Final Exam PSY 1400
In the diagram above, the inter-trial interval (ITI) is 30 mins and the CS->US interval is 3 mins. Use the equation in the book to calculate the delay-reduction ratio.
30/3 = 10
What percentage of the rat's responses does the matching law predict will be allocated to the left lever? To calculate this, simply multiply the proportion from item 7 by 100.
75%
What is the shape of the stimulus generalization gradient?
A bell-shaped curve
What do the letters stand for in ACT
A- Acceptance C- Commitment T- Tracking
Where we choose to direct our _____ also appears to be predicted by Herrnstein's matching equation.
Attention
Who accidentally discovered the first schedule of reinforcement (when he was trying to save food pellets)?
B.F. Skinner
In the Chapter 1 lecture, we outlined some problems with the idea the Theory of Will (i.e., that at an uncaused conscious will causes behavior). That portion of the lecture ended by suggesting that if the Theory of Will is true, then you should "leave now and never return." Why?
Because if behavior has no cause, predicting and positively influencing behavior is impossible.
The matching equation makes predictions about choice by specifying how _____ will be allocated between the alternative sources of reinforcement.
Behavior
In Herrnstein's matching equation BL and BR refer to _____ allocated to the left and right choice alternatives respectively.
Behavior (responses)
What are the assumptions of behavior analysis?
Behavior is determined and the scientific method is a valid way to discover those determinants.
_____ is a verbal response occasioned by a verbal discriminative stimulus, but the form of the response does not resemble that stimulus
Intraverbal
_____ is the process or procedure whereby a _____ increases operant behavior above its baseline level.
Reinforcement; reinforcer
Imagine that Mary Cover Jones worked with her client, Peter, for one session. By the end of the session, Dr. Cover Jones presents the furry animal and Peter shows no fear. Two days later, Peter returns to the therapist's office, encounters the rabbit, and experiences a moderately strong fear response. This increase in conditioned responding following the passage of time since the last session is known as...
Spontaneous recovery
There is a robust correlation between _____ delay discounting and substance-use disorders.
Steep
The definition of a ________________ is "a thing you see, hear, smell, taste, or feel."
Stimulus
_____ _____ occurs when an individual treats all of the stimuli as, in many ways, equivalent to one another
Stimulus equivalence
A _____ reinforcer is a reinforcer that is increasingly consumed when access to another reinforcer is constrained.
Substitute
___________________________ behavior occurs when the individual behaves as though a response-consequence contingency exists when, in fact, the relation between response and consequence is noncontingent.
Superstitious
_____ _____ responding is the behavior of relating two stimuli as, in many ways, the same
Symmetric relational
_____ is a verbal operant occasioned by a nonverbal stimulus and maintained by a variety of social reinforcers
Tact
Echoic, mand, tact, or intraverbal?Jango is flying in to Paris for the first time. He looks out the window and sees the Eifel Tower. He excitedly says to the person sitting next to him, "Look, it's the Eifel Tower!" The person next to him looks out the window and nods, saying, "I've never seen it from the air."
Tact: The verbal response is occasioned by the sight of the Eifel Tower. The tact is socially reinforced by the passenger's nodding and appreciative reply.
Echoic, mand, tact, or intraverbal?Simone has an office with a window and sees that it is snowing outside. She loves the snow and walks to the interior of the building, where her co-workers do not have access to a window. She says, "It's snowing! It's snowing!" Her coworkers respond positively to this news, though not as positively as Simone.
Tact: The verbal response is occasioned by the sight of the snow. The tact is socially reinforced by her co-workers' positive responses.
The book discusses three things learned during Pavlovian conditioning. The second of these was discussed while referring to the inset figure. What is the second thing learned during Pavlovian conditioning?
The conditioned stimulus signals when the unconditioned stimulus will occur
Most people today have first-hand experience with the negative punishment technique known as ______ _______ ______ ______. This method of punishment was pioneered in the animal lab and adapted for use with humans by Dr. Montrose Wolf. This effective method of punishment has largely replaced the physical punishments previously used by parents; e.g., smacking, hitting, spanking, and whipping with a switch.
Timeout from positive reinforcement
What are the goals of behavior analysis?
To accurately predict behavior, and to discover functional variables that may be used to positively influence behavior.
If these rats happen upon something that smells a lot like TNT, but is not TNT, they are probably going to scratch the ground. If they scratch the ground when they smell this novel stimulus, this behavior would be an example of...
Generalization
During ___________________ _____________________ therapy, the client is gradually exposed to successively stronger approximations of the CS; before each new CS-approximation is presented, steps are taken to reduce/eliminate any fear evoked by the prior CS-approximation.
Graduated exposure
__________________ is the gradual reduction in reflex responding following repeated presentations of the eliciting, unconditioned stimulus (US).
Habituation
Here is how the rat actually allocated its behavior: BL = 80 responses per minute; BR = 40 responses per minute. Using these values, calculate the proportion of responses made on the left lever: Bl/(Bl+Br)
0.667
Using the values from items 4 and 5, what is the proportion of reinforcers obtained on the left lever? Rl/(Rl+Rr) = ___________
0.75
If a VI 60-second schedule is arranged on the right lever, Rr= ______.
1
What are the four useful techniques to use when teaching verbal operants?
1. Antecedent stimulus 2. Prompting and fading 3. Shaping 4.Reinforcer
What is (are) the problem(s) with reification?
1. Circular logic - the only evidence for the existence of the abstraction is the pattern of behavior that the abstraction is supposed to explain. 2. If a heuristic abstraction (like "rudeness") causes behavior, then how do we experimentally manipulate the abstraction?
What are the two methods for reducing impulsive choices?
1. Commitment Strategy 2. Delay-exposure training
What are the two techniques for decreasing an undesired behavior (B2)?
1. Decrease R2 2. Increase R1
What are the two ways to increase the proportion of behavior allocated to B1?
1. Increase R1 2. Decrease R2
Chapter 4 outlined the hypothesis that Pavlovian learning plays a role in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The substance of the hypothesis was...
1. Principle of Effective Pavlovian Conditioning 3: Because the US (e.g., an explosion) is infrequent, any CS that reliably precedes it will signal a very large delay-reduction to the US. 2. Principle of Effective Pavlovian Conditioning 1: The US (a traumatic event) is a phylogenetically important event. 3. Principle of Effective Pavlovian Conditioning 4: The stimulus signaling the delay-reduction to the US is not redundant with other stimuli signaling the US event. 4. Principle of Effective Pavlovian Conditioning 2: The CS that comes to elicit trauma are highly salient (e.g., a belligerent perpetrator).
What are the four variables that strongly influence behavior?
1. Reinforcement vs no consequence 2. Reinforcer size/quality 3. Effort 4. Reinforcer delay
A variable-interval (VI) 20-second schedule arranges reinforcers at a rate of 3 per minute. If a VI schedule is programmed on the left lever in an operant chamber for rats, Rl = ______.
3
Chance loved BBQ sandwiches and ate them once a week. Then he got a job at a BBQ restaurant and he saw all the coagulated fat in the meat when he pulled a tray of meat out of the refrigerator. He was disgusted by the sight and, for the next couple weeks, he rarely ate BBQ sandwiches again. Seeing the coagulated fat appears to have functions as a(n) ______________________ operation because it temporarily decreased the value of a BBQ sandwich (as a reinforcer) and it decreased the probability that he would buy one and eat one.
Abolishing
A(n) _______ _______ is an environmental and/or biological event that (1) temporarily decreases the value of a specific reinforcer and (2) decreases the probability of behaviors yielding that reinforcer.
Abolishing operation
_____ is approaching the thought, so as to examine it flexibly, with a sense of curiosity
Acceptance
The book discussed Dr. Carl Hart's TedMed talk in which he argues drug use is not a moral failing, it results from a lack of...
Alternative, non-drug reinforcers
A(n) _____ is an observable stimulus that is present before behavior occurs. A(n)_____ is an observable stimulus that happens after behavior occurs.
Antecedent; Consequence
The 3 terms of the three-term contingency are _____- behavior -_____
Antecedent; consequence
The definition of an S∆ is a(n) ___________________ stimulus that ________________________ the probability of a specific behavior because the individual has learned that that behavior ______________________ after observing that stimulus.
Antecedent; decreases; will not be reinforced
The definition of an S^D is a(n) ___________________ stimulus that ________________________ the probability of a specific behavior because the individual has learned that that behavior ______________________ after observing that stimulus.
Antecedent; increases; can be reinforced
One measure of reinforcer efficacy is choice - if salted caramels are chosen more often than Laffy Taffy, then salted caramels are the more effective of the two reinforcers. But choice does not tell us how much more reinforcing salted caramels are than Laffy Taffy. For this we need to measure the maximum amount of behavior the reinforcer will maintain, a measure known as the ___________________________.
Breakpoint
Correlation does not imply ____________________.
Causation
_____ is a voluntary behavior occurring in a context in which alternative behaviors are possible.
Choice
When using the _________________ strategy, the individual chooses the larger later reward well before they encounter the temptations of an immediately available smaller-sooner reward. Importantly, this strategy requires that the decision-maker "lock in" their choice, so they do not change their mind later on, when the immediate temptation in encountered.
Commitment
A ________________ punisher is a contingent consequence that signals a delay reduction to a backup punisher.
Conditioned
In the Harry Potter books and movies, the professors at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry sometimes awarded students "house points" for desirable behaviors such as telling the truth, helping another student, or demonstrating bravery. At the end of the term, the house with the most house points earned the House Cup (which was a good thing). If these house points increased the students' prosocial behaviors, they would be classified as...
Conditioned reinforcers
At the prison, inmates could earn tokens which could later be exchanged for TV privileges, a hot shower, outdoor exercise time, etc. These tokens were supposed to reinforce appropriate behaviors such as reading a book or talking to your neighbor without cursing. One day the behavior analyst returned to the prison and found that the well-meaning prison chaplain had given everyone free tokens. He felt that the prisoners would behave appropriately if they were given unconditional love. What dimension of effective reinforcement did the chaplain ignore? We are looking for a one-word answer.
Contingency
What are the four reinforcer dimensions that influence how effective the consequence will be in maintaining behavior?
Contingency Reinforcer Size Reinforcer Quality Reinforcer Immediacy
Rule-governed or contingency shaped?The student was unable to study at her usual time, in the evening. So, she studied in the morning, before she went to work. After studying in the morning, she found that she remembered the course materials better than when she studied at night. As a result, she earned better test scores and was better able to use what she was learning in her daily life. Going forward, the student chooses to do her studying in the morning, before she goes to work.
Contingency shaped: It seems she discovered this adaptive behavior on her own, without anyone providing her with a verbal rule. It was reinforced when she better remembered the materials and earned better test scores.
Rule-governed or contingency shaped?Marge is a waitress at the diner. On Friday a man comes in for a cup of coffee. She provides him good service, filling his cup whenever it nears empty. He leaves her a sizable tip. On Saturday the man returns and orders a full breakfast. Marge goes out of her way to provide the man with excellent service. Once again, he leaves her a big tip. The man returns a year later and Marge, once again is rewarded for the excellent service she provides him.
Contingency shaped: No rules are described.
_____ behavior is acquired and maintained by interacting with the contingencies of reinforcement alone
Contingency-shaped
According to the Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect (PREE), a behavior that was reinforced _____________ will decrease rapidly after operant extinction begins.
Frequently
Imagine that a rat in an operant conditioning chamber is performing very well. He moves the pole and we give him a food pellet every time. Then we start a new phase. Now we will give him food pellets once, on average, every 15 s, regardless of what he is doing. With this phase change we have switched from _____ to non- _____reinforcement.
Contingent
For experiments conducted in behavior analysis, the ___________________ variable is always an objective measure of behavior.
Dependent
Many school teachers arrange a ________ _______ contingency when they reinforce raising your hand and extinguish talking without being called upon first.
Differential Reinforcement
_____ _____ is the combination of extinction (problem behavior) and reinforcement (desired behavior).
Differential reinforcement
IOA= (Agreements/Agreements+___)x100
Disagreements
When rewards are delayed they lose some of their value. This devaluation of delayed rewards is called delay _____.
Discounting
_________ training is the technique used to teach Gambian pouched rats to detect landmines.
Discrimination
To complete this training, the Gambian pouched rats are taught to scratch at the ground when they smell TNT. Scratching at the ground in the presence of any other smell is never reinforced. The smell of TNT gradually comes to function as a(n) _____ _____; that is, the rats reliably learn to scratch at the ground whenever they smell TNT.
Discriminative Stimulus
After collecting data for a week, Harvey finds that the fork-lift driver is not meeting his quota. He wants to know if the quota is unreasonable; is it even possible for the driver to load 20 trucks a day? To find out, he's going to quantify how long it takes the driver to load the first truck of the day. Now which direct-observation technique is most appropriate?
Duration Recording
Who was the first scientist to demonstrate that reinforcers increase the probability of behavior?
E. L. Thorndike
_____ is a verbal operant in which the response resembles the verbal antecedent stimulus and is maintained with a variety of socially mediated reinfocers
Echoic
Echoic, mand, tact, or intraverbal?The new employee extends his hand toward Carla and says, "Hello, nice to meet you." Carla replies, "Hello, it's nice to meet you as well."
Echoic: The form of Carla's verbal response closely resembles that of the new employee. A variety of socially mediated reinforcers maintain such echoics; e.g., the new employee might smile when Carla echoes back his pleasantry
Echoic, mand, tact, or intraverbal?Mom says, "Simon says, say 'moose'." Jason replies "moose". Jason remains in the game.
Echoic: The form of Jason's verbal response closely resembles mom's "moose". Remaining in the game is a socially mediated reinforcer
The _____ function of verbal stimuli, despite those stimuli having never acquired Pavlovian CS function
Emotion-evoking
Every Sunday night I take the garbage can out to the curb. The consequence of this behavior is that, on Monday morning, the garbage person empties the can, relieving me of several pounds of smelly rubbish. Said another way, by taking the garbage can to the curb is maintained by the contingent removal of garbage. This describes a(n) _____ contingency.
Escape/ escape reinforcement/ negative reinforcement
Cammy was sick for a whole week and was unable to work out. After the week of illness passed, she said she was super-motivated to get back to the gym. Indeed, she was the first person at the gym the morning after she felt better. The illness appears to have functioned as a(n) __________________ operation because it temporarily increased the value of a workout (as a reinforcer) and it increased the probability of getting to the gym early.
Establishing
A(n) ________ __________ is an environmental and/or biological event that (1) temporarily increases the value of a specific reinforcer and (2) increases the probability of behaviors yielding that reinforcer.
Establishing operation
Pavlovian learning is demonstrated when the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS). We know the CS has acquired this behavioral function when it...
Evokes the conditioned response
On Jim's old computer, pressing the F3 key saved his file and Jim pressed this often when he wanted to save his work. When Jim got his new computer, the F3 key did nothing when pressed. After a while, Jim stopped pressing the F3 key. This gradual reduction in pressing the F3 key is one of the reliable effects of ___________________________.
Extinction
The primary effect of operant ____________________ is a gradual reduction in the response, when it no longer produces the reinforcer.
Extinction
Implementing extinction is very difficult if it is the only intervention used. Parents, for example, will often give in to their child's tantrum and, thereby reinforce problem behavior rather than extinguish it. For this reason, one of the most popular, and effective interventions for decreasing problem behavior is differential reinforcement. Differential reinforcement combines two procedures commonly used by behavior analysts. The first is _____ and the second is _____.
Extinction; reinforcement
Effective shaping can create a sense of _____________. Video game programmers know this, and they use shaping to increase the probability that players experience that desired state in which they feel immersed in a rewarding activity, and in which they lose track of time and self (Nakamura & Chikszentmihalyi, 2014).
Flow
The only species to unequivocally demonstrate stimulus equivalence is the ________________ species.
Human
The shape of the delay-discounting function is _____.
Hyperbolic
Carlos skis only for 3 hours a month. He runs for 12 hours a month. According to the principle you identified on the previous question, Carlos will ski more hours per month if we arrange this contingency..
IF Carlos skis for an hour --> THEN he can run for an hour
_____ choice is choosing the smaller-sooner reward and foregoing the larger-later reward
Impulsive
When does choice occur?
In a context in which alternative behaviors are possible
For experiments conducted in behavior analysis, the ___________________ variable is always a publicly observable change, controlled by the experimenter, which is anticipated to influence behavior in a specific way.
Independent
Behavior may be defined as a(n) _____________ living organism's activity, public or private, which may be ____________________ by external or internal stimuli.
Individual; Influenced
What does IOA stand for?
Inter-observer agreement
Echoic, mand, tact, or intraverbal?Gregory asks his nephew, "How old are you?" His nephew replies, "I'm free." Gregory replies, "You're three? I thought you were four or five. You are such a smart child."
Intraverbal: The nephew's verbal response was occasioned by the verbal SD - "How old are you?" The response, "I'm free" does not resemble this verbal SD. The intraverbal appears to be maintained by Gregory's reply.
What does it mean to say that behavior is determined?
It means that behavior has a cause, or multiple causes; these causes are knowable biological and environmental variables.
Behavioral economists discovered that the value of avoiding a loss (SRA-) is greater than the value of acquiring a gain (SR+). Behavioral economists call this...
Loss aversion
Stimulus equivalence emerges developmentally as children acquire _________________.
Language
Given the values in questions 4 and 5, the matching equation predicts the rat will prefer the _________ lever.
Left
_____ is a verbal operant occasioned by a motivating operation and maintained by the verbally specified reinforcer
Mand
Echoic, mand, tact, or intraverbal?Bobby is a little bit thirsty when he sees his father walk into the living room with an ice-cold beer. Bobby says, "Daddy, can I have a sip of your beer?" Bobby's father gives him a sip.
Mand: Asking for something is often a mand. Bobby does not demand a sip of the beer, but his request is occasioned by a motivating operation - whatever made him thirsty. The reinforcer - the sip of beer - was specified by Bobby's request
Echoic, mand, tact, or intraverbal?The psychiatrist is conducting an evaluation of a new patient. She holds up a Rorschach ink-blot card and says, "Tell me what you see." The patient says, "I see an elephant. Here are its ears, its mouth, its trunk." The psychiatrist nods knowingly.
Mand: The verbal response is occasioned by a motivating operation - to conduct the psychiatric evaluation, she needs the patient to respond to the Rorschach card. The reinforcer that maintains the psychiatrist's mand is the patient's verbal response.
Echoic, mand, tact, or intraverbal?Marina says, "Take the picture of me in front of the fountain!" Her Instagram boyfriend complies.
Mand: This verbal response is occasioned by a motivating operation - Marina wants a picture of herself so she can post it on Instagram. The reinforcer that maintains this mand (the boyfriend takes the picture) was specified by the verbal response
Presenting a brief, salient conditioned reinforcing stimulus (like that produced by a clicker) immediately after the desired response can help the individual to correctly identify which response produced the reinforcer. This _______________ procedure is particularly effective when the reinforcer is delayed.
Marking
The book discussed two problems with everyday concepts of motivation. Which of the following is NOT one of those problems?
Motivation is biologically determined (environmental causes are excluded from analysis).
_____ training is training an individual to symmetrically relate arbitrary stimuli, over and over again, with multiple examples
Multiple-exemplar
Positive, SRe, or SRa? Frank was an alcoholic most of his adult life. When he was young, he physically abused his wife and child before she threw him out. Decades later, Frank learns that his son is trying to reach him. He would like to meet his son and tell him how sorry he is but he is worried that his son may want to call him and yell at him for being a worthless human being. Every time his son's phone number appears on his cell phone, he presses the Decline button. He can't bear to hear his son tell him how worthless he is, so he prevents this event from occurring by declining the incoming call.
Negative SRa
Positive, SRe, or SRa? The husband and wife decided after having their 4th child that that was enough. The husband consulted with the doctor about having a vasectomy. As the husband signed the consent form for the operation, he knew this would prevent the couple from having additional children.
Negative SRa
Positive, SRe, or SRa? The lawyer lied to the US Congress because, if he told the truth, he would go to jail for a long time. Successful lying prevents the jail sentence from occurring.
Negative SRa
Positive, SRe, or SRa? Broden's lips were chapped and they hurt, so he applied some Chap Stick. The pain was almost immediately relieved after he did this.
Negative SRe
Charlie works about 8 overtime hours per week. He says he hates it, but it helps his family make ends meet. On Monday, Charlie lost his temper and yelled at his boss. His boss told him that he was barring him from working any overtime hours for the rest of the week. After that, Charlie was careful to hold his tongue when he was angry with his boss. Barring Charlie from working overtime hours is...
Negative punisher
A red light on a traffic signal precedes and influences behavior. We would classify a red light as a(n) _____ _____ because it _____ (in this second blank you should answer either increases or decreases) the probability that you will press down on the brake pedal with your foot. You have previously learned that this response, when emitted in the presence of red traffic lights, allows you to avoid an accident (SRA-)
Negative reinforcer; increases
Is this correct? Effective punishers involve physical pain; spare the rod, spoil the child.
No
Is this correct? If the problem behavior has not occurred for some period of time, deliver another punisher; this demonstrates to the patient that the punishment contingency remains in place.
No
The book defines _________ _________ as, a generic class of responses influenced by antecedents, with each response in the class producing the same consequence.
Operant behavior
A habit is defined as ____________________ behavior that is (1) evoked by antecedent stimuli and (2) persists despite the imposition of a(n) __________ _____________.
Operant; abolishing operation
Which direct-observation technique is most appropriate to measure the driver's behavior: Harvey manages the fork-lift driver on the loading dock at the warehouse. The driver's quota is 20 trucks loaded per day. Harvey is busy most of the day, but he could make some direct observations of the fork-lift driver at lunch time. Alternatively, Harvey could just count the number of trucks that are fully loaded and sitting in the parking lot at 5 pm.
Outcome Recording
Harvey found, over the last 5 days, that the fork-lift driver loaded the first truck in 15 minutes or less. That means the driver could load over 30 trucks a day, well above the 20-truck quota. Harvey wants to find out how often his driver is loading trucks during the rest of the day. He decides to install a hidden camera on the dock. He plans to turn it on several times a day for 10 minutes and record if loading-behavior is occurring at all during those time periods.
Partial-Interval recording
Mary Cover-Jones published a paper in 1924 that revolutionized the treatment of phobias. What principle, discovered by Ivan Pavlov, did Cover-Jones use to decrease her client's fear of furry animals.
Pavlovian Extinction
A simple automated training technique which incorporates the six principles of effective shaping is called a _____ _____ of reinforcement
Percentile schedule
_____ is rule-governed behavior occurring because of socially mediated consequences
Pliance
Pliance or tracking?If you know what's good for you, you will clean your room right now." The child begins cleaning the room.
Pliance - Cleaning the room is an example of rule-following that occurs because of a socially mediated consequence: avoidance of an unspecified consequence.
Pliance or tracking?The shift supervisor says, "Whoever sells the most desserts tonight wins a $50 gift certificate." The waitstaff works hard to sell desserts to their customers.
Pliance - desert selling occurs because of a socially mediated consequence: the promise of a gift certificate.
Positive, SRe, or SRa? Erik's phone signals he has received a text. Erik is driving and knows he should not look at the text but he has been expecting an important text letting him know if his brother has been released from the hospital. Erik grabs his phone and looks at the text. The text informs him that his brother is still in the hospital, so Erik drives there and pays him a visit.
Positive
Conceptualizing motivation as a mentalistic force is perfectly acceptable if our only goal is to predict behavior (those with low motivation will perform poorly and those with high motivation will perform well). But this everyday concept of motivation is not helpful if we also want to _____ _____ behavior
Positively influence
In a stimulus preference assessment, several different goods are available and the individual is allowed to choose one and use/consume it. The good that is consistently chosen first will be placed at the top of the ______________________ _______________________. This good is the most likely to function as a reinforcer.
Preference Hierarchy
According to the ___________________ principle, access to a high-probability behavior will always function as a reinforcer when made contingent on emitting a low-probability behavior.
Premack
A ______ reinforcer is a consequence that functions as a reinforcer because it is important in sustaining the life of the individual or the continuation of the species.
Primary
Scott dated a married woman. He didn't know that she was married until her husband showed up at Scott's apartment and punched him squarely in the face. It has been 20 years since this incident occurred and, during that time, Scott never dated another married woman. The punch in the face appears to have functioned as a...
Primary punisher
The textbook outlines four guidelines for effectively using timeout from positive reinforcement. Which one of the following is NOT one of those guidelines?
Provide no more than three verbal warnings before putting the child in timeout.
A verbal stimulus, like "dog" has a __________________ function if it evokes an emotional response, despite that verbal stimulus never having acquired a Pavlovian CS function.
Psychological
A(n) ____________________ is defined as a contingent consequence that decreases the future probability of behavior.
Punisher
Vivitrol is a once-a-month shot given to opiate-addicted individuals after they have been through a detoxification program. Vivitrol is a molecule that binds to dopamine receptors, which prevents heroin and other opiates from having most (but not all) of their positive-reinforcing effects. The makers of Vivitrol decreased the reinforcing efficacy of heroin by manipulating what dimension of effective reinforcement?
Quality or size
In Herrnstein's matching equation RL and RR refer to the rates of ______________ programmed on the left and right alternatives, respectively.
Reinforcement
Rule-governed or contingency shaped?Stenny thinks the stop sign at the corner of 7th and Main streets is stupid. No one is ever there, so stopping seems unnecessary and it slows him down. Nonetheless, Stenny stops every time he comes to the corner of 7th and Main.
Rule-Governed: Stenny is following the rule posted on the stop sign. Because the rule is not well suited to the operative contingencies of reinforcement and punishment, we can be sure that his behavior is not contingency shaped.
_____ behavior is influenced by a verbal description of the operative three-term contingency
Rule-governed
Rule-governed or contingency shaped?When he was young, Steve was told to chew his food 40 times before swallowing. He followed this rule throughout his life, despite never experiencing any negative consequences when he occasionally chewed less, nor any positive consequences for chewing 40 times.
Rule-governed: The verbal rule was followed, but not because of any reinforcement or punishment contingencies
The subway trains in Mexico City are very reliable. They arrive in the station every 4 minutes. Madison enters the station just as a train is pulling out, so she knows it will be a little while before the next train arrives. Madison sits down on a bench and scrolls through her social-media feed. A few minutes later, she looks up to see if she can see a train coming down the tracks. Nothing. Maybe 30 s later, she looks down the tracks again but doesn't see a train. About 30 s later, she puts her phone away, stands up and continuously looks down the track until she can see the train approaching at a distance. This pattern of behavior is called a fixed-interval...
Scallop
_____ choice is choosing the larger-later reward and foregoing the smaller-sooner reward.
Self-control
Behavior analysts don't like to use ____________-_______________ measures of behavior because people often can't remember their own behavior, and people are often motivated to exaggerate how often they engage in socially acceptable behaviors such as exercising and washing your hands after using the toilet.
Self-report
Behavioral game theorists have arranged games like the Public Goods Game (4 players decide whether or not to contribute $1 to a group project, with everyone in the group equally splitting the money earned from the project). When this game is played without punishment the stable pattern of behavior is ____________________. When the game is played with the opportunity to pay to punish the behavior of others, the stable pattern of behavior is _______________________.
Selfishness; cooperation
Punishment is common in nature, in our everyday lives, and is a procedure frequently used by parents, managers, and the police. However, punishment is much less often used by behavior analysts who work in clinical settings. For these clinical behavior analysts, punishment is only used when...
The problem behavior is dangerous to self or others
Returning to the experiment described in Question 5, what will happen to our rat's rate of moving the pole after this phase change?
The rate of moving the pole will decrease
Why do behavior analysts use reinforcer surveys and stimulus preference assessments?
These are used to identify potentially effective reinforcers
There are four defining features of a single-subject experimental design. Which one of the following is NOT one of those defining features?
Those individuals randomly assigned to the intervention group receive the treatment; those assigned to the control group do not.
A common belief among those suffering from anxiety and depression is that ____________ cause behavior. The ACT therapist will seek to undermine this rule which impairs healthy living and leads to human suffering.
Thoughts
A conditioned reinforcement intervention known as the ________ ________ was pioneered in mental institutions, and was later adapted for use in schools and business settings. The intervention is a set of rules governing the delivery of response-contingent conditioned reinforcers (e.g., points) that may be later exchanged for one or more backup reinforcers.
Token economy
____ is rule-following occurring because the instructions appear to correctly describe operant contingencies that operate in the world
Tracking
Pliance or tracking?A man sits in Angel's section of the diner. As she is approaching him, Marge stops and says, "Give that man really good service; he's a good tipper." Angel provides good service and receives a large tip in return.
Tracking - Angel followed the rule, not because of any consequences that Marge would deliver, but because Marge's rule appeared to correctly describe a contingency of reinforcement - IF you provide good service, THEN you will get a good tip.
Pliance or tracking?Lynn's toilet is overflowing and she needs to turn the water off now! She reaches down to the water supply knob and remembers her dad's rule, "Righty tighty, left loosey." She turns the knob to the right and the water stops flowing out of the toilet and onto the floor.
Tracking - Lynn's father was not there to provide any consequences for rule following. Instead, she follows the rule because it correctly describes are reinforcement contingency - IF the knob is turned right, THEN the water supply will be shut off.
Pliance or tracking?In April, Atticus told his father that the Lady Gaga episode was the worst episode of the Simpsons. In June, his father is channel surfing and the Lady Gaga episode of the Simpsons comes on. Atticus' father changes the channel.
Tracking - the father changes the channel, not because Atticus is present to deliver a consequences, but because Atticus' rule appears to correctly describe an operant contingency
As a child, Gregory was often in trouble with his parents. When he engaged in inappropriate behavior, his father would always whip him with a belt after coming home from work (it was the 1960s). Despite these many spankings, Gregory kept engaging in mischievous behaviors. What Gregory's parents did not know was that while waiting for his father to come home, belt at the ready, Gregory was putting on 3 pairs of underwear and 3 pairs of jeans. Thus, as the belt whipping was occurring, Gregory was in no pain at all (but he did put on a good show of crying). What principle of effective punishment were Gregory's parents not able to adhere to, because of Gregory's mischievous behavior? In contemplating your answer, do not read anything into the scenario that is not clearly specified.
Use a punisher in the Goldilocks zone- neither too aversive nor so benign that it does not decrease the problem behavior
_____ is client-selected qualities of behavior that may be continuously emitted without reaching an end-goal
Values
Austin can never tell when his drug dealer is going to be home. When he needs a fix, he drives past his dealer`s house over and over again - his dealer told him to never park out front and wait. As soon as Austin sees that the dealer's car is parked out front, Austin goes in and scores what he needs. If the behavior of interest is driving past the dealer's house, and the reinforcer is seeing that Austin's car is out front, what schedule of reinforcement is in operation?
Variable-interval
Which schedule of reinforcement a) maintains the highest response rate, b) is preferred over all other schedules, c) is described by humans as "fun", and d) is programmed into slot machines?
Variable-ratio
Alexis got a new job selling aluminum siding for people's homes; so far, she has made three sales. To make the sales, she visits the homes of those who have completed an online form requesting someone come to their house to provide a cost estimate. In her first week on the job, she visited 15 houses before making one sale. After that, she visited 5 houses before making another sale. She thought she was getting better at the job, but then it took 10 more house-visits before she made her third sale. What schedule of reinforcement is Alexis working under thus far?
Variable-ratio 10
This quote was cited at the end of Chapter 4. To whom does it refer? Dr. _________________________ was proving one thing that no amount of debate could refute - Behaviorism could make money.
Watson; who went into advertising after he resigned from Johns Hopkins University
The _________ ________ problem refers to our inability to suppress thinking of things that are verbally named. This symmetric relational responding, a behavior we acquired decades ago, can backfire if our thoughts are filled with verbal stimuli such as "sad", "anxious", or "unloveable".
White Bear
Is the stimulus change a reinforcer? Anderson received his package after placing his order on Amazon. Although Anderson hates that Amazon treats their fulfillment center employees badly, he buys a lot of stuff on Amazon. It's just so convenient! However, if Anderson's orders were never delivered to his house, he would eventually stop buying things from Amazon.
Yes
Is the stimulus change a reinforcer? When Kleiner moved to Wales, he found that using an umbrella was useless in the rain because the wind kept inverting his umbrella. Frustrated with this (and how wet he was getting in the rain) Kleiner noticed that the Welsh people wore raincoats and rain pants. On his way home that evening, Kleiner bought some rain gear at a local shop. The next day, Kleiner wore his rain gear outside and avoided getting wet (not to mention avoiding wrestling with his umbrella). Thereafter, Kleiner wears his rain gear every time it is raining (which it is almost every day in Wales).
Yes
Is this stimulus change a reinforcer? MacLean cut her finger so she immediately drove to the hospital. At the hospital, she was required to complete some forms, was eventually seen by a physician, and was released with 10 stitches
Yes
Habits are formed when...
a response has been repeatedly reinforced, hundreds, if not thousands of times in the presence of the same antecedent stimulus.