Final Exam HPER 331

Most serious cervical injuries in football result from purposeful_________.

Axial loading as a result of spearing

What nerve roots makes up the brachial plexus?

C5-T1

The lumbar vertebrae that is the most likely to slip as a result of spondylolisthesis is:

L4

The posture resulting in hip extension due to an anterior shift of the pelvis is called_______.

Lordosis

True or False? A cervical sprain has the same mechanism of injury as a cervical strain, but the action is more violent in nature for the sprain.

True

Match the following nerves with the appropriate myotome. c1-c8, T1 a. thumb extension and ulnar deviation b. shoulder elevation c. elbow flexion and wrist extension d. finger abduction and adduction e. neck flexion f. elbow extension and wrist flexion g. lateral neck flexion h. shoulder abduction

1-e, 2-g, 3-b, 4-h, 5-c, 6-f, 7-a, 8-d

Which of the following signs and symptoms is not related to neurological deficits or damage? A. Referred pain B. Weakness in myotomes C. Loss of bladder control D. Radiating pain

A

A syndrome characterized by a narrowing of the spinal canal in the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar regions that impinges on the spinal cord. A. Scheuermann disease. B. spinal stenosis. C. spina bifida. D. spinal occlusion.

B

After a severe head injury, an individual may posture as follows: extension of the lower limbs and flexion of the elbows, wrist, and fingers. This condition is known as what?

Decortication

What is an excessive lateral curvature of the vetebral column called?

Scoliosis

True or False? The thoracic curve is convex posteriorly.

True

A syndrome characterized by a narrowing of the spinal canal that can impinge the spinal cord resulting in burning and tingling bilaterally is known as__________.

Cervical spine stenosis

The middle finger is the dermatome for: A. C6. B. C8. C. C5. D. C7

D

The mot discernible difference between a cervical dislocation and cervical fx. is?

Position of the neck

Adolescents engaging in sports such as gymnastics and swimming are prone to accentuation of the kyphotic curve and backache common ___________.

Scheuermann's diease

True or False? Axial compression loading has been identified as the leading mechanism of injury for severe cervical spine injuries.

True

Spondylolysis

the breaking down of the vertebral structure

What is the criterion for return to play following a burner?

-No neck pain, arm pain, or dysesthesia (impairment of sensation) -Full pain-free range of motion in the neck and upper extremity -Normal strength on manual muscle testing as compared to preseason measurements -Normal deep tendon reflexes -Negative brachial plexus traction test

If an athlete has a diminished patellar reflex and weak ankle dorsiflexion, which nerve root is injured? A. L4 B. L3 C. L2 D. S1

A

The development of one or more wedge-shaped vertebrae in the thoracic region through abnormal epiphyseal plate behavior is called: A. Scheuermann disease. B. spinal stenosis. C. spear tackler's spine. D. spondylolysis.

A

Which characteristic would suggest the patient has a cervical sprain rather than strain? A. Symptoms that persists for several days B. Restricted ROM C. Stiffness D. Pain

A

Which condition results in incomplete loss of motor function, with upper extremity weakness being more pronounced than lower extremity weakness? A. Central spinal cord syndrome B. Brown-Séquard syndrome C. Posterior cord syndrome D. Anterior cord syndrome

A

A bilateral separation (fracture) in the pars interarticularis that leads to anterior displacement of a vertebra is: A. spina bifida. B. spondylolisthesis. C. spondylolysis. D. lordosis.

B

A brachial plexus injury usually affects what nerve roots of the plexus? A. C8-T1 B. C5-C6 C. C7-C8 D. C6-C7

B

The mildest form of peripheral nerve injury is characterized by bilateral sensory changes including burning pain, tingling, or temporary total loss of sensation is referred to as: A. burner. B. neurapraxia. C. cervical fracture. D. cervical dislocation.

B

An ax is unable to move certain parts of the body and c/o numbness after trauma. However, after a short while, the numbness disappears and free movement is possible. He is most likely suffering from _________.

Brachial plexus neuropraxia

If a unilateral cervical dislocation is present, the neck will be visibly tilted in what direction? A. Toward flexion of the neck B. Away from the dislocated side C. Toward the dislocated side D. Toward extension of the neck

C

Ipsilateral pain during the first 70° of a straight leg raising test indicates a possible: A. tight hamstrings. B. herniated disk. C. sciatica. D. irritation of the sacroiliac joint.

C

Runners are often at risk for low back pain due to: A. tight back muscles. B. tight abdominal muscles. C. tight hip flexors and hamstrings muscles. D. tight hip extensors and quadricep muscles.

C

When disk nuclear material moves into the spinal canal and impinges on adjacent nerve roots it is called a(n): A. sequestrated disk. B. prolapsed disk. C. extruded disk. D. herniated disk.

C

When viewing an athlete from a posterior view, the spine is found to be curved laterally. This condition is known as: A. spondylolysis. B. lordosis. C. scoliosis. D. kyphosis.

C

Which of the following tests is not used to assess sacroiliac dysfunction? A. FABER test B. Approximation test C. Oppenheim test D. Gaenslen test

C

After executing a tackle by leading with his head, a football player is down on the field. All of the following suggest an unstable neck EXCEPT A. the player is unconscious. B. the player is conscious and reports numbness in the upper extremities. C. the player is conscious, neurologically intact, and reports neck pain. D. None of the above

D

Degeneration of the pars interarticularis is termed: A. spear tackler's spine B. spondylolisthesis. C. spinal stenosis. D. spondylolysis.

D

If an individual has a diminished quadriceps reflex and weak ankle dorsiflexion, what nerve root is injured? A. L3 B. S1 C. L5 D. L4

D

In assessing lumbar spine disorders, the ______ test is used to determine if the patient is trying or may be a malingerer. A. Milgram B. Slump C. Valsalva D. Hoover

D

The Spurling test is a: A. brachial plexus traction test. B. cervical compression test. C. cervical distraction test. D. foraminal compression test.

D

The cervical plexus consists of the ventral rami of spinal nerves. A. C2-C3 B. C1-C3 C. C3-C5 D. C1-C4

D

The most common mechanism of injury for a cervical fracture is: A. forceful hyperextension. B. a violent muscle contraction. C. a lateral blow causing rapid lateral flexion of the neck. D. axial loading and violent neck flexion.

D

The myotome for C5 is: A. lateral neck flexion. B. biceps flexion, wrist extension. C. shoulder elevation. D. shoulder abduction.

D

A classic symptom of acute torticollis is: A. muscle weakness in the extremities. B. pain over the spinous process. C. absent or weak reflexes. D. pain on one side of the neck that appears after waking from sleep.

DIf nerve root L5 is irritated or damaged, myotome weakness will be found in

True or False? A cervical fracture or dislocation automatically produces signs of a serious neck injury, namely, sensory or motor problems.

False

Which of the following postures is characterized by an increased curve in the lumbar spine?

Lordosis

Actions involving stimulation of a motor neuron by a sensory neuron in the spinal cord without involvement of the brain are called_____________.

Reflexes

The condition that is characterized by wedge fx., disk space abormalities, and degeneration of the vertebral body and epiphyseal end plates is known as: ___________.

Scheuermann's diease

True or False? The spinal nerve is composed of two roots. One root is responsible for motor function; the other root is responsible for sensory function.

True

Axonotmesis

a more severe grade of injury to a peripheral nerve. is reversible injury to damaged fibers. damage occurs to the axons with preservation to endoneurium. nerve can regenerate distal to the site of lesion by one millimeter per day.

Which of the following portions of the spine have a convex curve anteriorly?

cervical and lumbar

Which of the following is a sign of a cervical spine fx.?

cervical pain, point tenderness and cervical muscle spasm.

astingmatism

cone shaped cornea

Which of the following muscles is associated with back extension?

erector spinae

Glaucoma

increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision

Neuropraxia

interruption in conduction of an impulse down the nerve fiber

sports movements that characteristically hyperextend the spine are likely to cause_______.

intervertebral disc syndrome

myopia

nearsightedness

Identify five "red flags" indicating a possible cervical spine injury.

point tenderness over spinous process/transverse processes - numbness / tingling sensation - burning in UE or LE - loss of mytomes / dermatomes function - involuntary urination / bowel movement - Deceborate / decorticate positioning

Identify five signs or symptoms of an acute low back injury that should be recognized as "red flags" and warrant immobilization and immediate referral to a physician?

loss of myotomes / dermatomes of LE - point tenderness over spinous / transverse processes of lumbar spine - loss of consciousness - ax c/o numbness or tingling in LE - pain - loss of bladder / bowel control - athlete is unable to move

Aniscoria

unequal diameter of pupils

Axial loading of the cervical spine occurs when the neck is in a position of: A. lateral rotation. B. lateral flexion. C. flexion. D. hyperextension.

C. flexion

Lordosis is often associated with: A. weak abdominal muscles and a forward pelvic tilt. B. weak abdominal muscles and a posterior pelvic tilt. C. strong abdominal muscles and a forward pelvic tilt. D. strong abdominal muscles and a posterior pelvic tilt.

C. strong abdominal muscles and a forward pelvic tilt.

What nerve roots make up the cervical plexus?

C1-C4

One of the most common mechanisms of the typical low back strain is?

Hyperflexion and rotation

When the body is in an upright position, the line of gravity passes where in relation to the spinal column _________.

In the middle of the lumbar

nystagmus

Involuntary rapid eye movements

The top of the iliac crest is the landmark for which vertebra?

L4

True or False? Because the intervertebral disks are avascular, they rely on changes in posture and body position to produce a pumping action to bring in nutrients.

True

True or False? The sacral curve is convex posteriorly.

True

If nerve root L5 is irritated or damaged, myotome weakness will be found in: A. toe extension. B. toe flexion. C. ankle plantar flexion. D. ankle dorsiflexion.

A

AN athlete is suspected of having a corneal abrasion. What questions would would give you the most information to confirm your evaluative conclusion?

"When you close you your eyelid do you feel like you have something rubbing in your eye?"

Double vision is a result from what eye injury?

Detached retina

Disc Herniations

Extruded; adding pressure onto the spinal cord Prolapsed; nucleus propolsus is spilling out, annulus fibrosis is torn Sequestrated; full rupture of intervertebral disk; nucleus propolsus is leaking, annulus fibrosis is torn and nucleus is leaking / compressing the spinal cord

A gymnast reports to the athletic trainer with a c/o low back pain, which has been present for approx. 1 week. After being sent to the Dr for a eval, a "scottie dog" defect is seen on x-ray. This finding confirms which condition?

Spondylolisthesis

Step deformity is mostly characteristic of ____________.

Spondylolisthesis; scottie dog

Scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

parasthesia

abnormal sensation

The outer periphery of the intervertebral disk composed of strong, fibrous tissue is called the________.

annulus fibrosis

spondylolisthesis

forward slipping of one vertebra over another

Neurotmesis

most severe grade of injury to a peripheral nerve. all components are damaged and irreversible. all motor and sensory loss is permanently impaired.