Final Exam Study Questions Part 2

Which of the following tasks was not sensitive to medial temporal lobe damage in the monkeys studied? A. delayed nonmatching to sample retest B. trial-unique delayed nonmatching to sample C. pattern discrimination D. delayed retention of object discriminations

C

Which of these parts of the cortex is this major source of projections to the hippocampus? A. parahippocampal cortex B. perirhinal cortex C. entorhinal cortex D. insular cortex

C

Which of these tasks is not a good measure of declarative memory? A. delayed retention of object discriminations B. trial-unique delayed nonmatching to sample C. pattern discrimination learning D. delayed nonmatching to sample retest

C

The monkeys were required to go through a training period in which they were given 40 trials per day. How many trials did the monkey need to get right before the training was over? A. 35 B. 20 C. 40 D. 39

D

The adage "cells that fire together, wire together" refers to a hypothesis proposed by A. Charles Sherrington. B. Alan Baddeley. C. Raymond Kesner. D. Donald Hebb.

D

Which of the following is considered an "adjacent cortical region" to the hippocampus? A. dentate gyrus B. subicular complex C. perirhinal cortex D. amygdala

C

Damage to exclusively the perirhinal cortex is sufficient to impair which of the following? A. emotionally salient memory B. episodic memory C. reward pathway associated memory D. visual recognition memory

D

According to this article, which of these brain structures is said to not play an important role in memory? A. amygdala B. hippocampus C. medial temporal lobe D. entorhinal cortex

A

Based on the article, which brain structure is central in the process of declarative memory? A. Hippocampus B. Entorhinal cortical region C. Dentate gyrus D. Perirhinal cortices

A

Figure 3 shows images of the sections of the brain from an H1 monkey. Which type of section is displayed? A. coronal B. sagittal C. transverse

A

In the simplest form of nonassociative learning, A. an organism becomes less responsive following repeated presentation of a stimulus. B. an organism becomes more responsive following repeated presentation of a stimulus. C. an organism receives more and more transmitter at the synapse after repeated presentation of a stimulus. D. there is an increase in the number of synapses over repeated presentation of a stimulus.

A

Information about corneal stimulation is transmitted to an area of cerebellar neurons via A. climbing fibers. B. cranial nerve motor nuclei. C. auditory nuclei. D. sensory neurons.

A

Research shows that rats living in enriched conditions have more dendritic branches on cortical neurons and enhanced activity of _______ neurons throughout the cortex. A. cholinergic B. GABA-ergic C. serotonergic D. glutamatergic

A

The difference between the H+ and the H++ group was that the lesion of the H++ group includes the... A. perirhinal cortex B. posterior entorhinal cortex C. parahippocampal cortex D. subicular complex

A

The experimenters chose to spare the most anterior and most posterior portions of the hippocampal region. Why? A. So the amygdala and visual cortex would be spared B. So the amygdala and hypothalamus would be spared C. So the visual cortex and the cerebellum would be spared D. So the thalamus and the VTA would be spared

A

What did the one-way Newman-Keuls post-hoc test show? A. Each set of monkeys performed significantly different than the others B. There was no significance between the groups C. There was only significance between pattern discrimination and object discrimination D. The scores were unable to be compared

A

What does table 2 show? A. The correlations between the five tasks B. The results of the five tasks C. The length of trial period per monkey D. The six measurements looked at

A

What is a sound explanation for the finding that the extent of damage within the medial temporal lobe determines the severity of memory impairment? A. Structures within the medial temporal lobe make different contributions to memory function B. Anatomical connections from different parts of the neocortex enter the memory system at a singular point within the medial temporal lobe C. The hippocampus is in charge of all memory function but other brain areas regulate the hippocampus D. For more severe trauma there is an increased bleeding within the brain which inhibits function

A

What is the main point of Figure 4? A. Memory impairment as a z-score by set of lesions in monkeys B. Task performance over time C. Memory impairment based on inhibiting certain regions of the brain D. Task performance based on lesions in the brain

A

What research question does this paper aim to answer? A. Does damage to hippocampus as well as surrounding regions cause more severe memory impairment? B. Does damage to the hippocampus lead to memory impairment? C. What type of memory is lost when the hippocampus is damaged? D. Do other brain structures also contribute to memory recall?

A

What was the most important finding of this paper? A. severity of memory impairment following medial temporal lobe damage depends on locus and extent of damage B. Monkey brain circuitry for regions involved in memory is very similar to that of humans C. Other regions adjacent to the hippocampus are important for memory pathways D. Damage to the hippocampus and adjacent regions results in memory impairment in humans and monkeys.

A

Which of the following categories best describes the nature of this study? A. somatic intervention B. behavioral intervention C. correlation D. both b and c

A

Which of the following is a result shown in figure 4? A. Severity of memory impairment increased as more components of the medial temporal lobe memory system were included in the lesion B. Severity of memory impairment decreased as more components of the medial temporal lobe memory system were included in the lesion C. Severity of memory impairment increased and then decreased as more components of the medial temporal lobe memory system were included in the lesion D. Severity of memory impairment was unrelated to the number of components of the medial temporal lobe memory system included in the lesion

A

Which of the following is not a result of the data acquired during the given study which focused on the severity of memory impairment as a function of locus and extent of damage? A. Conjoint damage to several structures associated with memory is less deleterious than a subset of these same structures B. Structures within the medial temporal lobe make different contributions to memory function C. Monkeys in the H++ group demonstrated the most severe form of memory impairment D. Medial temporal lobe lesions produce an impairment in memory that goes beyond visual modality

A

Which of the following tests was repeated after 41 months? A. trial unique delayed nonmatching to sample test B. concurrent discrimination learning C. Pattern discrimination learning D. delayed retention of object discriminations

A

Which of the following was NOT a task used to test the monkeys? A. delayed discrimination learning B. concurrent discrimination learning C. Pattern discrimination learning D. delayed retention of object discriminations

A

Which statement best describes the difference between patients R.B. and H.M.? A. Patient R.B. bilaterally damaged the CA1 region of the hippocampus while H.M. sustained bilateral damage to various areas of the medial temporal lobe. B. Patient R. B. suffered from temporary memory impairment while H.M. suffered from sustained memory impairment C. Patient H.M. damaged only areas surrounding the hippocampus while R.B. only damaged hippocampal regions. D. Patient R.B. experienced more severe memory impairment after damage to a smaller region when compared to H.M.

A

Which statement best describes trial unique delayed nonmatching to sample test? A. Monkeys were shown a sample phase where they had to displace an object to receive a food reward, followed by choice phases where they had to displace a new object to obtain a food reward. B. Monkeys were shown a sample phase where they had to displace an object to receive a food reward followed by choice phases where they had to choose the original object each time to obtain a food reward. C. Monkeys were shown a choice phase where they had to displace an object to receive a food reward, followed by test phases where they had to displace a new object to obtain a food reward. D. Monkeys had to choose between two objects each hiding a different food reward. Consistency in object chosen was measured.

A

Which statement best summarizes the conclusions of this study? A. Severity of memory impairment increases as additional components of the medial temporal lobe memory system are damaged. B. Areas adjacent to the hippocampus play important roles in memory. C. The medial temporal lobe of monkeys is similar to that of humans. D. Only declarative memory is affected by lesions to the parahippocampal cortex.

A

Which task was found to be a less consistent measure of declarative memory? A. Concurrent discrimination task B. Pattern discrimination task C. Object discrimination task D. Delayed discrimination task

A

Which type of statistical analysis measure was used to allow comparison of tasks that utilized different performance methods? A. z scores B. standard deviation C. root mean squared standard deviation (RMSSD) D. mean

A

Why would a monkey with a bilateral lesion of brain structures within the medial temporal lobe not be able to engage in simple object discrimination tasks but be able to carry out more difficult concurrent discrimination tasks? A. Because the simple discrimination tasks are more likely to depend on memory, while more complex discrimination tasks are more likely to rely on habit formation B. Because the simple discrimations tasks are more rooted in nondeclarative memory, while the complex discrimination tasks are rooted in declarative memory C. Because the simple discrimination tasks are more likely to depend on habit formation, while more complex discrimination tasks are more likely to rely on memory D. Because the simple discrimations tasks are highly correlated with pattern discrimination tasks

A

Are the effects of parahippocampal cortex lesions on visual learning and memory caused by indirect damage to area TE ? A. Yes, findings of this paper confirm this cause and effect relationship B. No, findings show that impairments from medial temporal lobe lesions extend beyond the visual modality while TE lesions impair visual function C. No, findings show that impairments from medial temporal lobe lesions only affect visual function while TE lesions impair other modalities D. Yes, this relationship was assumed in the design of this experiment

B

Based on correlational analysis and factor analysis, which task was least useful in measuring declarative memory? A. trial unique delayed nonmatching sample test B. concurrent discrimination learning C. Pattern discrimination learning D. delayed retention of object discriminations

B

Based on the findings of the studies and the ability to rule out the principle of "mass action" (p. 492), which seems like the most accurate definition of the principle of mass action? A. Memory functions can be localized to a specific area of the cortex B. The proportion of the brain that is injured is directly proportional to the decreased ability of memory functions C. The severity of the lesion of the central hippocampus is the only significant variable in determining extent of memory abilities

B

Bilateral damage to this brain region did not impair the monkey's ability to learn the 24-hour concurrent discrimination task. A. Area TE B. parahippocampal gyrus C. entorhinal cortex

B

Eye-blink conditioning depends on the _______ circuit. A. hippocampus B. cerebellum C. prefrontal cortex D. hypothalamus

B

How many correct trials out of 100 did the monkeys need to reach the learning criterion on the trial-unique delayed nonmatching to sample task? A. 85 B. 90 C. 95 D. 100

B

In the analysis of table 2, which two tasks were strongly correlated? A. Pattern and delayed retention B. Pattern discrimination and concurrent discrimination learning C. Discrimination learning and object discrimination D. Pattern discrimination and object discrimination

B

In the trial-unique delayed nonmatching to sample memory task, which of the following was not one of the delay periods used in this experiment? A. 10 mins B. 60 s C. 15 s D. 5 mins

B

NMDA receptors are gated by A. the ligand glutamate only. B. the ligand glutamate and a strong depolarization of the membrane. C. the ligand glutamate and the ligand AMPA. D. a strong depolarization of the membrane.

B

The most convincing evidence for a link between LTP and learning comes from A. observations in Aplysia. B. behavioral LTP. C. observations in anesthetized animals. D. long-term depression.

B

The paper states that in the posterior portion of entorhinal cortex, there was some cell loss in layer II. What could have been a reason for this cell loss? A. Synaptic pruning B. retrograde degeneration C. Apoptosis D. Synaptogenesis

B

The scores of which two tasks were found to be strongly correlated? A. pattern discrimination learning and delayed retention of object discriminations B. pattern discrimination learning and concurrent discrimination learning C. trial unique delayed nonmatching sample test and concurrent discrimination learning D. delayed retention of object discriminations and concurrent discrimination learning

B

What is the implication of the findings from several recent studies that damage to cortical regions within the medial temporal lobe can result in severe memory impairment? A. The hippocampus is the sole locus of declarative memory integration and storage B. Cortical regions are able to store some aspects of declarative memories without reaching the hippocampus C. Cortical regions are the sole locus of declarative memory integration and storage D. The hippocampus and adjacent cortical regions share equal responsibility in memory storage

B

What is the main takeaway from Figure 4? A. The H++ group had the largest amount of error. B. The greater the lesion in the medial temporal lobe, the more severe the impairment on memory. C. A negative z score means that the group performed better on memory tasks. D. The H+ groups had the least significant memory impairments because the z score is closest to 0.0.

B

What was one finding from memory impairment from damage in set H? A. The hippocampus is less important than adjacent regions for memory function. B. The hippocampus is critical for memory function. C. Entorhinal and perirhinal cortices are most important for memory function. D. Set H brought about no direct findings.

B

Which form of habituation represents a faster and faster habituation response across days, eventually leading to no response at all? A. Short-term habituation B. Long-term habituation C. Intermediate-term habituation D. Permanent habituation

B

Which groups of regions were spared during the bilateral lesioning of the monkey brains to avoid damaging other functional systems? A. dentate gyrus and entorhinal cortex B. perirhinal cortex and amygdala C. subicular cortex and perirhinal cortex D. anterior entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus

B

Which of the following tasks was found to be NOT consistently sensitive to larger medial temporal lesions? A. trial unique delayed nonmatching sample test B. concurrent discrimination learning C. Pattern discrimination learning D. delayed retention of object discriminations

B

Which of the following was not one of the techniques used to induce lesions in the brains of the monkeys? A. an inflatable neck cuff and pharmacologically induced hypotension B. clinical linear accelerator (LINAC) C. radiofrequency using a stereotaxic approach D. aspiration using a neurosurgical approach under direct vision

B

Which sentence best describes the main results of this paper? A. The hippocampus is the most important brain region involved in memory. B. Lesions to the hippocampus and adjacent regions including the entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices resulted in the most significant memory impairment C. The most severe memory impairment resulted when lesions were extended to include the hippocampus as well as entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices. D. Lesions in different areas of the medial temporal lobe effect the brain equally.

B

Which structure is not required for the conditioned eye-blink response in the rabbit? A. Cerebellum B. Hippocampus C. Cranial motor nuclei D. Trigeminal nucleus

B

With respect to the main findings of the article, which additional study result would be in direct contradiction with the finding of the given report? A. Monkeys with bilateral lesions in five different brain regions were more impaired in their declarative memory than monkeys with just one or two of the brain regions lesioned B. Monkeys with bilateral lesions in five different brain regions were less impaired in their declarative memory than monkeys with just one or two of the brain regions lesioned C. Monkeys with bilateral lesions in five different brain regions were equally impaired in their declarative memory as monkeys with just one or two of the brain regions lesioned D. Monkeys with bilateral lesions in five different brain regions were less impaired in their nondeclarative memory than monkeys with just one or two of the brain regions lesioned

B

Figure 2 is an analysis of the brain tissue of three monkeys with H brain lesions. What does the black markings on the image show? A. Where the lesion was B. The hippocampus C. The extent of the damage D. The location of the entorhinal cortex

C

Given the results presented in the article, which of the following different memory tasks would most likely be impaired in monkeys with medial temporal lobe damage? A. Skill learning B. Associative learning C. Object recognition D. Pattern recognition

C

How many different surgical groups were used in the methodology of this experiment? A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6

C

In Figure 2, the sections display the brain tissue of monkeys with H lesions. Based on these images, which lobe underwent the most lesioning? A. occipital B. parietal C. temporal D. frontal

C

In Figure 3, the images of the brain are arranged from rostral (A) to caudal (F). Which is another way to describe rostral to caudal in terms of a monkey's brain? A. superior to inferior B. dorsal to ventral C. anterior to posterior

C

In Table 3, the data looks at the factor analysis of the tasks. What do the boxes around the data mean? A. The correlation between the tasks B. The performance ranking for each task C. The measures that loaded strongly on each factor D. The analysis of related tasks

C

In the training period for the concurrent discrimination learning task, how many correct responses did the monkeys need to achieve in one test session to reach the learning criterion? A. 37 B. 38 C. 39 D. 40

C

Patient R.B. exhibited bilateral damage to the CA1 region of the hippocampus while patient S.M. sustained bilateral resection of the medial temporal lobe. What would you expect the effect of these two injuries to be on the memory of patient R.B and patient S.M.? A. Both patient R.B. and S.M. will demonstrate the same severity of mental impairment B. Patient R.B. will display more severe memory impairment than patient S.M. C. Patient S.M. will display more severe memory impairment than patient R.B. D. Neither patient R.B. nor patient S.M. will suffer memory impairment

C

Researchers used factor analysis to better understanding the relationships among tasks. Two important factors were identified in this analysis. How much of the variance was accounted for by these factors? A. 88% B. 73% C. 70% D. 81%

C

Tasks that were learned fastest were dependent on what? A. The hippocampus B. The individual's IQ C. The integrity of the medial temporal lobe D. The working memory capacity

C

The coronal cross sections from the temporal lobe of monkey H1 pictured in Fig. 3 from Zora-Morgan et al. correspond to what brain damage? A. Bilateral lesion of the amygdala and perirhinal cortex B. Bilateral lesion of the most anterior portion of the hippocampus C. Bilateral lesion of the posterior portion of the hippocampus including the dentate gyrus D. Bilateral lesion of the posterior portion of the subiculum

C

The increase of cortical thickness with enriched experience is probably mainly due to the increased A. size of synaptic junctions. B. number of axons. C. branching of dendrites. D. fluid content of cortical tissue.

C

The natural ligand for the AMPA receptor is A. Mg2+. B. Ca. C. glutamate. D. Na+.

C

This paper looks at the effects on memory and mentions the role of the medial temporal lobe system. What kind of memory is the medial temporal lobe responsible for? A. Explicit memory B. Implicit memory C. Declarative memory D. Short-term memory

C

Under resting conditions, NMDA receptors are unable to respond due to the presence of _______ in their central channels. A. Ca2+ ions B. Na+ ions C. Mg2+ ions D. protein anions

C

What regions of the brain project to the entorhinal cortex? (see figure 1) A. orbital frontal cortex B. cingulate cortex C. both A and B D. Substantia nigra

C

What was an important finding of this study? A. The hippocampus is important in memory B. The medial temporal lobe is important to memory C. Medial temporal lobe lesions affect impairs memory beyond just visual modality D. Medial temporal lobe lesions affect vision

C

Which experimental group of monkeys demonstrated the most severe form of memory impairment? A. H B. H+ C. H++ D. N

C

Which of the following brain regions within the medial temporal lobe would be least likely to cause problems with memory if damaged? A. The hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus, and subicular complex B. The anterior entorhinal complex and perirhinal cortex C. The full amygdaloid complex involving adjacent cortex D. The posterior entorhinal cortex and parahippocampal cortex

C

Which statement about long-term potentiation (LTP) is false? A. During normal, low-level activity, the release of glutamate at the synapse activates only the AMPA receptors. B. NMDA receptors cannot ordinarily respond to glutamate because magnesium ions block the NMDA receptor's calcium ion channel. C. NMDA receptors are fully active only when "gated" by a strong depolarization (via AMPA receptors) and the ligand calcium. D. Strong stimulation of AMPA receptors depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane so much that the Mg2+ plug is driven from the central channels of the NMDA receptors.

C

Which statement best describes a reason given for which data from a particular monkey was not carried forward to the analysis of severity of memory impairment as a function of amount of damage? A. failure in ability to complete a particular task B. death of animal C. damage limited to the amygdaloid complex D. damage to nonadjacent brain regions

C

Zola-Morgan et al. (1994) arrived at all but one of the following conclusions based on the analysis of the data collected. Which of the following is not an accurate conclusion? A. Medial temporal lobe lesions produce an impairment in memory that goes beyond visual modality B. Cortical regions are able to store some aspects of declarative memories without reaching the hippocampus C. The extent of damage within the medial temporal lobe has no effect on the severity of memory impairment D. Conjoint damage to several structures associated with memory is more deleterious than a subset of those same structures

C

_______ LTP refers to the induction of LTP through training of an animal in a memory task. A. Somatic B. Correlational C. Behavioral D. Hebbian

C

If the medial temporal lobe of the brain was bilaterally lesioned, including the hippocampus proper and dentate gyrus, which subtype of memory would be most impaired? A. Classical conditioning B. Priming C. Skill learning D. Episodic knowledge

D

In LTP formation, nitric oxide may serve as a(n) A. synaptic transmitter. B. inhibitor of protein synthesis. C. synaptic modulator. D. retrograde transmitter.

D

LTP in the hippocampal formation depends on the excitatory neurotransmitter A. GABA. B. acetylcholine. C. dopamine. D. glutamate.

D

Lesioning which of the following brain areas would cause the most severe form of declarative memory impairment in humans and monkeys? A. Hippocampus B. entorhinal , perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices C. Entorhinal cortex and the amygdala D. Hippocampus and the perirhinal cortex

D

According to Squire et al., human amnesic patients with medial temporal lobe damage are more likely to perform well on which of the following tasks? A. Trial unique delayed non-matching to sample test (first administration) B. Delayed retention of object discrimination C. Trial unique delayed non-matching to sample test (second administration) D. Pattern discrimination

D

Adult rats living in enriched conditions produce new neurons in the A. cortex. B. amygdala. C. hypothalamus. D. hippocampus.

D

The monkeys were split into five surgical groups. What lesions were included in group H? A. Hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus B. Hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus, subicular complex, posterior entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex C. Anterior entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cotex D. Hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus, suicular complex

D

What findings were discovered from patient R.B. and patient H.M.? A. Damage to the hippocampus causes memory impairment B. As long as damage to hippocampus was minimal, memory remained in tact C. Damage to areas adjacent to the hippocampus caused memory impairment D. Answer A and C

D

What is a physiological explanation of the finding that structures within the medial temporal lobe make different contributions to memory function? A. Structures within the medial temporal lobe rely on the function of different neurotransmitter pathways and receptors B. Each brain structure is associated with the integration and memory of its own processes C. Structures within the medial temporal lobe all have different functions but converge in the brainstem D. Connections from different parts of the neocortex enter the medial temporal lobe memory system at different points

D

What is not a factor of the given study that contributes to its validity in making group comparisons? A. The present report was able to examine data from 42 monkeys over the course of 10 years B. The participants consisted of 10 normal monkeys and 42 with bilateral lesions of structures in the medial temporal lobe C. All monkeys were tested using the same five tasks D. The five tasks presented to the monkeys were in a novel order each trial

D

What is the difference between Figure 4 and Figure 5? A. Shows H and ISC separately B. Figure 4 shows z-scores and Figure 5 shows task measurement C. Shows PRPH data D. Answers A and C

D

What were the results of one-way analysis of z-scores between Pattern and Concurrent measures? A. There was no significance B. They were related to the extent of damage in the hippocampus C. They were related to the extent of damage in the medial temporal lobe D. They were not related to the extent of damage in the medial temporal lobe

D

Which of the 4 groups of lesion types showed the most significant memory impairments (poorest performance) on the memory tasks? A. N B. H C. H+ D. H++

D

Which of the following brain regions is NOT associated with memory? A. Hippocampus B. dentate gyrus C. subicular complex D. hypothalamus

D

Which statement about plastic changes at the level of the synapse is false? A. A neural circuit that is used more often can lead to an increase of synapses. B. The synapse enlarges presynaptically. C. The postsynaptic membrane becomes more sensitive to transmitter. D. Synapses of less active neural pathways start competing for neurotransmitter by engulfing neighboring synapses.

D

Which statement best describes the lesions of the H group? A. H group experienced lesion of the entire hippocampus in order to insure no hippocampal impact on memory. B. H group experienced lesions to the hippocampal and adjacent regions. C. Lesions to the H group were made by aspiration using a neurosurgical approach under direct vision. D. H group mean percent damage was 51% in order to spare anterior and posterior regions to prevent amygdala and visual cortex damage.

D

With respect to Fig. 1, which of the following is not a direct projection between locations in the medial temporal lobe? A. Hippocampus to entorhinal cortex B. Perirhinal cortex to entorhinal cortex C. Entorhinal cortex to hippocampus D. Parahippocampal cortex to hippocampus

D

The scores from the groups were converted into z scores, why? A. To be able to compare different measures between tasks B. Because the regular scoring didn't record C. To understand the scores D. The data was recorded as z-scores originally

S