Final Fill in the Blank

Chapter 9: Annie

To become a US presidential candidate, politicians need a nomination, or a party's official nomination. The winners tend to have early advantages with regard to money and media attention. At the national party convention the candidates are chosen. The process for selecting candidates became more open following the disaster at the 1968 Democratic Convention . The first primary occurs in New Hampshire, and the first caucus is in Iowa . One criticism of the caucus and primary system is that it gives too much power to the media . 9.2 After receiving the nomination, candidates focus on campaigning . Candidates devote lots of time, money, and energy to help accomplish their political objectives . The Internet has become an essential tool for political fundraising, as anyone can easily donate to campaigns. Campaigns require much organization and are typically headed by a campaign manager . Press secretaries are also helpful in dealing with media appearances. Money plays a huge role in campaigns, a role which is often controversial. 9.3 Presidential candidates need money to share their message . After the Watergate Scandal, there was a push for campaign finance reform, which was manifested in the passage of the Federal Election Campaign Act. The Act created the Federal Election Commission to administer and enforce campaign finance laws. Further reform came with the McCain-Feingold Act, which banned soft money contributions. 527 groups and 501(c) groups have emerged as alternate vehicles for funneling political funds. Finally political action committees, first created in 1974, have played an increasingly prominent role in campaigns. 9.4 Good campaigns are often coined the key to victory. Campaigns have the ability to reinforce a voter's preferences. They can also activate voters or convert them. Most often Americans exercise selective perception , in which their beliefs guide what they pay the most attention to during campaigns. Incumbents have the advantage with regard to both publicity and financial resources. 9.5 Election campaigns in the US are notoriously open, as public participation is encouraged. Many advocate the best solution is just more democracy. The US is unique in having an entrepreneurial system, in which its people are important at every stage of the electoral process. Some call the lengthy campaign process, " the permanent campaign." The states are viewed as the key battlegrounds for the presidential campaign. Part 2: "My States" pg 259 Which states received the most attention? Iowa and New Hampshire Why was campaigning centered here? These states host the first caucus and the first primary, respectively. Do you think this system is fair/democratic? No, attention is disproportionately focused on only two out of fifty states. "Declining Coverage" pg 262 When was television coverage of conventions the highest? 1956 and 1964 How has the increasing number of primaries affected television coverage? Conventions offer less political suspense, as the candidate is basically solidified prior to the convention. Why do you think television coverage has decreased? The youth are relatively uninterested in politics; there has been an overall decline in political interest across age categories; and sound bites (10 second clips) provide enough information for the general public, so longer pieces are unnecessary. "Increase in Fundraising" pg 269 Describe the trend shown in the bar graph. Contributions have increased, and matching funds have decreased. What is one negative of the increased necessity for contributions in campaigning? More efforts are spent on fundraising when candidates could be developing their policy positions and new initiatives. Does money play too big of a role in campaigns, or is the spending justified? Answers will vary. Yes, election results may be affected by amount of money spent (Who has a voter heard/seen the most?). Such funds could be used for better purposes that could help improve the nation. Part 3: Candidates manipulate money, media attention, and momentum to earn the party nomination using this. Campaign Strategy Formed after the disastrous 1968 Democratic Convention to appease minorities' calls for reform. McGovern-Fraser Commission A reminder of the old elite-dominated system, these politicians receive automatic slots at the national party convention. Superdelegates First held in Iowa, this is an open meeting for which residents show up at a specific time. Caucus Beginning in the winter with New Hampshire, these present voters with the chance to express their preference for a party's nominee for president. Presidential Primaries This practice, which involves holding primaries early in the calendar year, allows states to capitalize on media attention. Frontloading Idea for which was first proposed by Woodrow Wilson in 1913; just hold one type of primary for the whole nation. National Primary The second day of the convention centers on developing this, which is a statement of a party's goals and policies for the next four years. Party platform A technique used to locate potential supporters by sending information and a request for money to those who have voted for similar candidates to themselves in the past. Direct mail Cooperation between individuals and the government in which contributions of up to $250 are matched from the Presidential Campaign Fund to candidates. Matching funds Part 4: McGovern-Fraser Commission How did implementation of this Commission affect the way in which convention delegates were selected? Party leaders can no longer secretly handpick delegates. All selection procedures must be open, giving everyone equal clout. Many states felt the most convenient way to meet the requirements was to hold primaries to select delegates. Federal Election Campaign Act What were the goals of the Act, and how did the Act accomplish campaign finance reform? With goals of tightening contribution reporting requirements and limiting contributions, it created the FEC, the Presidential Election Campaign Fund, providing a degree of public financing for campaigns, required full disclosure, and limited contributions. Citizens United v. United States Why did this case overturn a portion of the McCain-Feingold Act? The outcome deemed the portion of the Act restricting corporations and unions from electioneering during the last two months of a campaign was an unconstitutional restriction on free speech

Chapter 3: Jack P

..Answer key • Section 1 ◦ Federalism ◦ Central ◦ Confederation ◦ Decentralized ◦ Intergovernmental reactions • Section 2 ◦ Constitution ◦ Unconstitutional ◦ Civil War ◦ Full faith and credit ◦ Privilege and immunities • Section 3 ◦ States ◦ Devolution ◦ Grants-in-aid ◦ Policy • Section 4 ◦ Diversity ◦ National policy ◦ Congress ◦ Resources • Section 5 ◦ Framers ◦ Decentralizing ◦ Federalism ◦ Majority Chapter data • Table 3.1 ◦ In a unitary system, the central government holds the primary authority, while state governments have few or no powers. On the other hand, power is shared between state and central governs,tons in a federal system. ◦ The national government is weak and most or all power is in the hands of the country's components (states), which may be unable to acquire the proper authority and/or resources. ◦ Vote for both state and central government officials. • Table 3.2 ◦ States cannot declare war, cannot tax imports or exports, and cannot permit slavery (there is more than one correct answer). ◦ The Constitution guarantees states equal representation in the Senate and the continuation of each state. ◦ There is a necessity of relying on the states to provide public services. In general, states have responsibility for a wide range of policies. • Figure 3.1 ◦ Health. ◦ Medicaid. ◦ The sharp increase in grants for 2010 and 2011 was the result of the stimulus package designed to counter the country's financial crisis. Vocabulary 1. Unitary governments. 2. Extradition. 3. Dual federalism. 4. Cooperative federalism 5. Devolution. 6. Fiscal federalism. 7. Categorical grants. 8. Project grants. 9. Formula grants. 10. Block grants. Important sources 1. The supremacy clause. 2. "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people." 3. The supremacy of the national government over state governments. 4. Article I of the Constitution. 5. Congress has the power to "make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers." 6. The elastic clause. 7. Commerce. 8. It is essential to the functioning of society and the economy. For example, without the clause people could avoid their obligations to make payments on loans by simply crossing a state boundary. 9. Prohibit states from discriminating against citizens of other states. Short Answers 1. More layers of government mean that their are more opportunities to participate in politics and more opportunities to access government. It also enhances judicial power because officials are needed to resolve disputes between the two levels of government. However, decentralized policies has led to tension between states and the national government over who controls what (Ex. drinking ages). Decentralized politics and policies also means that most of our public policy debates are also debates about federalism. 2. The United States began as a confederation under the Articles of confederation. However, since the central government was weak and states were unable to obtain the necessary authority and resources, a dual federalism system was set up in the late 1700s. This system of distinct powers lasted until the Civil War period. Post Civil War led the United States to cooperative federalism, and in the 1960s, fiscal federalism began to encompass the United States. The different interpretations of the Tenth Amendment has caused conflict regarding the power of the state and national governments. To those who advocate states' rights, the amendment clearly means that the national government has only those powers that the Constitution explicitly assigns to it. And therefore, the states have supreme power over any activity not mentioned. Despite this interpretation, in 1941 the Supreme Court in United States v. Darby called the Amendment a constitutional truism -- that is, a mere assertion that the state have independent powers of their own, and not a declaration that state powers are superior to those of the national government. Conflict arose again when the Court seemed to backtrack on this ruling in National League of Cities v. Usery. 3. I would prefer to receive a block grant for my program, as that would mean I could decide how the money is spent without having to fill out huge amounts of paperwork. Depending on the circumstances, a block grant would be most effective in achieving the program's goals. 4. The Founders established a federal system of government to diminish the fears of those who believed that a powerful and distant central government would tyrannize the states and limit their voice in government. Federalism contributes to democracy by creating more opportunities for participation in politics and more access to government because of the multiple levels of government. However, it can also limit democracy to the extent that local interests are able to thwart national majority support for certain policies, and it can also limit democracy due to the sheer amount of governments (hyperpluralism). I believe that federalism makes government more democratic because of the amount of access to government it provides people with. 5. Federalism has grown the scope of the government, especially in response to the demands of Americans. However, regulation worked against the states and as a result, the government grew at the expense of state power. Prior to the New Deal, policies on the workforce (minimum wage) and education was regulated by the national government instead of the states.

Chapter 14: Sydney

14.1) The sixteenth amendment allowed congress to levy a tax on income. The personal income tax is the largest source of revenue for the federal government, with social insurance taxes at second. Other revenue comes from the corporate income tax and excise taxes. Borrowing plays a major role in funding the government, and the national debt has grown rapidly in the past decade, as have government expenditures. Interest on this debt will consume an increasing portion of future budget. Tax expenditures represent an enormous drain on revenues but subsidize many popular activities. 14.2) Budgets have grown with the rise of the national security state and the social service state. Some political scientists use the term incrementalism to describe the spending and appropriations process. National security and, especially, social services such as Social security and Medicare, plus interest on the debt, make up most of the budget. Much of the budget represents uncontrollable expenditures, primarily entitlements to payments that the government has committed to make at a certain level and that are difficult to limit. Expenditures for the most policies grow incrementally, with each years budget building on the previous years, and many interests ask congress and the president to spend more on their favorite policies. 14.3) The budgetary process is a long and complex one that involves the president, agencies, congress as a whole, and many important congressional committees. The house ways and means committee helps write the tax codes. The president submits the budget to congress, whose reformed budgetary process has nonetheless not brought spending in line with revenues. Because budgets are central for most policies, politics is persuasive in the budgetary process as players battle over contending interests, ideologies, programs and agencies . The congressional budget office helps to advise congress on these matters. 14.4) Budgets in democracies grow because the public and organized interests demand new and larger public services. However, some politicians compete for votes by promising to limits budgets. Budgets is the scope of government, the bigger the the budget, the bigger the government. Increasing budgets increase the scope of government, but decreases in taxes. Increases in debt make it more difficult to add or expand programs. 1)What occurs when the national government spends more money than it receives in taxes? Deficits 2) Government spending can also be known as? Expenditures 3) What are the financial resources of the government? Revenues 4) What act was passed during the Great Depression to provide a minimal level of sustenance to older Americans? Social security act 5) The committee that works along with the House Ways and Means Committee to write the tax codes? Senate finance committee 6) What act was designed to reform the congressional budgetary process? Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 7) A process by which program authorizations are revised to achieve required savings. Reconciliation 8) A act of congress that establishes or changes a government program. Authorization bill 9) Laws that allow agencies to spend at the previous years level. Continuing resolutions

Chapter 7: Lars

7.1 Politicians stage media events for the primary purpose of getting the attention from the media. These events are artfully stage-managed to present the intended message. Campaign commercials are also carefully crafted to convey specific images and information. 7.2 Newspapers were long the dominant media through which Americans got their news. But ever since the emergence of television they have been in decline. The Internet has further accelerated the decline of newspaper reading; newspapers have thus far failed to establish profitability for their online editions. The nightly network broadcast on CBS, NBC, and ABC were the primary means by which Americans got their news from the 1960s through the 1980s. But ever since the emergence of cable and cable news they have seen their audiences shrink, as American television has moved from the broadcasting to the narrowcasting era. The Internet provides more access to political information than ever ever possible before. How much typical citizens will take advantage of these opportunities remains to be seen. But certainly campaigns and political activists have been able to use the Internet to organize for political action and to get specially targeted messages out. 7.3 The media defines "news" largely as events that are unusual and out of the ordinary. Because of the economic pressures, the media are biased in favor of stories with high drama that will attract people's interest instead of extended analyses of complex issues. For example, it is more likely that's news station would have a story about a celebrity murder trial than a congressman who didn't vote for a bill that would have benefited his district. 7.4 The media are instrumental in setting the American political agenda -- that is, the issues that get seriously addressed by politicians. What issues Americans think about is much influenced by which issues the media choose to cover. It has often been said that the media are like a searchlight, bringing one episode and then another out if darkness and into the light of the public eye. The media will often focus on the mistakes of candidates during campaigns, such as Al Gore's misstatements during the 2000 election. 7.5 Policy entrepreneurs seek to influence the policy agenda by getting the media to pay attention to the issues that they are particularly concerned with. They employ variety a of strategies to obtain media coverage, including press releases my press conferences, and letter writing. Sometimes they will resort to staging dramatic events that are so interesting and unusual that reporters can hardly resist covering them. This is troublesome because these few people have the ability to control the media. 7.6 The media's role as a watchdog over government sometimes contains expansions of the scope of government by fomenting skepticism about what government can accomplish. On the other hand, media crusades against injustices sometimes serve to encourage government to take on increased responsibilities. The media's superficial coverage if policy issues is criticized by many democratic theorists. Yet, members of media argue in their own defense that they are only providing the sort of coverage of politics that draws the biggest audiences. Look at a generation of change on page 204 1) What is the trend of broadcast news coverage? Their ratings are going down 2) Why are fewer people watching broadcast news? They don't provide as specific or interesting news 3) Why is narrowcasting a more popular choice? Narrowcasting is designed for specific audiences, and people find their niches. Look at figure 7.1 on page 200 1) what is the most important role of journalists according to journalists? To investigate claims made by the government 2) What does this say about the media today? They are more concerned with finding flaws than debating 3) Which of these stand out most to you and why? Discuss Look at the image in A Point to Ponder on page 209 1) what point is the cartoon trying to make? Due to the Internet, reporters no longer need proof to be believed 2) Are you worried about the inaccuracy of journalism in the future? Discuss 3) Who could possibly benefit from a blog-dominated form of journalism? Bloggers Vocab 1) a politics in which the behavior of citizens and policy makers, as well as the political agenda itself, is increasingly shaped by technology. A. High-tech politics 2) Meetings with reporters by important figures, such as the president or a college basketball player. A. Press conference 3) The use of detective-like reporting methods to check up on the statements of governmental officials. A. Investigative Journalism 4) Newspaper and magazines. A. Print Media 5) Publishing groups that control newspaper circulation. A. Chains 6) A location from which news often emanates. A. Beat 7) People who invest their political "capital" in an issue. A. Political entrepreneurs 8) 10 second pieces of coverage that dominate election coverage. A. Sound bites 9) An intentional media leak that seeks a political reaction. A. Trial Balloon 10) Reaches and profoundly influences everyone in the country. A. Mass media FCC page 204- What is the biggest rule of the FCC for radio stations during campaign season? • If a candidate is offered airtime, the same time must be allowed to other candidates Page 214 Jimmy carter quote- What is Carter's major criticism of media coverage during campaigns? • They never air the candidates main running points Quote in the second paragraph below chart on p. 208- how has the Internet effected the way campaigns are run? • It is used to strengthen and reinforce the a candidates supporters New York Times vs Sullivan - how did this case support freedom of the press? • It set a malice standard that allowed the media to publish true statements even if they were harmful Short answer 7.1) Discuss 7.2) A. Evaluate the shift from broadcasting to narrowcasting. What impact has this shift had on the quality of political journalism? What impact do you think the trend toward narrowcasting will have on political participation and awareness? The shift from broadcasting to narrowcasting has brought in the era 24 hour news on cable television. These cable networks have the main objective of profit and are more focused on grabbing the audiences attention than having important stories. They tend to spend less time on written and edited stories, and more time on repeating old material. Discuss. B. compare and contrast private and public media. How might the business model of privately owned media both contribute to and detract from the free flow of information to American citizens? In your opinion, does public ownership of the media provide a better model? Why or why not? Unlike the rest of the world, in the United States public media is rarely viewed and private media has much higher ratings. The private model prevents the government from having total control of what makes the news, but it puts the focus of networks on profit instead of quality of content. Discuss. C. 7.3) A. Evaluate the symbiotic relationship between the press and the government. How might this relationship promote positive coverage of the government? How might it encourage critical news coverage instead? Provide specific examples. The government gives the media constant news to report on and consistently make press releases, and the media gives the government an outlet to inform the people and get officials elected. When given more access, the media gives the government positive coverage, such as the 2003 ground coverage of the invasion of Iraq. But when this access is given, the investigative journalists tend to find dirt on politicians or uncover schemes, such as the watergate scandal. B. It is commonly thought that media favor one political point of view in their coverage of politics. Does political science research support this belief? Why or why not? If bias does exist in news coverage, how did it influence news coverage? Political science does not support this belief because both conservative and liberal reporters tend to report the same stories. A bias exists, but it is a bias towards stories that draw a large audience, not that have a particular political leaning. 7.4 A. How do the media affect public evaluation of different political events? Provide examples. The media has the ability to shine the light the brightest wherever they choose, and focus the story on a negative that greatly affects someone. An example of this was during the 2000 presidential election when the media grabbed hold of the misstatements by Al Gore, hindering his campaign. 7.5 A. Who are policy entrepreneurs and how do they seek to affect the policy agenda through the media? Give examples. What appears to contribute most to their success? Policy entrepreneurs are people who invest their political capital in an idea in an attempt to change the political agenda. They seek to manipulate the agenda through press releases, writing letters, making relationships with reporters, or even staging dramatic events to draw media attention. This last strategy was popular during the civil rights movement of the 1960s. 7.6 A. How does the media's role as watchdog affect the scope of the government? Why do you think the public supports this role of the news media? The media puts constraints on the scope of government because every proposed bill or measure is highly publicized and met with criticism. Discuss. B. Explain the phrase "information is the fuel of democracy" and evaluate its accuracy in the context of today's high-tech media society. If the media fall short in "fueling" democracy is this a problem and what do you think can be done? Are the media just as justified in giving people what they want? Defend your answer. This quote theorizes that with more information at the hands of the voters, the more democratic the society is because voters are more informed. But in this era of new media, people are overwhelmed with sources for news, and simply pick the one that is most entertaining, opposed to another that is more informative. It would be a problem because too much information is better than none, and a drastic fall could not recover. Discuss

Chapter 19: Jane

Fill in the Blank 1. High 2. Increasing 3. Few Incentives 4. advanced 5. inequalities 6. benefits from employers 7. uninsured 8. underinsured 9. Medicaid 10. Medicare 11. 2010 12. increase access 13. control costs 14. subsidies 15. small businesses 16. individuals 17. Environment 18. economic growth 19. jobs 20. interest groups 21. environmental policy making 22. National Environmental Policy Act 23. Enviro Impact Study 24. protecting 25. improving 26. clean 27. Endangered Species Act 28. toxic waste sites 29. carbon emissions 30. abundant 31. half 32. dirtiest 33. petroleum 34. 1/5 35. Drilling 36. transporting 37. refining 38. oil 39. gas 40. nuclear energy 41. water 42. wind 43. solar 44. geothermal 45. Hydro 46. biomass 47. high-tech 48. experts 49. groups representation 50. grown 51. elderly 52. poor 53. health insurance 54. Health 55. budgets 56. increased 57. energy 58. polluting by products Part 2: Opinion Part 3: Vocab 1. Medicare 2. MEdicaid 3. EPA 4. National Environmental Policy Act 5. Environmental impact statement 6. Clean Air Act of 1970 7. Water Pollution control act of 1972 8. Endangered species act of 1973 9. superfund 10. global warming

Chapter 16: Kelly B.

Fill in the Blank 16.1- The vast majority of cases tried in state, not federal, courts. Courts can only hear "cases" or "controversies" between plaintiffs and defendants . Plaintiffs must have standing to sue, and judges can only decide justiciable disputes . Attorneys play a central role in the judicial system. Interest groups promote litigation and often file amicus curiae briefs in cases brought by others. 16.2- The district courts are courts of original jurisdiction. 4 things these courts hear are criminal and civil cases and diversity of citizenship cases, supervise bankruptcy proceedings and handle naturalization, admiralty and maritime law, and review actions of some federal administrative agencies. Circuit courts hear appeals from district courts and regulatory agencies. This court focuses on correcting errors of procedure and law that occurred in the original proceedings. The Supreme Court sits at the pinnacle of the court system. They make decisions on individual cases, resolving conflicts among states, maintaining national supremacy in the law, and ensure uniformity in the interpretation of national laws. A Supreme Court case usually comes from the lower federal courts. 16.3- The President nominates and the Senate confirms judges and justices. The president has more influence of the selection of judges to the federal courts of appeal over the federal district courts because the decisions of theses court are generally more significant. Senators from relevant states play an important role in the selection of district court judges, as a result of senatorial courtesy. On most cases the Senate approves nominations for judges and justices. In recent years however the number Supreme Court nominees denied has increased. Nominations are most likely going to run into trouble when the President's party is in the minority in the Senate or when they nominate someone during the of end of their term because there is large probability of substantial opposition. 16.4- Judges and justices are not a representative sample of the American people. They are all lawyers. The majority of judges are white males. They usually share the partisan and idealogical views of the president who nominated them. Their views are often reflected in their decisions, especially in higher courts. In recent years the number of women and minority race has seen an increased in the number of judges appointed. 16.5- The first crucial stage in Supreme Court decision making is accepting cases. The SC is most likely going to hear cases on major issues, when it disagrees with lower court decisions, and when the federal government asks for a decision. Once justices have written opinions and taken a final vote, decisions are announced. Most decisions rely on precedent to make their decision. Where the precedents are less clear the decisions will reflect the justices' values and ideologies. The implementation of Court decisions depends of an interpretation population of judges and lawyers, an implementing population ranging from police offices and school boards to state legislatures and the president and a consumer population of citizens affected by. 16.6- The court case Marbury v. Madison established judicial review. In the pre-Civil War era the cases predominantly dealt with questions regarding slavery and the strength and legitimacy of the federal government. From the Civil War until 1937, questions of the relationship between the federal government and the economy predominated the courts. From 1938 to now, the paramount issues before the Court have concerned personal liberty and social and political equality. In this era, the Court has enlarged the scope of personal liberty and has removed many of the constitutional restraints on the regulation of the economy. In recent years, the Court has been less aggressive in protecting civil rights for minorities, but has constrained the federal government's power over states 16.7- Federal judges are in a way not democratic because they are not elected and are almost impossible to remove. Members of the SC are unlikely to cave into interest group pressure, but they are aware of what the public wants when they make their decision. There are two judicial philosophies judicial restraint, which believes the judges should play a minimal role in policymaking, and judicial activism, which believes that courts can correct pressing needs.The Supreme Court tries so hard to maintain the legitimacy of the judiciary by not taking on too many politically controversial cases, and are more likely to find state and local laws unconstitutional over federal laws. A factor that increases the acceptability of activists courts is the ability to overturn their decisions. VOCABThis person decides wether to appeal cases the government has lost in lower courts, review and modify briefs presented in government appeals, represent the government before the SC, and submit an amicus curiae brief on behalf of the litigant. Solicitor general - Afteravotehasbeenreachedthisiswritten,thiscanbeoneofthemostimportantpartsofthedecision.Opinion - The phrase that means an earlier decision should hold for the cases being considered. Stare decisis - Anunwrittentraditionwherebynominationsforstatelevelfederaljudicialpostsareusuallynotconfirmediftheyareopposedbyasenatorof the president's party from the state in which the nominee will serve. Senatorial courtesy - How and whether court decisions are translated into actual policy, thereby affecting the behavior of others. Judicial implementation - The power of the courts to determine whether acts or Congress and, by implication, the executive are in accord with the U.S. Constitution. Judicial review - Adoctrinedevelopedbythefederalcourtsandusedasameanstoavoiddecidingsomecases,principally involving conflicts between the president and Congress. Political question - Judicial interpretation of an Act of Congress. In cases where this is an issue, Congress passes new legislation to clarify existing laws. Statutory construction

Chapter 5: Lulu

Fill in the Blanks 1. Rights 2. Results 3. 14th Amendment 4. Equal Protection 5. 3 6. Slavery 7.south 8. Civil Disobedience 9. Plessy v. Ferguson 10. Brown v. Board 11. Voting 12. Minority Majority 13. Native Americans 14. Asian 15. Hernandez v. Texas 16. Muslim 17. 19th 18. Equal Rights 19. Reed v. Reed 20. Title IX 21. 80 cents 22. Military 23. Age Discrimination 24. Rehabilitation 25. Americans 26. Homosexuals 27. Affirmative Action 28. Uc v. Bakke 29. Quotas 30. Racially conscious 31. Affirmative action 32. Civil Rights 33. Equality 34. De jure 35. Majority 36. Government Part 2: Opinion Part 3: vocab 1. Civil Rights 2. 14th amendment 3. 13th amendment 4. Suffrage 5. Voting Rights act 6. Korematsu v. Us 7. Equal Rights 8. Affirmative Action 9. Homophobia 10. Adarand Constructors v. Pena Part 4: opinion Part 5: opinion

Chapter 17: Elliot

Fill in the blank 1. Mixed Economy 2. Wal-Mart 3. Economic 4. More 5. Bureau of Labor Stats 6. Inflation 7. Laissez- faire 8. Monetarism 9. Federal reserve system 10. Federal Open Market Committee 11. Fiscal policy 12. Supply sidee 13. Liberals 14. World-wide 15. Protectionism 16. Alexander Hamilton 17. WTO 18. Deficit 19.1/4 20. Anti-trust 21. Sherman Act 22. Democrats 23. FDA 24. Exploited 25. Harsh and unforgiving 26. Communist 27. John Maynard Keyes 28. Conservatives Part 2: opinion Part 3: vocab 1. Multi-national org. 2. Capitalism 3. SEC 4. Minimum wage 5. Labor unions 6. Collective bargaining 7. Unemployment 8. Underemployment 9. Inflation 10. Consumer

Chapter 20: Mitch

Key Fill in the Blank 20.1 national security, president, State, Defense, Congress, national security 20.2 Latin America, communism, Korea, Vietnam, Eastern 20.3 terrorism, open, political, military, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan 20.4 one-fifth, reserves, nuclear weapons, defense, Special 20.5 Nuclear, interdependence, vulnerabilities, foreign 20.6 policy, Congress, terrorism, global warming, foreign, defense Visuals Political Cartoon Subjective Q He has traditionally been given the title of Chief Diplomat Subjective, but probably a yes. Chart Other items on the budget have skyrocketed (medicare) Nixon, Reagan Most terrorism originates in the Middle East Map India, Pakistan, Britain, France South Africa, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan Subjective, but probably yes Vocab North Atlantic Treaty Organization United Nations Secretary of State Joint Chiefs of Staff CIA Isolationism Containment Doctrine arms race interdependency Tariff Balance of Trade

Chapter 18: Will Rankin

Part 1 1. Means-tested 2. Entitlement 3. Entitlement 4. 5. Social security 6. Medicare 7. Social welfare 8. Defense 9. Increase 10. Social welfare 11; progressive 12. 1% 13. 40% 14. 40.4 15. 130 16. New deal 17. TAFNF 18. 2 19. 5 20. 363 21. Social security 22. Pay 23. Social security 24. 6.2 25. U.s treasury 26. Social security 27. European 28. Higher 29. Higher 30. 50 31. Social security 32. Political 33. Elderly 34. Social programs 35. Welfare state 36. New deal Part 3. Vocab 1. Social welfare policies 2. Means- tested 3. Income districution 4. Relative deprivation 5. Income 6. Wealth 7. Poverty line 8. Feminiztion of poverty 9. Progressive 10. Proportional

Chapter 4: Rob Smoloski

Part 1: Fill in the Blank 1. x, due process clause, of speech,freedom of press, national government, incorporation, press, speech 2. establishment, secular, Vitale, free exercise, government 3. expression, Minnesota, Commercial, Schneck, Miller 4. assemble, time, place, associate, AL, 5. right, Rifle, militia, firearm, gun 6. accused of crimes, Searches and seizures, lawyer, testify, rights 7. privacy, ban 8. rights, limit, expanded, liberty Part 3: Vocab 1. Bill of Rights 2. Incorporation 3. Free Exercise 4. Prior Restraint 5. Libel 6. Symbolic Speech 7. commercial 8.probably cause 9. unreasonable searches and seizures 10. search warrant

Chapter 2: Chase Duckett

Part 1: Fill in the Blank a. 2.1 - limited, Constitution, Natural, Seven, consent b. 2.2 - states, unanimous, Northwest, national, Shays' c. 2.3 - Framers, wealth, private, balance, tyranny d. 2.4 - Connecticut, slavery, economic, security, Congress e. 2.5 - minority, Madisonian, Supreme, republic, Philadelphia f. 2.6 - Ratification, Federalists, Anti-Federalists, Bill, Papers g. 2.7 - change, houses, interpretation, democratic, wars h. 2.8 - majoritarian, Majorities, vote, scope, stalemate Part 3: Vocab a. They don't have the consent of the governed. b. Distribution of wealth c. Natural rights are inherent to humans and not dependent on governments d. Origin and design of government, monarchy and hereditary succession, present state of American affairs, present ability of America e. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged on the account of sex f. The power of Judicial Review

Chapter 11: Ben Rankin

Part 1: fill in the blank 1. Policy goals 2. Issues 3. Constitution 4. 5. Pluralism 6. Public 7. Elitism 8. Hyperpluralism 9. Crippled 10. Less 11. Money 12. Free rider 13. Wealthy 14. Big 15. Effectiveness 16. Lobbying 17. Strictly professional 18. Policy position 19. PACS 20. Business and 21. labor 22. Global warming 23. Equality 24. Political 25. Economic 26. Consumer 27. Democracy 28. Beliefs 29. Policy gridlock 30. Government 31. Special interest Vocab 1. Pluralism 2. Interest group 3. Hyperpluralism 4. Potential members 5. Actual members 6. Collective goods 7. Selective benefits 8. Single issue 9. Right to work laws 10. Free rider problems

Chapter 12: Caroline

Part 1: fill in the blank 1. substantive 2. direct 3. wealthier 4. educated 5. women 6. African Americans 7. House of Reps 8. Senators 9. Reside in the state they represent 10. incumbents 11. serving constituents 12. campaign spending 13. bicameral legislature 14. centralization of power 15. filibuster 16. committees 17. unorthodox lawmakings 18. executive branch 19. President 20. polarized 21. ideologies 22. responsive 23. reduces 24. increasing scope of gov't Part 2: Figures Part 3: Vocab 1. casework 2. pork barrel 3. bicameral legislature 4. House Rules Committee 5. Speaker of the House 6. Majority Leader 7. Legislative Oversight 8. seniority system 9. bill 10. cloture Part 4: Primary Sources Part 5: Opinion

Chapter 13: John Slattery

Perhaps the most difficult task of the president is living up to the expectations of the American people. The fact that Americans dislike a concentration of power can make this job even harder. Although presidential powers have increased substantially since the Great Depression and World War II, there has not been a corresponding increase in presidential authority or administrative resources to meet these new expectations. In terms of qualifications for the presidency, they are rather simple. The Constitution simply states that the president must be a native-born citizens at least 35 years old who has resided in the United States for at least the past 14 years. All presidents must come to the job through one of two basic routes; either the electoral process or through succession. These are both regulated by the 22nd and 25th Amendments. Section 13.2: Presidential Powers The powers and responsibilities that contemporary presidents have today are vastly different from what the Framer's designed in 1787. The executive office they conceived has a more reduced authority, fewer responsibilities, and much less organizational structure than today's presidency. Given how little the Constitution says about the powers of the White House, presidents have taken matters into their own hands by increasing their responsibilities and political resources. The Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal made the public reassess the role of presidential power and made many distrustful of the president. Section 13.3: Running the Government: The Chief Executive It is easy to forget that one of the president's most important roles is presiding over the administration. One of the President's resources for controlling this bureaucracy is the power to appoint top-level administrators. Given the massive responsibilities of the presidency, presidents rely heavily upon their staff members like their cabinet and other councils for information and advice. While the cabinet is comprised of valued allies, they are often too concerned with matters within their own departments to be able to function as a collective body. While the First Lady has no official power, she is a prominent figure that usually draws a lot of political attention to a certain topic or issue. 13.4 Presidential Leadership Congress: The Politics of Shared Power The president can use his power to veto in order to stop a piece of legislation that he opposes. However this veto can be overturned by a 2/3rd majority vote in both the House and Senate. The president can hope that members of their party can ride his "presidential coattails" to get friendly votes in Congress. Since this process doesn't occur often, many presidents face resistance in Congress. The president then can turn to using public approval as a means to gain support for a bill. 13.5: The President and National Security Policy The president serves the nation as its chief diplomat because he alone extends diplomatic recognition to foreign governments. The president also must fill the role of commander in chief by leading the armed forces and making military decisions. And in times of national disasters, the president is looked to as the nation's crisis manager While Congress plays a large role in national security policy making, the president has a more prominent role in foreign affairs as the country's sole representative in dealing with other nations and as commander in chief. 13.6: Power from the People: The Public Presidency Despite all the effort presidents put into their public image, they often have low approval ratings by the end of their term/s. This approval rating comes from heavily from party identification. Some other factors of this rating depend on how the president did fiscally in the economy, diplomatically in foreign affairs, and morally in their character. Often the president can't do well enough in all of these fields to win much support to mobilize the public. 13.7: The President and the Press The media is the primary intermediary between the president and the public. About 1/3 of the high-level White House staff members are directly involved in media relations and policy of one type or another. However the person who most often deals directly with the press is the president's press secretary. Although news coverage of the presidency often tends to emphasize the negative side of the president, he has certain advantages in dealing with the press. The White House mostly controls the environment in which the president meets the press. 13.8: Understanding the American Presidency Despite the fear of tyrannical presidential powers inhibiting democracy, there are many checks on the president's power. This topic has been an issue since the founding of America and George Washington's regal tendencies and Lincoln's massive wartime powers. Supporting an increased role for government is not inherent in the presidency, but the leadership can move in many directions. The presidents following Lyndon Johnson mostly favored constraints on government and limits on spending. Part 3: Vocab 1. This amendment was ratified in 1951 and limited a president to two terms of office: 22nd Amendment 2. This amendments allows the vice president to assume the role of president if the president's cabinet and VP determine that the president is disabled. It also outlines how the president can resume their position when/if they are recuperated: 25th Amendment 3. This is the "political indictment" of the president issued by Congress: impeachment 4. This scandal in 1972 placed President Nixon in the middle of an illegal break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters: Watergate 5. This committee is the link between the president's foreign and military policy advisers: National Security Council 6. This three-member board advises the president on economic policies: Council of Economic Advisors 7. Prepares the president's budget, advises the president on proposals from other departments and agencies, and aids in reviewing their proposed regulations: Office of Management and Budget 8. A law passed in 1973 that requires presidents to consult with Congress whenever possible prior to using military force and to withdraw forces after 60 days unless Congress declares war or grants an extension: War Powers Resolution 9. A vote by Congress to override a presidential decision: legislative veto 10. A sudden and possibly dangerous event that requires the president to act as the nation's crisis manager: crisis