Final Exam Study Guide--World Civilization to 1660

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What advantage did the 1600-mile Royal Road provide to the Achaemenids?

-It allowed management of a sophisticated political system -It provided for good communication within the empire -It allowed a diverse trade to develop

Which Chinese philosopher proposed that only strong social discipline would bring society into order?

Xunzi

Which Chinese dynasty laid the foundation for principles of government and political legitimacy?

Zhou

Who was the prophet/reformer of Iranian religion?

Zoroaster

Monotheism was the distinct tradition of the __________.

hebrews

Which belief was at the heart of Mencius's philosophy?

human nature was essentially good

Where were the earliest civilizations located?

in river valleys

Which statement describes the cult of Amon-Re?

it honored a combination of the Egyptian sun gods

The hierarchical character of Indian society is intimately connected with the Hindu religion.

true

The most important Aryan veda is the Rig Veda.

true

What term the Aryans use to refer to social classes?

varnas

Who founded the Achaemenid empire?

Cyrus

What people did Darius allow to return to their capital city and rebuild their temple?

Jews

The most influential post-Confucian philosopher, who served as the chief spokesman for Confucius's philosophy, was _________.

Mencius

Tradition holds that Egypt was united around 3100 B.C.E. by which conqueror?

Menes

The Greek historian Herodotus used the phrase "the gift of the ________" to describe Egypt.

"nile"

Buddha taught a religion, not a philosophy.

false

Hinduism gradually replaced Jainism in Indian society.

false

Horses & silk are two of the luxury goods India produced.

false

In the Upanishadic worldview, existence was a linear concept that started with birth and ended with death.

false

Jainism embraced the caste distinctions of Indian society.

false

The African kingdom of Buganda is the earliest-known literate & politically unified civilization in Africa after the pharaohs' rule of Egypt.

false

The Qin Dynasty maximized its rule through a decentralized bureaucracy.

false

The caste system led to much social instability.

false

The Sasanids believed they were the rightful heirs to the Achemenid empire.

true

What does the word Mesopotamia mean?

"land between the rivers"

Which Greek leader conquered the Achaemenid in 334 B.C.E.?

Alexander the Great

Whose conquests helped Chandragupta Maurya establish the first Indian empire?

Alexander the Great

The collection of Confucian sayings and teachings is known as what?

Analects

Which of the following was NOT a major Persian dynasty?

Assyrian

In the ninth century C.E., a loose Maya empire was constructed by the state of _________.

Chichén Itzá

Which philosophy criticized social activism and instead proposed a life of reflection and introspection?

Daoism

Who was the greatest Achaemenid emperor?

Darius

In the __________ , the oldest existing literary work, a king strives for power and immortality.

Epic of Gilgamesh

Who established Babylonian dominance over much of Mesopotamia?

Hammurabi

What was the earliest known civilization in India?

Harappan

What religious and/or philosophical practices developed in the post-Mauryan era?

Hindu tradition and Buddhist practices

The construction of light, horse-drawn war chariots and the refinement of iron metallurgy were technological innovations of which people?

Hittites

The most influential ancient Indo-European migrants into southwest Asia were the ___________.

Hittites

Who were the Aryans?

Indo-Europeans

Why is the mandate of heaven important?

It allowed the ruler to serve as a link between the heavens and the earth.

Which statement describes the Chavín cult?

It enjoyed enormous popularity in the central Andes

Who is considered to be the traditional founder of Daoism?

Laozi

The Austronesian-speaking peoples became the first human settlers on which large island off the east African coast?

Madagascar

What is another name for the Iranian peoples?

Medes & Persians

The conqueror Menes founded ________, a city that would serve as the capital for early Egypt, around 3100 B.C.E.

Memphis

Which is the fist Mesoamerican civilization for which we have written records & archeological evidence?

Olmec

Who was the Egyptian god of the underworld?

Osiris

The first simplified alphabet, containing only twenty-two letters, was created by the ____________.

Phoenicians

Whose tomb contained thousands of terra-cotta soldiers?

Qin Shihuangdi

Who created the first empire in Mesopotamia?

Sargon of Akkad

The first complex society was developed in the southern Mesopotamian land of _______.

Sumer

Where was the Pyramid of the Sun located?

Teotihuacan

What did Confucius believe about political and social harmony?

They arose from the proper ordering of human relationships

Where does most of our information about the early Aryans come from?

Vedas

How many characters comprised the written language during the Shang period?

approximately 3000 characters

Why was Parthian rule significant?

because its nationalistic emphasis was emulated by later peoples

For what is Hammurabi is best known?

code of laws

What were the Upanishads?

commentaries and reflections on the Vedas

What is Sumerian writing called?

cuneiform

Which of the following features describe the Mauryan Dynasty as developed by Ashoka?

extension of the empire to cover most of India strengthening of Buddhism provided the model of the ideal king

Who were the Hyksos?

external invaders who helped bring about the end of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom

Bronze metallurgy in China likely developed as a result of communication with Mesopotamia.

false

Which Chinese political philosophy called for clear and strict laws?

legalism

What was the staple food of Mesoamerica?

maize

Who were the earliest heirs of the Olmecs?

maya

The domestication of plants and animals is a hallmark of what?

neolithic era

The first complex society of Mesoamerica, which founded traditions followed by all later societies, was the _________.

olmec

What was Mohenjo-daro?

one of the two main cities of the Harappan society

What was the key to economic success in the Achaemenid empire?

pax Achaemenica

Why is Çatal Hüyük is significant?

site of one of the first cities

The Hebrew religion began a religious tradition that revolutionized the world that followed it.

true

Where was original homeland of the Indo-Europeans most likely?

southern Russia

Which of the following is NOT a legacy of the Mauryan empire?

strong, decentralized administration

Which tribes began to spread their language and agricultural techniques throughout Africa as early as 3000 B.C.E.?

the Bantu

The Babylonians eventually fell in 1595 B.C.E. to whom?

the Hittites

The area of the first great civilizations received enough rainfall for growing grain and to feed grazing animals. What is this area called?

the fertile crescent

What was the ultimate goal and achievement of Legalism?

the unification of China

Which statement describes Pharaohs in the Middle Kingdom?

they were less powerful than pharaohs of the Old Kingdom

Which statement accurately describes the Lapita peoples?

they were the first Austronesian migrants to establish human settlements in the Pacific islands

What was the most important political center of the Maya realm at its height?

tikal

Buddhism is one of India's greatest contributions to world civilization.

true

It is believed that Asian immigrants reached North America via the Bering land bridge.

true

Jainism advocates that a person's most important duty is to cause no harm or pain to any being that can feel pain.

true

King Nebuchadnezzar revived the kingdom of Babylonia and rebuilt the city of Babylon.

true

The Han Dynasty embraced Confucianism as its official course of study.

true

By what name was the Hebrew God known?

yahweh

Which river valley hosted the origins of early Chinese civilization?

yellow

Which of the following mathematical concepts, essential for positional notation and the manipulation of large numbers, was invented by Maya mathematicians?

zero

A Mesopotamian stepped pyramid is known as a ____________.

ziggurat


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