FINAL EXAM REVIEW

Attribution

-attempts to explain how we perceive and make judgements about others. -the inferences people make about their own and others behaviors -dispositional- caused by something inherent -situational-caused by situational factors, external

Social Learning

-people are socialized to think and behave in certain ways. -people of influence such as parents and teachers model behaviors for children, which the children adopt. -children learn to treat people the way they see their parents, teachers, and pastors, for example; treat people -if respect is modeled, children will tend to respect others -if prejudice and negative treatment are modeled, children will tend to be socialized toward these behaviors.

W.E.B DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Territorial Community

A community based on geography

Relational Community

A community based on voluntary association rather than geography

Cultural Pluralism

A condition in which many cultures coexist within a society and maintain their cultural differences.

The New Deal •

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Ethnicity

A social division based on national origin, religion, language, and often race. Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.

Weber

A sociologist who emphasized the phenomenon of bureaucracy in explaining political developments

Liberal Feminism

A strand of feminism that emphasizes gender equality and views the "essential" differences in men's and women's abilities or perspectives as trivial or nonexistent.

Social Justice

All humans have a right to live fullfilling lives, which requires access to appropriate resources (economic and otherwise) decision-making opportunities, and freedom from fear of persecution.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group. Evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.

Racism

Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.

Locality Development

Broad self participation; process oriented; stresses consensus and cooperation; builds group identity and sense of community

Aid to Families with Dependent Children

Federal funds, administered by the states, for children living with persons or relatives who fall below state standards of need; abolished in 1996

Radical Feminism

Form of feminist theory that believes that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life.

Durkheim

Functionalism

Libertarian Perspective

Government and other dominant institutions should have only a limited role in human affairs. They should not be involved in securing people's rights to liberty, property, and personal protection

No Child Left Behind

Holds states, schools, and school districts more accountable for their standardized tests scores. The wanted outcome was better tests scores all around and overall a smarter and better population of young people that would positively contribute to a growing America.

Social Constructionism

Human actors actively construct their "reality", rather than discovering a reality that has inherent validity, through their social interactions. The beliefs and shared understandings of individuals create social realities. In the context of illness, there is a gap b/t the biological reality of a medical condition and the societally created meaning of the condition. (ex. changing conceptualizations of mental illness results in changes to the DSM). It is a dynamic, ongoing process.

Utilitarian Approach

Justice is made up of beliefs and policies that support the "greatest good for the greatest number of people"

Cultural Perspective •

Point of view a person or group has based on their background and learning experiences a view that focuses on the influence of culture on thought, feeling, and behavior

War on Poverty

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

community organization theory

The process of involving and activating members of a community or subgroup to identify a common problem or goal, to mobilize resources, to implement strategies, and to evaluate their efforts

Critiques of Social and Economic Justice Perspectives

They are not well conceptualized, at lest insofar as an organized theory has been developed to help guide actions toward achieving justice. In reality, defining and testing concepts related to justice can be difficult. they have yet to make a significant, long standing impact at the macro level or to affect social policy in a concrete way.

Distributive Justice

What society "owes" to its members

Projection

a defense mechaism described by frued that allows people to deny owning uncomfortable feelings or perceived negative characteristics by pointing out these same negative characteristics in others. we project our own undesirable personal characteristics or feelings to reduce our own tension and anxiety. form of prejudice.

Authoritarianism

a political system that denies the people participation in government Personality-the tendency to be highly sensitive to totalitarian and antidemocratic ideas and therefore prone to prejudice. hostile to low status obedient to highstatus

Feminist Theory

a sociological perspective that emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and particularly the uniqueness of the experience of women a theoretical approach that looks at gender inequities in society and the way that gender structures the social world

Looking Glass Self

a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us

Symbolic Interaction theory

a theoretical perspective claiming that people act toward things because of the meaning things have for them interaction between people that takes place through the use of symbols

George Simmel

argued that the key element in determining the form of social relations in a group is the size of the group

Social Action

community members must be empowered to initiate changes for themselves and their communities. community members are active agents in the change process social workers are activists , agitators, protestors who work in concert with community members to create tension that will lead to change. efforts to modify societal institutions to meet needs, resolve issues, achieve social and economic justice, and provide for the well-being of society's members

Institutional Racism

exists on a broader, macro level. involves actions that occur in social institutions (legal, economic, political, and educational realms) attitudes that are reflected in the larger society.

Individual Racism

exists on micro-level personal or one-to-one actions between two or more people. involves the negative attitudes and beliefs that people hold about persons from other groups that usually result in actions such as name calling, ostracizing, or even the violence played out in hate crimes.

Social Security

federal program of disability and retirement benefits that covers most working people

crow crossing

metaphor for poor rural towns population 200 city 20 miles away no bank, school, grocery store, public transportation lacks social services graduation rate 70 percent

Prejudice

more cognitive attitudes, beliefs, stereotypes that a person holds about others. involves making prejudgements bout people based on preconceived ideas bout characteristics of certain groups.

Settlement Houses

neighborhood centers in poor areas that offered education, recreation, and social activities

Cultural Relativism

not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms

Political Opportunities Structure

political opportunities for change must first be present before a movement can achieve its objectives. Following that, the movement ultimately attempts to make change through the existing political structure and processes. views political structures as benefitting the elites, who have access to power and resources needed to maintain social institutions. if outsiders may change one aspect of an institution, this success can lead to further changes in other realms

Discrimination

prejudgement and negative treatment of people based on identifiable characteristics such as race, gender, religion or ethnicity.

Saul Alinsky

social action model. insisted that disenfranchised persons must instigate social and institutional change, with a goal of creating justice and equal distribution of resources. he argued that community change occurs through the following strategies: build power among community members generate methods that are represenative of the needs of the group contribute to positive conflict resolution

Dysfunctions

social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society

Social Planning

task-oriented and focused on problem-solving usually by an outside expert rely on professionals who possess social change skills. can be a large movement for large scale change.

Socialist Feminism

the belief that women's inequality results from the combination of capitalistic economic relations and male domination; argues that both must be transformed fundamentally before women can achieve equality claims that gender equality will come about by replacing capitalism with socialism

Economic Justice •

the distribution of resources in a fair and equitable manner

Culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Conflict Theory

the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources

Socialization

the process through which we learn to value some characteristics, ideas, and behaviors more than others. process leads to a bias in favor of what we have learned and against the unfamiliar

Manifest Functions •

the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern

Oppression

the social act of placing severe restrictions on an individual, group, or institution primary- perpetrated by dominant group directly against other group secondary- perpetrated by people who remain silent in the face of, and benefit from tertiary- perpetrated by members of a group when they seek acceptance by supporting the dominant groups acts.

Latent Functions

the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern

Functionalist Theory

theory of mental life and behavior that is concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in its environment\ a sociological theory that attempts to determine the functions, or uses, of the main ways in which a society is organized

Frustration-Aggression

when a person is thwarted on the way to a goal - the frustration will increase the probability of an aggressive response attacks by a dominant group on a weaker group when the cause of the frustration cannot be attacked bc it is viewed as too powerful. majority groups may use minority members as scapegoats