laws if they

agreed to work together to control the price of domestic steel.

Congress enacts a new air quality statute. The enforcement of this and other federal environmental legislation relies on

all levels of government and private citizens.

Closed meetings of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, a federal administrative agency, are permitted when

all of the choices.

Hearth & Home Furniture store advertises bedroom suites at a "Special Low Price of $599." When Ilene tries to buy one of the suites, Jill, the salesperson, tells her that they are all sold and no more are obtainable. Jill adds that Hearth & Home has other bedroom suites available for as low as $2,599. This is

bait-and-switch advertising.

Bev is the chief executive officer of Chef Cafés Inc., which is required to file certain financial reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Bev must

certify that the reports are complete and accurate.

Delta Water Company is subject to a decision by the Environmental Protection Agency. Delta appeals the decision, arguing that it is arbitrary and capricious. This could mean that the decision

changed the agency's prior policy without justification.

Riverside Glass Company operates a manufacturing plant on Spawn River. Discharging pollutants from the plant into the river can result in

civil penalties and criminal penalties.

Oil Industries Inc. and Petro Corporation are competing refineries situated on the Gulf coast. The two firms cooperate to obtain federal funds to build a levee that could protect their facilities from rising sea levels. With respect to antitrust law, this effort is

exempt from antitrust enforcement.

Components Assembly Corporation is a public company that is poised to issue securities that do not qualify for an exemption from registration. This means that the company must

file a registration statement with the SEC.

Value Loan Company extends credit to consumers. Value Loan applies a variety of requirements to determine applicants' qualifications for credit, the amount, the interest rate, and other terms. Under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the lender cannot base its credit decisions on an applicant's

gender

The Financial Stability Oversight Council was created in response to a financial crisis to

identify and respond to emerging risks in the financial system.

To raise $120 million to expand operations, Primo Inc. makes a stock offering directly to sixty accredited investors and twenty sophisticated, but unaccredited investors. The firm plans to notify the SEC of sales. Under the Securities Act of 1933, this issue may qualify as an exempt transaction

if all of the investors are also given material information about the firm.

Under a contract, Oil Shale Corporation forbids Petro Inc., a wholesale buyer of Oil Shale's products, to purchase products from the seller's competitors. This is prohibited

if its effect is to substantially lessen competition.

Two Chinese firms, Wong Ltd. and Xiang Ltd., engage in a conspiracy to control the distribution of certain goods in global markets. This may violate U.S. antitrust laws

if the conspiracy has a substantial effect on U.S. commerce only.

To notify the public of a proposed rule, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, like other federal agencies, publishes the proposal

in the Federal Register.

Disposal Company operates a hazardous waste storage facility. Concerned that there may be a release of chemicals from the site, the company sells the property to Eager Developers Inc. If there is a release, the seller is most likely

liable.

Kip opens an account at Lotsa Goodies, and buys a digital music player and other items, but makes no payments on the account. To collect the debt, a Lotsa Goodies representative contacts Kip's parents. This violates

no federal law.

An ad for Running Shoes Inc. states that its footwear is "The Winner's Choice." Because of this ad, the Federal Trade Commission is most likely to issue

none of the choices.

Chris, a coder for Drones Inc., learns of undisclosed company plans to market a new, smart drone. Chris buys 10,000 shares of the firm's stock. If Chris is liable under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, it will be because the information on which he based his purchase of the stock was

not yet public.

Leo's application to Metro Bank for a credit card is denied on the basis of what Leo believes is an inaccurate credit report. Leo should

obtain his credit report and notify the reporting agency of inaccuracies.

The goal of securities regulation is to

prohibit deceptive and manipulative practices in the securities markets.

Media Report seeks information about well-known businesspersons under the Freedom of Information Act. To obtain the information, Media Report must

reasonably describe the information.

Solar Power Company wants to erect an array of solar panels on private land, for which a federal permit is required. For this action, an environmental impact statement is

required.

Direct Sales Corporation sells products to consumers over the phone, through the mail, and online. Under the Federal Trade Commission's Mail or Telephone Order Merchandise Rule, the firm may be liable for failing to

ship orders within the time promised in its ads.

Debt Equity Inc., and its officers, directors, and employees, buy and sell securities based on financial research and analysis. Section 16(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 covers purchases and sales of securities involving

short-swing profits.

BioChem Corporation operates a hazardous waste storage facility. ChemCo Inc. buys BioChem before it is discovered that the firm's disposal practices violated CERCLA. With respect to these violations, Superfund is likely to impose on ChemCo

strict liability.

The credit department of Mega-Mart often calls Nora at work about an overdue bill over the objection of Nora's employer. This is a violation of

the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act.

Quik Mart sells groceries. Rite Price sells groceries and fills prescriptions. The party with the chief responsibility to prevent unsafe food and drugs from being sold is

the Food and Drug Administration.

With respect to antitrust violations, the Federal Trade Commission does not enforce

the Sherman Act.

Bee borrows funds from Credit Union to repair her home and to buy a car. She buys a laptop from Discount Store in a transaction financed by the seller. If these parties are subject to the Truth-in-Lending Act, Regulation Z applies to

the car loan, the home repair loan, and the retail installment sale.

A constant tension between the desire for profits and productivity and the desire to protect the environment exists because

the costs of complying with environmental regulations are high.

Spectrum Paints Inc. is a public company whose shares are traded in the public securities markets. Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the firm is subject to the direct corporate governance requirements of

the federal government.

Four grocery stores account for 80 percent of the retail food sales in Metro City. Two of the stores want to merge. In determining whether the merger violates the Clayton Act, the most crucial factor is

the market shares of the firms in their market.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) futive agency. As an executive agency, the FDA is subject to the authority of

the president.

Battery Corporation's production, distribution, and marketing methods are unique. Its capital value and size are greater than its competitors. A suit is filed against the firm, alleging the offense of monopolization. To determine whether Battery has monopoly power requires looking at

the relevant market.

Space Flight Inc. files a registration statement with the SEC before making an offering to the general public. The registration contains false, immaterial statements of which the investors are unaware. The firm is charged with violating the Securities Act of 1933. Its best defense is

the untrue statements were not material.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) wants Pharma Inc. to produce certain records for review. Pharma need not reveal

trade secrets.

The National Park Service hires Outdoor Play Inc. to replace outdated playground equipment in a handful of national parks. For this action, an environmental impact statement is most likely

unnecessary because the action is not "major."

Federal and state laws are aimed at protecting consumers from all of the following except

unwise purchases.