Final Exam

Examine trends in telecom tech and future possibilities

A liberal market is one where companies are privately owned and operated, with the goal of providing access to the market by many smaller competitors. This tends not to happen, since larger companies have more resources both to provide services and to buy out competitors. As a result, while there are many benefits to a liberal market, the greatest drawback, especially in the field of telecommunication, is the propensity to develop monopolies. Consumer demand often drives innovation in technology. The Enigma machine was developed during WWII to decode German messages. The innovation in mathematics and engineering that went into that project led directly to the first fully functional electronic computer. Telecommunication advances are typically motivated by a need at the national level. The government and military pursue innovations in communication to improve efficiency and protect citizens. Emergency broadcast systems were developed using the latest telecommunication devices to inform the public of potentially devastating events. The military uses the latest telecommunication devices both in combat and to monitor potentially dangerous political situations. Cell phones were in use by law enforcement, military, and emergency personnel well before they became available to the public. Public safety needs often drive innovation in technology. While dial-up provided consumers with network access, it was slow and often inconsistent. Consumers demanded improvements that would make access faster and more accurate. While cloud-based technology can be inexpensive for consumers and provide greater efficiency, the most significant benefit is the ability to collaborate with others in real time, regardless of location. Regulations could increase the security of internet transactions by requiring cloud providers to meet standards for security monitoring and protection. However, the lack of regulations better enables open innovation. Innovators can build on the systems and developments of others, often collaborating to develop a new product. Using cloud-based systems enables students to collaborate and pursue inquiry based learning much less expensively. Furthermore, if elementary students become adept at using and understanding cloud-based systems, they have a greater chance of success in the rest of their education. The Internet has transformed communication technology more than any other technological invention since the original telephone.

Explore work environments of fine artists

A person who creates art works in multi-media form is a fine artist. It is fairly rare for a fine artist to make a living working solely from commissions. Almost all artists need to supplement their income with gallery sales, commercial work, and/or an outside job. While this is the stereotypical view of a fine artist, in reality they must juggle jobs, income, family life, and actually creating their art. To do this they must be able to deal with real life in the real world. Glass blowing has the most severe hazards because in addition to silica dust, chemicals, and broken glass there is also danger from the hot furnaces. To sell work an artist must be able to talk to and impress the people who will give referrals and show or sell the artist's work. Potter overcame the prejudice of her time and the dismissive attitude of her family by refusing to quit creating her art. Artists must maintain a strong spirit in order to keep creating in the face of rejection, as well the ability to laugh at themselves, so that rejections don't become a crushing disappointment. Over-confidence does not help. While she is not yet successful, the artist in the example is keeping her life balanced and is energetic about promoting her work. Because of this, her career is promising. Working for a magazine brings an artist into daily, personal contact with art professionals and offers many opportunities to talk to and impress them, more so than any of the other choices. It is impossible to be objective about the quality of your art, and it serves no purpose to give in to fear of rejection. In spite of his feelings, Schultz kept on drawing, almost until the day he died.

Demonstrate technical skills and the use of various equipment and tools used in audio/video production

An optometrist is an eye doctor, a job not associated with the field of visual and audio technology. Venues include stadiums, libraries, conference centers, and arenas, any place where performances are given. Most A/V technicians are expected to be familiar with the wide variety of equipment for their trade, including devices and programs, so access to them is essential. Trailers should give audiences a tempting and short idea of what a movie will be like, hopefully making them want to watch it. An A/V technician might work in any number of settings, including a reception hall, but isn't likely to work on a farm, on the highway, or at a daycare center. While there could be work that an A/V technician would do in a bank, out of the choices provided, it is less likely than the other answers, all of which are more likely to host shows or productions requiring audiovisual support. The fact that one person can complete many different A/V-related tasks reduces the number of available openings for this specialty. As TV stations convert to automated broadcast capabilities, fewer A/V techs are required to provide support in broadcast studios. To be adaptable, A/V technicians often have to continually update their knowledge and skills and to be willing to perform diverse tasks on the job, adapt to whatever working conditions they encounter, and work on different tasks. They do not, and should not, do other people's work. In planning for the future, considering your education is not the only thing to focus on. It is also important to think about where you want to live and what you want to do. How to capture the sounds that deer make in the words, how to record dialog in a noisy movie set, how to amplify sound in a very large coliseum, and how to pick up the sound of a pin drop are all examples of how an A/V technician must be creative in fulfilling their job.These are just some of the many situations where an A/V technician might need to demonstrate creativity and critical thinking.

Define principles of design and motion; Discuss interaction of design principles

Each person can react differently to art. Whether a person feels happy, troubled, sad, or bored by a work of art, their reaction is subjective and personal. The sunset uses color (the sparkling water), light, and movement (the breaking wave). Studying art history and reflecting on art works of the past sharpen a student's artistic eye and aids understanding of design principles The correct matchs are DaVinci/a person sitting in a lounge chair, Warhol/ a detailed painting of the Google logo, Monet/ a scene from a National Park from different angles, and Turner/ a hurricane destroying an apartment house. DaVinci, noted for the unusual positioning of his seated figures, might be interested in a how sitting in a lounge chair changes the position of the sitter; Warhol, concerned with commercialism and pop culture, might paint the Google logo; Monet, interested in different angles of light, might apply this interest to a scene from a National Park, and Turner, who gave the viewer an experience of disaster, might want to try a different disaster. Both these examples direct the audience's attention to a central action or character while minimizing less important images - the purpose of staging. Both these techniques have to do with making motion look realistic and making sure the motion follows the laws of physics. Sketches, color palette, and lighting are all part of the preliminary stages of an animated production. Turner's painting "Burning of the Houses of Parliament" used color and light reflected in fire and water. Disney's animators drew the natural contraction and expansion of bodies in motion ("squash and stretch"). The study of the great artists and artistic movements of the past is vital to developing a distinctive, striking style of your own. One result of working hard to learn design principles is that the artist will be able to work quickly on demand.

Describe the impact that cultural movements from the 14th century to the early part of the 20th century had on performing arts

The opera combines music and story and led to the modern day musical. A traveling production required the assistance of many key individuals. Like productions today, Mozart's family needed technicians to set up equipment, production managers to organize the performances, and travel planners to set up performance dates and arrange transportation and lodging. Symphonies and ballet became popular artistic expressions in the 18th century with wealthy Europeans investing and commissioning new compositions and dances. Gas lights allowed directors to begin using lighting techniques to help establish the tone or mood of a scene. The lights could be manipulated to make a set appear darker or lighter and could be used to enhance the colors of the set. Set designers took a more prominent role in theater during this time, and lighting technicians became an important part of the theater process. Theater flourished along the East Coast because, in the 19th century, the majority of the U.S. population centered on the East Coast. The west had not yet fully developed, although that would soon change with the expansion of train service and the end of the Civil War. Although gaslights opened the door for new lighting techniques, they were highly flammable and dangerous to use. Actors could be burned, and some theaters were destroyed by fire because of their use. Early silent films capitalized on the popularity of vaudeville by incorporating the melodramatic acting techniques of vaudeville with music. Many popular vaudeville actors took the opportunity to graduate to film stardom. The correct answers are the lack of trained choreographers meant that many dancers were self-taught, the lack of trained choreographers meant that there was room for more creativity, and the lack of trained choreographers led dancers to improvise and develop their own techniques, rather than depending on the traditions of the past. The lack of trained choreographers meant that many dancers were self-taught. Dancers like Isadora Duncan and Fred Astaire improvised and created their own techniques for dance rather than learning and continuing the traditional forms of dance. Jazz and vaudeville became popular art forms in the 20th century. Jazz was a new type of music that emerged in the 1920s. It was more spontaneous, upbeat, and included instruments like the trumpet and saxophone. Vaudeville performances combined popular music, dance, and acting. The correct answer is Europe was the center of the performing arts world through most of the 18th century with a focus on music and classical dance; however, due to several wars fought in 19th century Europe, there was a decline in the performing arts and a related rise in the United States where the theater began to grow in popularity. The performing arts flourished in 18th century Europe, especially in the areas of classical dance and music. Wealthy patrons supported the arts, and musicians began touring across Europe. A number of military conflicts among European countries had depressing effects on the performing arts in Europe during the 19th century. During the same period, performing arts in the United States began to grow in popularity.

Analyze the beginnings and evolution of audio/video production and film.

A/V technicians are not typically involved in writing a script for movies or in negotiating ticket prices. Out of the choices provided, performing complex mathematical calculations is least likely for an A/V technician. Becoming an audio technician will be much easier for someone who has established a reputation as a reliable professional and has gained different types of relevant experiences. Doing a great job in an internship designed for audio technicians will help someone build a good reputation, relevant experiences, and solid references. The two categories of Academy Awards that an audio technician in the movie industry might win are Best Sound Editing and Best Sound Mixing. Certified audio technicians may be likely to record the sounds of wild animals, work as a DJ, or work on Foley sets adding sound effects to movies. The audio technician working with a team on a nature documentary is likely to perform a variety of tasks, including removing background noise and adding sound effects. More and different kinds of audio technologies will increase the opportunities for audio technicians. Working as a DJ, an assistant at a radio station, or as a movie theater projectionist would provide useful training for an aspiring audio technician. Working as a theater set designer would likely not provide many specific experiences that would be useful for an audio technician since set designers typically create the set itself and do not use A/V technology. Internships, even if they are unpaid, provide interns with hands-on training, experiences, and necessary skills.

Identify careers in print publishing

Advertising is equally important to both magazine and newspaper publishing, and advertisers generate much of the revenue in publishing. Creating quality advertisements requires excellent communication and teamwork skills as well as creative and technological abilities. The primary difference between advertising for magazines and newspapers is the publication rate, with newspapers publishing daily and magazines monthly. Meeting deadlines is one of the keys to a successful career in publishing. Deadlines are set at the beginning of the project and must be strictly adhered to. Publishers must always think ahead. Most photo shoots are done at least six months before the magazine is set to hit the stands. Therefore, a swimsuit ad would most likely be shot in the winter. Conglomerates are large publishing corporations that own several different publications. Conglomerates provide many career opportunities for professionals in the publishing industry. They also have the ability to provide access to the most current technological equipment. However, in working for a conglomerate, it is important to remember that there are strict policies and procedures that must be followed. People with highly independent temperaments could find this restrictive. Marketing professionals spend the majority of their time communicating with others. They must work with clients, potential clients, and various departments within the publication, editors, and publishing executives. While creativity, flexibility, and leadership are important skills in marketing, the ability to effectively communicate is the key to success. The goal of the marketing department is to sell the product. In order to successfully sell a magazine, the marketing director has to know what information is most likely to attract both advertisers and consumers. Therefore, in this scenario, the marketing director would most likely begin by researching food that is currently trending. A conglomerate is the parent corporation of a group of publications. Magazines and newspapers, while different, are often owned by the same conglomerate. Condé Nast is a major publishing conglomerate. Technology is changing the field of publishing, with most of the work being completed digitally. It is imperative that those pursuing a career in marketing know how to use current technology. Requirements for advancement in the field of publishing include experience, education, and communication skills. If a company wants to expand their online presence, they are most likely going to seek out a candidate with experience in that field. In this scenario, someone who has proven themselves online and who has a background in marketing would be the ideal candidate. One of the roles of the editor-in-chief is to establish the layout of the magazine. Top advertisers get top billing. In this case, the back cover would provide the greatest exposure for a magazine's top advertiser.

Differentiate different types of editing jobs

Both print and broadcast news require an expository (or informative) approach to news. However, broadcast journalists are speaking directly to an audience. Therefore, their approach must also be narrative or story-telling. While news anchors most likely need to develop excellent writing skills and be able to speak conversationally, one of the most significant skills they can develop is that of smoothly transitioning between topics. A news anchor might cover a violent shooting and have to transition into a report on a local food pantry hosting a meal. The ability to smoothly take the viewer between topics is important to the station's overall success. News anchors must be able to communicate well with an audience. A course in mass communication would help someone aspiring to be a broadcast journalist to better achieve that skill. A two-shot refers to a camera view focused on two people sitting together and conversing. Foreign correspondents who travel the globe take as little as possible. In a situation where a team is embedded with soldiers, the team would accompany the soldiers on dangerous missions. Most likely, this would include only a camera operator and correspondent. The two would work together to capture footage, report on the events, and upload the report to a news site. Online playback occurs after a story has been reported live on-air. The post-production team will edit the footage so that it fits into their digital formatting requirements. Broadcast media degree programs help aspiring camera operators learn the necessary techniques, use the latest camera equipment, and obtain a valuable internship. For live shoots, an operations truck or van will accompany the team and is responsible for controlling lighting and sound and establishing the live feed. Print journalists have the ability to work more independently than broadcast journalists. A print journalist covers a story and submits it to a newspaper (or magazine) where editing takes place and photos are added. A broadcast journalist works with writers, camera operators, producers, and directors to cover a story, often as it is happening.

Describe key positions in film production and explain the duties and responsibilities of each position.

Choosing actors for films is part of pre-production, and no directions for how to choose the right actors would need to be included in a screenplay. While it is important that actors and actresses convey the appropriate emotions, this can be difficult to convey in a screenplay; part of this involves an understanding of the characters and how they would likely be feeling. Even though other team members' points of view may be taken into consideration, the director usually makes the final decisions. Filmmaking has changed drastically because of digital technology. The creative and cinematography teams are vital to the making of a film. When an actor adds additional dialogue to what was in the script, it is called an ad lib. Using a green screen, an actress can be added into a scene later. While the other types of films listed are fictional and require a detailed script, a documentary's purpose is to capture people and events as they occur in real life. The cinematographer is concerned with making sure the sound and light are correct, which includes the balance of light and dark and depth of focus. The cinematographer is concerned about sound and lighting instead of learning everything that is in the script. Production designers are the principals responsible for creating the look of the film, and for bringing the director's vision to life. These important professionals have years of design and film work behind them, a vast knowledge of history and art history, architecture, interior design, and they know how to create a signature look for the entire film.

Examine degree types, programs, and schools

In order to establish the threat, it is important to identify the weaknesses of the security already in place. Often, a risk analyst will work with the network security administrators to engage in an ethical hack—breaking into the network to test security systems and software. A line installer is a career that requires no certification or advanced degree program. The job provides training and continuing education. Furthermore, the ability to work overtime would help this graduate save money for college. While certification is not a requirement for a line installer or repairer, it does authenticate the person's qualifications for the position. Once a security breach has occurred, it is most likely important to stop the breach. Shutting down the network could halt the breach and allow security administrators and network risk analysts to pinpoint where, when, and how the breach occurred. While not technically a requirement, the amount of knowledge and skill a network risk analyst must possess makes the completion of a master's degree highly beneficial. Malware is illegal and malicious software designed to disrupt service. It is often distributed through email. Phishing is also done through email and is an attempt to secure personal information for fraudulent purposes. As telecommunications expand, so does the need for security. Therefore, network and telecommunications security is one of the fastest growing career fields. A telecom technician position can help an aspiring computer administrator develop valuable skills. It is often a stepping stone to an administrative position. Wearable devices make it possible for a user to more fully interact with electronic devices.

Identify skills and abilities required in printing careers

In the early 1900s, sensationalized stories became the most popular form of news. Newsmen, like William Randolph Hearst, realized that sensational stories sold newspapers. Therefore, journalists went to any lengths they could to provide a sensational story. This yellow journalism had a profound impact on both political and social events of the late 1800s and early 1900s. Hearst and Pulitzer became media tycoons. After the horror of World War I, Americans wanted something different from the news. The Roaring Twenties was a time of great wealth and excess. Celebrity news became the rage, with the first paparazzi showing up to capture photos of the glamourous lives of the wealthy. It was a sharp departure from the serious and somber behind-the-scenes reporting of World War I. CBS and NBC were established in the 1920s. The Roaring Twenties came to a sudden end with the stock market crash of 1929. The country was thrown into the Great Depression. Instead of looking for celebrity gossip, people wanted the press to be a voice for them. This decade saw the rise of newspaper columnists: trusted men and women who would speak out on behalf of the people. Photojournalism became important in the 1940s and 1950s. It allowed the public to connect with a news story on an entirely different level. Audiences became witnesses to international events. The most significant change in the news post WWII was the advent of the televised news show. Now, Americans could witness world events from the comforts of their living rooms. The stories of war and hardship gave rise to the superhero story. Americans wanted heroic characters with superhero powers, who would triumph over the forces of evil. The digital age has seen the development of news into a 24/7 cycle. Countless channels, websites, radio programs, and papers exist to report news as it happens. Viewers can participate in this process, recording and uploading events in real time. The plethora of information and the drive to get information has led to a significant lack of privacy. Because of televised news programs, Americans could witness news stories rather than just read about them. Americans could see the abuse given to Civil Rights workers as well as the conditions the soldiers faced in Vietnam. These televised images greatly influenced both political and social reforms, because Americans connected emotionally with the images they saw. Advances in technology allowed for faster and more efficient production of the news. Automated printing presses were part of that technology. Investigative reporting is still a key aspect of journalism today. Understanding the history of investigative reporting and studying the work of some of the best investigative reporters would help an aspiring journalist.

Examine career opportunities in the field of telecommunications

Line installers and repairers are responsible for installing and making repairs to cables used for Internet connectivity. This involves climbing telephone and electrical poles and working with electricity. A college degree is not required, but candidates must be certified electricians. Travel is a big part of this job, so an ideal candidate would enjoy it. Of all the careers in telecommunications, line installers and repairers have the most access to secure equipment that could be compromised and used to breach security. Therefore, all installers need to undergo a thorough background check before beginning work. Fiber optic cables are driving the telecom technician industry, as more and more homes and businesses are switching over to fiber. Therefore, a future telecom technician needs to have experience working with fiber cables. Because of the Internet boom, job growth is predicted to steadily increase in the field of telecommunication. Telecom technicians are technically telecommunication equipment installers and repairers. Network administrators are responsible for making sure systems are operational and the network is available and running properly. The administrator has to make many decisions, from upgrading services and devices to limiting Internet access. In this scenario, the concern would best be addressed by limiting Internet access to all but the students who are assessing. Electrical engineers in the telecommunications field help design and develop navigational equipment, communications equipment, and computers. Network and security administrators in school have two primary roles: first, they must protect secure information regarding students and personnel. Second, they must ensure the safety of students online. In order to do this, a network security administrator would most likely strengthen and test a firewall to block inappropriate or dangerous content. He or she would store password information in a secure database for ease of access and liability. Finally, he or she would encrypt network storage space, like online student records. A company conducting a majority of business online would need to invest in both network and computer administrators in order to properly function and problem-solve. The network and security administrator is responsible for developing and implementing procedures that will be used if a security breach should occur. The primary purpose of design is to drive sales. However, a design will only drive sales if it is also functional for the consumer. The key to any successful design is to be both innovative and functional. Network risk analysts work with corporations to determine the threat of cybercrime and terrorism in their network systems. This includes a behavioral analysis of employees. The ideal candidate would have a background in psychology and/or sociology as well as experience working in the field of network security.

Contrast the responsibilities and requirements of set, costume, sound and lighting designers and other stage crew jobs within the performing arts

Many production assistants have not yet acquired a college or university degree. The correct answer is use a projection system to digitally create the setting for the audience and incorporate the use of props specifically designed to resemble items that would be in a palace in Ancient Greece. Set designers are responsible for creating the set, both in film and in the theater. In this scenario, a digital projection system would allow a set designer to create the illusion of a space. The images projected could change throughout the play to show the shift between night and day without actually changing the set. Furthermore, props made to resemble items that would be found in ancient Greece could be placed on set to help establish the tone and mood of the production. The sound designer is responsible for creating the mood and tone of a scene using sound, including natural, recorded, and musical. In this scenario, a sound designer might create the sound of a breeze to denote the change that is coming. It would also be important to incorporate the sounds of battle drawing near. A somber musical score would add emotion to the scene. Pitch is the frequency of a sound wave and determines how high or low a sound is. Volume simply refers to how loud a sound is. The role of the sound designer is to map out the sounds needed for an entire production, including dialogue, background sounds, and musical compositions. The sound designer works carefully with the director to maintain the mood of the production. The sound engineer is the assistant to the sound designer. She is responsible for carrying out the plan of the sound designer. Lighting designers use color and light to help establish the mood and tone of a scene. Many people equate flashing red lights with danger or an emergency. Therefore, the feeling of being in danger is most likely evoked. As sound engineers implement the sound designs, they are responsible for overseeing the sound in a live performance. Smaller productions have less staff. Therefore, the designers often take on extra roles, like working as electricians to set the electrical for a production. Costume designers must pay close attention to the length of time an actor has to make a costume change. Costumes must be carefully created for visual effect and for the practicality of costume changes. In this scenario, an intricate 18th century dress could be designed to mask a robe underneath. This would expedite the costume change at no extra cost. Many of the building jobs on a production set are learned through internships and apprenticeships. Builders, carpenters, painters, and electricians earn the title of "Master" by completing a series of on-the-job tasks and requirements.

Summarize types of jobs multimedia artists hold

Multimedia artists work in a variety of fields completing a variety of tasks. Some multimedia artists focus on one skill, while others multi-task. In this scenario, a small local newspaper would most likely hire a multimedia artist to create graphics for advertising. Multimedia is a highly innovative field. Since it is a recent development, there are few set rules or governing principles. Artists must be willing to create and innovate to advance in the industry. Multimedia artists do a variety of different jobs. Some work in photography, digitally editing pictures. Tin Toy was a short film created by the Pixar team. It was the first ever computer-animated film to win an Academy Award. Innovation in technology is critical for the advancement of multimedia as an industry. Multimedia artists must continue to create new software and develop new hardware for their work. In order to gain acceptance into an art school, aspiring multimedia artists must present projects that they have developed in a variety of areas. These projects would most likely be digital and should demonstrate multiple skills and the ability to work with a variety of programs. Many multimedia artists work with teams of people to accomplish tasks. They must be personable, responsible, and reliable in order to sustain a career. Freelancing allows an artist to work on a variety of projects. Artists have the freedom to pick and choose projects that are best suited to their skills. However, freelancing does not provided a guaranteed source of employment. Even the most talented multimedia artists often struggle to find work. In a small company, a multimedia artist is responsible for all areas of multimedia production. Therefore, the candidate most likely to get the job would be the candidate with the most versatile skills. Multimedia artists working in the theater create digital images that are projected onto a stage. Understanding how to use a digital projection system would be of the utmost importance.

Outline one or more successful path to acting, dancing, or music careers within the performing arts

One of an actor's goals is to embody the character he is playing. In this case, there are many film clips available, both public and private, for an actor to watch. Watching these clips would help the actor take on some of President Kennedy's unique speech patterns and body movements. While actors must be able to collaborate, interpret a character, and memorize lines, the primary skill an actor needs is active listening. The actors take their cues from the director, who is responsible for the film's vision. An actor must be able to actively listen to and respond to the director's instructions. Most careers in the performing arts are highly competitive and the job outlook for all of them is limited. Acting is about embodying a character, or bringing a character to life in the mind of a viewer. Memorizing lines is only a small part of that process. Dance has traditionally been a field lacking diversity. Many ethnic and racial groups are underrepresented. The Dance/USA organization is actively working to address this issue, but this remains one of the principal challenges the dance industry must overcome. The choreographer is responsible for working with the dancers and scheduling rehearsals. Any major production would have an understudy ready to perform. The choreographer would most likely schedule extra rehearsals for the understudy to step into the role and keep production on track. Dance is a field in which formal education is not the standard. In fact, most dancers do not pursue a college degree, but rather gain experience by working in the industry. Independent singers/songwriters are largely responsible for their own career trajectories. They choose when and where they perform, what they perform, and how their music is distributed. Independent singers/songwriters often play several smaller venues and use social media to build a following. They can brand and market themselves, sell their own products, and keep all of the profits. Independent musicians have many options for establishing a career. Perhaps the most significant opportunities available come via the Internet. Artists can use the Internet to immediately share their work with an audience. An artist's website can provide an audience with the opportunity to hear the artist's music as well as buy products. There are many ways musicians might supplement their incomes. Giving music lessons is one way. Working as session musicians or performing with a band are other ways musicians could supplement their incomes.

Compare and contrast the responsibilities and requirements of production managers of dance, music, and theater

Public domain refers to works that have no copyright, or whose copyright has expired. They are free to use. Most copyrighted works require a fee to be paid to the owner of the work in order to use it in a production. Many communities have a high-quality orchestra that can aid in theater production. A community orchestra would be less expensive than a professional orchestra and could allow the producer to stay within the original budget for the production. Any work created after 1978 is automatically protected by copyright. However, registering a work with the United States Copyright Office documents the copyright and can provide extra legal protection for a work. The ability to communicate and solve problems is integral to success in production management. A production manager might easily feel pulled in two different directions by warring parties. It often becomes essential to negotiate between parties for the benefit of the production. In this scenario, a meeting between the director, choreographer, and producer to re-establish the purpose and vision might help to end the disputes. While an undergraduate degree is important for establishing a career in production management, experience in the field is equally important. College students can seek field internships to make themselves more marketable when looking for a job. The education required to become a production manager is largely the same across all art forms. Many producers have a BFA in production management with courses in stage, dance, and music. A music producer, however, could choose a degree in music production and sound engineering, if they intend to go into music recording and production rather than the production of live theater performances. One of the key skills a production manager must have is the ability to solve problems in stressful situations. In a situation like this, the production manager would most likely have to re-work the performance lineup with the band so that they can fulfill their contractual obligations without the projection system. A production manager working with a record label would most likely inform the label of the situation, and the label would work to secure a refund and potentially refuse to use this venue in the future. A music production manager could obtain a degree in production management or might choose music and engineering, and sometimes an ambitious person can become a production manager without any degree, by working up through the ranks in a production company. Managing a stage event, whether theater, dance, or music, involves many of the same tasks. Producers are responsible for the budget, securing copyrights, hiring crew, creating contracts, and setting the rehearsal schedule. The primary difference in tasks revolves around the art form itself. Stage producers work closely with their directors to ensure that their vision is captured. Dance producers work closely with their directors but also work with their choreographers to create the finished production.

Explain the primary aspects of the Communication Theory and describe concepts relating to this theory Differentiate between analog and digital communications

Radio communication uses radio frequencies powered by alternating currents to transmit to antennas. Microwave transmissions use electromagnetic waves that are much shorter, so they can only send it to antennas that are relatively close. While there are many differences between early telephone service and present, the most significant difference is the use of human labor. Phone service originally depended on human operators. Now, operators have been replaced by advanced technology. TCP/IP technology simply refers to the ability of two electronic devices to communicate with each other. Instead of using U.S. mail or a messenger service to deliver contracts in real estate, two parties can simply transmit the contracts to one another, using a scanner to sign and send images. Unified communication refers to using multiple forms of electronic communication at once. In this scenario, a company would most likely put together a web-based presentation and present the information live in a web conferencing session and a conference call. The fax machine was, in many ways, the precursor of the scanner. With digital and wireless scanners, most people prefer to scan a document and send it via email. FTP refers to file transfer protocol, a method for transferring files electronically. Webpage servers typically allow users to upload files using FTP. While the basic protocol could be used by anyone, and many users of services such as Skype pay nothing for calls to other Skype users, most home or business phone services based on VoIP involve a regular monthly charge, plus the cost of some kind of Internet service. There are six aspects to communication theory: source, sender, channel, receiver, message, and feedback. Source, sender, and channel all refer to the one who is sending the message. Receiver, message, and feedback refer to the one receiving the message. In this scenario, the receiver gets the message, processes its meaning, and responds accordingly. A significant component of communication is the ability to read and respond to nonverbal cues, such as tone of voice or body position. In email and text messaging, it is difficult to gauge a sender's emotional response and miscommunication can occur. When choosing how to convey a message, it is important to evaluate the subject matter before choosing the appropriate method of communication. A grocery list can easily be sent via text, but a conversation about the state of a relationship could be easily misunderstood without additional cues. Analog communication uses the physical properties of a medium, such electromagnetic or sound waves. The human voice is a form of analog communication. Listening to a radio broadcast using speakers is also a form of analog communication.

Demonstrate technical skills and the use of various equipment and tools used in audio/video production.

The correct answer is pursue Internet distribution. When theaters are not interested in films, it is often possible to distribute and sell them online. Complicated scenes like this are best created with the use of computer graphics, for those elements that do not exist in reality, combined with the actor performing before a green screen so the action can be edited in later. Film editors are provided pieces of a story that must be arranged, rearranged and then placed in the best sequence to captivate the audience while remaining true to the script. Film editors are most concerned with elements of footage and the entire movie, such as plot and soundtrack, while other team members make decisions about budget and selection of actors. The correct answer is long-lasting shots of the characters as they speak to highlight the importance of their conversation A long-lasting shot of each character as he or she speaks would probably be the most effective way to shoot this scene. Depending on the needs of the movie, post-production can begin at different times. The compositor does construct the final film image by combining various layers of sound and film. Tense scenes in mystery films would work best with dramatic and intense background music. The correct answer is colorist. It is the job of a colorist to make sure a film has the correct colors. The correct answer is sound designer. A sound designer (or sound editor) must edit recorded dialogue for a motion picture.

Contrast role of journalists and newspapers at different points in 20th-century history.

The editor-in-chief is responsible for the entire publication; therefore, his name is listed in the masthead of a publication. The correct answer is replace the contracted writer with a staff writer who can complete the piece on schedule. Deadlines are tight in the world of media publications. If a feature article is not written on time, the entire publication issue is threatened. In the above scenario, the most effective solution would be to have a staff writer complete the piece. That way, the managing editor can stay on top of the situation and ensure it is resolved. The correct answer is contact the actor's agent and send the photography team to the actor in order to take the photos. One of the jobs of the managing editor is to handle difficult and temperamental personalities. If a photo shoot has been rescheduled three times and the deadline for publication is looming, a managing editor might have to go to the subject in order to get the photos. The correct answer is the managing editor would contact the blogger and offer her a feature in the holiday baking issue. Magazines must be careful to protect the rights of others in their work. In this instance, if a blogger has already covered a topic, a magazine might choose to work with that blogger and feature her in the edition instead of reworking the entire segment. The job of managing editor is one of enormous responsibility. Most managing editors have experience working as an assistant managing editor before moving into a managing editor position. Furthermore, for most jobs in editing, some experience is required. Macroeditors look at the overall content of a piece as well as the way in which that content is structured. A macroeditor makes sure the angle is right, the evidence is sufficient, and the purpose is established. The microeditor does the copyediting, making sure the grammar and punctuation is correct and that word and sentence choice are appropriate. Macroeditors are responsible for the overall content of a written piece. Therefore, macroeditors must have excellent writing skills. Most editorial departments have both copyeditors and proofreaders on staff. A proofreader will focus on issues of spelling, punctuation, and simple grammatical issues. A copyeditor, meanwhile, looks at the overall structure of the writing. If there is redundant word usage, odd sentence structure, or a lack of parallelism, then a copyeditor would work to correct it. The assignment editor is responsible for giving out and keeping up with the assignments given to writers and photographers. If a deadline is missed, then the assignment editor takes responsibility. The correct answer is "Giving birth to polar bear cubs in captivity is very difficult." Says zoo director Mike Williams. So, we're very excited by this prospect. "This sentence has errors in punctuation. It should read: "Giving birth to polar bear cubs in captivity is very difficult," says zoo director Mike Williams. "So we're very excited by this prosp A correct answer will contain a gist of the following: One quality all editors need is the ability to work as sharp individual readers and also as a team. The communication skills required to tell writers they have made errors or might like to consider re-writing their work are considerable. No one likes a pushy proofreader or grammar corrector, and jobs at any level require communication skills to make working together more pleasant. Catching errors before going to print is every editor's task, and many eyes are needed to do so. But the way in which this is done reveals the level of an editor's communication skills. Working together across macroediting and microediting tasks can be a simple matter of communication, and a cooperative team process works well. Editors and writers often work together under a stressful deadline and are grateful when they see the work produced is improved.

Define Art Director as a job and career.

The executive's response tells the artist nothing about how to change the layout. An art director can interpret the executive's perspective and help the artist understand what the executive wants to change. In advertising, there is no time to wait for a person to become acclimated to his job, or take the chance that he will not be able to do so. He must be ready with the necessary skills when he is hired, and communicating with non-artists is a key skill. The brand strategist is in charge of promoting the brand's identity. Branding centers on the company's logo. The activities in the other answers may or may not directly relate to the company's brand. In most cases, the art director's job involves almost every aspect of the project except creating the actual art. The Dove campaign was (and still is) successful because the images are identifiable as real women, and the message is that the commercial ideal of beauty to which women always compare themselves is too narrow. A beautifully executed layout can be very attractive but still fail to connect consumers with the advertised product. A skilled art director knows to feature the product prominently and make the layout effectively promote the product. Getting a job directing game design requires more than a love of gaming. The applicant must have education and experience in all aspects of design. The art director must coordinate an entire project, including dealing with disasters. While she may have to step in and do someone else's job, her main task is to keep the whole project running smoothly. It's more appropriate and professional to call IT to work on the equipment. To afford the lifestyle described, Janet would most likely have worked her way up to a top salary at a prominent film, commercial, or scientific development firm such as Sony Pictures. Not everyone is cut out for a high-stress position, and some artists find it challenging to deal with many people. Those are important challenges an art director must handle. Artists should consider carefully whether they want such a difficult job.

Predict the future of the performing arts in light of technological advances in digital and on-demand entertainment

The phonograph was the first record player. With the advent of this technology, sound recordings could be mass produced and distributed to audiences around the world. LPs were popular throughout the mid-twentieth century. However, the sound quality of the records was affected by heat, scratches, and dust, making the music inconsistent and crackly. Audiences wanted a purer sound quality from recordings, thus sparking the push to develop magnetic, and ultimately digital recordings. The NEA is the National Endowment for the Arts. This agency granted funds to artists and the arts community for projects including individual study and performance, as well as the building and renovation of performing arts centers. The increase in performing arts facilities meant that more people could experience the arts. Bigger audiences led to a bigger demand for new productions. Vinyl records were an extremely popular way to experience music in the mid-1900s. However, they were vulnerable to damage and distortions in the sound quality. Digital recordings offer the listener a cleaner sound experience. They are also more easily shared. A 2002 Rand Corporation survey found that fewer people were attending live performances, but instead, were watching them on cable or the internet. If an up-and-coming music artist wants to save costs, a digital keyboard can be an effective device. Digital keyboards allow an artist to emulate both instrumental and vocal tracks for accompaniment during a live performance. In this way, an artist can have the sound of a full band without the added cost. In today's digital age, artists have many opportunities to seek funding for projects. One effective way is to use a site like Indiegogo or Kickstarter for crowdfunding. Crowdfunding sites provide a method for artists to set up a campaign for individual projects. It is faster and easier than applying for a grant and does not lead to debt, as applying for a loan would. While many actors and musicians are extroverts, it is not a qualification for a career in performing arts. There are many jobs available for people who do not desire to be "on stage," including writing, composing, directing, producing, and designing. Introverts often feel uncomfortable in large groups of people, preferring instead to work alone or in small groups. The most stable jobs in the performing arts industry are often the behind-the-scenes positions. A recordist is the person responsible for capturing or recording sound in a production. Recordists can work with a wide variety of performers and other artists, making it much easier to find steady employment. Actors, singers, and musicians are more susceptible to changes in the public's taste.

Compare transmission media

The three elements of telecommunication are the transmitter, the channel, and the receiver. A programmer working to more efficiently sending texts would be working in transmitting a signal that packs more information into fewer bits, while still enabling the receiver to turn it back into useful information. Bandwidth refers to the amount of information that can be transmitted at one time. Connections with a smaller bandwidth will be slower, while a larger bandwidth will transmit more information, so more data arrives at the receiver more quickly. Signal strength can also affect connectivity. A weaker signal leads to slower processing time because more of the bandwidth is devoted to correcting errors and resending lost or garbled information. Graphic images and multimedia files require more bandwidth, which leads to slower connectivity and processing time. Many businesses choose to limit the display of images and videos on their websites to help speed up the process of displaying the content to website visitors. A lower bandwidth means less data can be transmitted at any given time, meaning a slower connection. Fiber optic cables are actually more easily damaged than copper cables, making it more difficult to install than copper. Copper is less expensive than fiber optic cable, making it the easy choice when laying cable for Internet service where bandwidth is not a significant issue. Wireless is not quite as reliable as copper connections, but it is very easy to install and maintain. The greater mobility available with cellular technology could mean that the use of copper will become obsolete, despite being a somewhat more secure connection. Fiber optic cable offers the highest bandwidth available and is more secure than copper or wireless connectivity, and a multimedia business can use all the bandwidth they can afford. Fiber optic cables cost more to install than copper or wireless and require more trained technicians to maintain, but a large multi-media company would consider it worth the cost for the higher bandwidth. Wireless transmissions are subject to interference and data loss, which frequently requires data to be retransmitted. This results in a lower bandwidth for transmissions. The popularity and ease of use of cloud technology most likely means that it will continue to be used. Evolutions in the underlying technology will offer job security for those interested in a career in technology. The field of cloud technology is predicted to grow six times in the coming years, so careers will be plentiful in this field for technicians that seek the appropriate training. Cloud storage systems use a huge central storage bank for users. Data is encrypted and sent to the cloud storage facility using high-speed technology. Despite what the name implies, the data is not housed "in the air" or in a satellite system. Innovation in technology is driven by consumer demand. Consumers are the ones who will use and pay for the technology.

Analyze how availability of printed material affects societies

Traditional publishing involved hand printing, editing, and distribution. The digital era has enabled publications to be created, edited, and distributed online, making publication faster, more efficient, and more cost effective than traditional publishing. Traditionally, printing color images was a very expensive process. Moreover, it was difficult to accurately print colors. Digital photo software has improved the quality of color photos and made them easier to print. The ability to use current design software and collaborate is extremely important in the publishing business. Interpersonal skills and a willingness to learn are just as important as technical skills when it comes to getting and keeping a job. Therefore, candidate B would be the most likely choice. Digital publishing is a major part of sales, including advertising and sales charts. In this scenario, a digitally created chart projecting potential profit would most likely convince grocers to invest in the product. Regardless of the size of the printing company, large bandwidths are needed to store the large files associated with online publishing. Most jobs, no matter where they occur, require some use of digital technology. In this scenario, a museum director for a small-town historical society would most likely use technology to catalogue and archive display items. Digital technology allows small businesses to keep overhead costs low by eliminating the need for multiple machines used in sales. A credit card processing terminal is hooked up to a tablet or smartphone, which allows a consumer to pay for their purchase online. 3D printing is one of the fastest growing areas of digital publishing. Many future careers will be in the area of 3D creation and distribution. Any visual item uses digital design, at least to some extent. Photo mugs are created by uploading pictures into a photoshopping system, magazine ads and graphic t-shirts use professional digital-design software, and bumper stickers use graphics and fonts created online. Most historical footage is housed in an archival department, whether it is a government institution or media corporation. Staff members in the archiving department are responsible for issuing permissions for use of archived footage.

Outline one or more successful paths to becoming a playwright, screenwriter or director.

Understanding the elements of storytelling, whether for a novel, short story, stage script, or screenplay, is essential to the success of a written creative work. Characters must be established, a conflict must be presented, and a resolution must be sought. However, writers for the stage and screen must also consider how their story is going to physically unfold onstage or on set by using stage and camera directions. The Dramatists Guild of America does offer playwrights legal advice and information on establishing royalties. However, the primary benefit of membership in the DG is networking opportunities. Playwriting is a limited field, and networking opportunities are essential for work. The Dramatists Guild of America offers assistance to playwrights in selling a script, but does not set a standard rate of purchase. While good writing skills are important in pursuing screenwriting as a career, the primary factor in success is the ability to be versatile. Screenwriting is a limited filed. There are not many opportunities to sell scripts. However, there are opportunities to work as ghost writers, script doctors, and members of a writing team. If a screenwriter is willing to be versatile and work in many different areas of writing, then he or she can make a living as a screenwriter. The Writers Guild of America (both East and West) contract with production companies to help ensure employment for their members. Production companies will agree to hire Writers Guild members to work for them, thereby increasing members' chances of employment. The Dramatists Guild of America does not offer these types of contracts. A four-year college or university degree can help an aspiring playwright develop writing skills and understand the nature of producing scripts for the stage. However, colleges and universities are expensive and playwriting is a field with limited opportunity. Therefore, someone interested in pursuing playwriting as a career must carefully consider the cost effectiveness of a degree. While a four-year degree is helpful in learning the skills necessary to be a screenwriter, it is not mandatory. While a director must be able to effectively visualize a production, lead others, and listen, collaboration is the key skill that pulls a production together. The director of a film is responsible for creating the movie. Therefore, he/she must collaborate with all of the production teams, from technical to artistic. Failure to collaborate effectively is detrimental to a production. Film is a much bigger industry than theater, and film production companies have much bigger budgets. Therefore, film directors are generally paid more than theater directors.

Compare digital art technology, past and present

While software updates are an integral part of technological advancement, they result in the need to replace devices more often. Some consumers see the need to replace devices as wasteful, and as even a financial burden. Innovation equals change. As new technology is created, old technology becomes more obsolete. The new devices and software lead to a change in the way people use and interact with technology. Planned obsolescence refers to intentionally designing a product with the intention that it will need to be repeatedly updated or replaced. Some people feel that computer companies intentionally design their products to need frequent updates so the consumer will continually invest in replacements. The reality is that most companies update technology because technology is constantly improving and becoming more useful and safe. Many multimedia artists and designers study old technological systems to guide them in creating new ones. Advances in touch-screen technology have revolutionized the way we learn, play, and work. Touch-screen technology allows us to bring objects to life, to see things in a different way, and to create important visual pathways in our brains to better facilitate learning. In this scenario, the ability for a surgeon to practice a complicated procedure would be the most significant benefit of the technology. There are many benefits to attending an art academy online, and many colleges and universities offer accredited online programs in multimedia art. These programs use state-of-the-art computer software and systems and allow students to collaborate with others around the world. However, online academies can only provide software to students, not necessarily equipment. There is some state-of-the-art equipment that students would need to locate and be trained on elsewhere. Almost all new inventions are built on the inventions of the past. In order to create new technology, most multimedia designers need to have an understanding of past technology. In understanding how past technology functions, a designer can better create something new. Most art schools provide state-of-the-art equipment for students to experiment with and learn from. Commerce often plays a key role in the creation of new technology. A film studio wants to make money, so they hire multimedia artists to create and implement new software that will improve cinema and draw more audiences. In this scenario, a musician needs to fulfill a contractual obligation. The need to meet this contractual obligation pushes the musician to innovate and create. Most designers and developers must work with others to create their software and innovate new technology. Collaboration is an important skill for aspiring multimedia designers to cultivate.

Describe key positions in film production and explain the duties and responsibilities of each position.

While they may brainstorm and come up with ideas during other phases, it is during the distribution phase that advertisements are created and marketing campaigns are developed. Any motion picture, whether it is a documentary or a movie, needs to have a compelling story with some conflict or action that will interest people. There are industry standards for writing scripts so that everyone can understand their standard format and language. This ensures that everyone from actors and directors to technicians and producers understand what must happen to film the movie correctly. The producer has the primary responsibility for the making of a film since she is responsible for the entire project and must coordinate all crews in all phases. The production designer must have a solid understanding of many aspects of the film's production. Location and time period of a film are especially important from a production design perspective, as is the amount of money available for production design. Out of the choices listed, the actors cast for the film would have the least impact on the production designer. Paul and Edison were early film pioneers who invented the equipment and processing needed to provide the general public ready access to motion pictures. The first phase, called the development phase, is when the budget of a film is determined. While it might be to her benefit if any of the people were impressed by her performance, a casting director would specifically be looking for talent to hire for an upcoming film project.

Compare issues requiring regulation and deregulation

Wireless communication technology has allowed information to be shared around the globe in real time. This communication makes it possible for people to stay up-to-date on the latest events (both international and personal) and has led to political and social reform movements around the world. While cell phones use wireless technology in their devices, the technology behind cell phones is different. Traditional telecommunication involved the use of wires. Wireless technology uses electromagnetic fields instead. The ability to share information around the world brings with it a significant threat to privacy. Commercial and government databases store extensive personal information about individuals, including health information, shopping preferences, social security numbers, credit card numbers, and so on. With hacking on one side and commercial exploitation of social media sharing on the other, the private information of individuals is vulnerable to misuse and abuse. The issue of privacy goes beyond the individual and has ramifications for retailers, governments, and researchers. Most likely, a situation like this would cost the retailer sales, as wary customers take their business elsewhere. Moreover, the company will have to invest more money in security upgrades, or even use new systems. Consumers could be slow to return to the retailer as a breach of trust has occurred. Depending on the outcome of the investigation, the company could also be liable for damages done to the consumer. Properly done, Internet regulations benefit industry, government, and consumers by providing more online security, regulating prices for services, and decreasing liability. However, some regulations could also lead to unfair service practices, slow technological advances, and possibly contribute to technology monopolies. The consumer absorbs the cost of new technology. Therefore, if a cell phone company is developing a new product, the consumer will pay for that product through their service and contract fees. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 deregulated the telecommunications industry with the intention of improving the competitiveness of smaller service providers. Contrary to that intention, large conglomerates were able to buy out or absorb these smaller companies, giving consumers fewer choices in service providers than existed prior to deregulation. Computer programmers write security code for major retailers and government organizations. These individuals are highly skilled and research best practices for security software. Open innovation is one of the aspects of Net Neutrality. In essence, once an app developer releases a product online, other developers have access to the information and can use it to develop other apps.

Analyze creative control and ownership of artworks; Discuss legal and ethical issues of art production Describe solo artists' work and work environments

Xylography, or relief printing, was developed in China between the 4th and 7th centuries. Characters would be carved onto wooden blocks, inked, and pressed into paper. The invention of the printing press allowed printed text to be distributed to the masses for the first time. Those wishing to make political and social reforms could use the press to sway public opinion to their side. Paper has been in use for thousands of years. It is readily available for multiple uses and is inexpensive. However, the mass production of paper has, over time, led to an increase in deforestation. Mass paper use has also led to the accumulation of large amounts of waste. Gutenberg's printing press made it possible, for the first time, to mass-produce written works. This meant that printed works could be distributed to the masses, thereby influencing political and social reform movements occurring at the time. Stereotype was a printing process developed in the mid-18th century. The word has come to mean negatively characterizing someone based on a certain quality. The invention of linotype (or hot press) meant that publications could be printed and distributed much faster and more efficiently. It was also cheaper to print, which was vitally important to the overall profit of newspaper and publishing companies. Movable type allowed printers to copy text by arranging a series of alphabet blocks. Images were created through a process of engraving that began on wooden blocks and was then transferred to metal. Offset printing is used to capture images and requires the use of a second plate. With the growth of digital technology, more people are using computers to create, publish, and distribute written works. It is a faster, more cost-effective, and more efficient process. However, there are significant issues of plagiarism, copyright, and piracy that need to be addressed. In the mid-20th century, text was created through the process of phototypesetting. The text would be printed, and editors would literally cut and paste text to get the desired result.

Demonstrate technical skills and the use of various equipment and tools used in audio/video production

motion picture and sound technologies were developed in the late 19th century and extended in the early decades of the 20th century; constant technological innovation changes equipment, techniques, and personnel involved; digital filmmaking is quickly becoming the norm.; cameras are now used everywhere; and A/V technicians are involved in the production, transmission, and presentation of a wide spectrum of content and applications. Color films were hand-colored, frame by frame, which was an extremely time-consuming and expensive process. (late 1890s to early 1930s) People found the new technologies fascinating. Many had never seen pictures from other countries, and the new movies opened up their worldview Color film did not become available until the late 1930s. The first 3D movie came out in 1922. The panning movie camera was not invented by Thomas Edison. Newsreels, from the past, are most closely related to trending news and current events on websites today because they give audiences a way to combine entertainment and the latest news. Choose the venues where audiovisual materials can be found today. stores, businesses, the internet, schools, homes, doctors' offices. The contention that audiovisual technology will continue to improve is best supported by the fact that since the beginning of primitive audiovisual technology, it has rapidly improved; because this has been so, it is likely that these improvements will continue One still image in a film or video is referred to as a frame. When thousands of these still images are viewed at a rate of 24 frames per second, the human eye perceives fluid motion.