FINAL PRAXIS 5002, FORM 1, FORM 2, FORM 3

Complex Sentence

1 independent clause & 1 dependent clause Ex: Because I ate(dependent), I was full(independent)

How should students use visual aid presentations?(2)

1. Should be clear 2.Should be targeted to reinforce or give examples

What NOT to do during a speech ?(5)

1. hand out hard copies 2. choose 1 person to make eye contact with 3. present a slide show with EVERYthing you're gonna speak on 4. speak fast 5. Read from notecards without looking up

How can you promote recognition of high-frequency sight words to increase automaticity: (2)

1. repeated readings 2. seeing sight words often

Journals

1st hand account, reliable info

Fish bowl

2 groups: Inner Circle & Outer Circle One group discusses and the other listens & then you can switch

Diagraph

2 letters possessing a single sound Ex: Graph-PH , Road -OA, Chin-CH

Compound Predicate

2 or more predicates joined by a FANBOY (For, and etc) Ex: Sally smiled and blushed. Smiled and blushed tells what sally did

Compound Subject

2 or more subjects joined by a FANYBOY (for, and etc) Ex: Sally & Mae smiled. Sally & Mae are what the sentence is about.

Homonyms

2 types: homophones/homographs - sound same but diff meaning

Diphthong

2 vowels in to a single syllable or running together the sounds. Oil, Foil *OI*

1) Spelling Word 2) Student's Spelling 1) Coat 2) Coet 1) Bought 2) Baught 1) Right 2) Rite 1) Hitch 2) Hich The sample analysis of a student's spelling test shown best demonstrates which of the following characteristics of spelling development? A) The ability to recognize that words are made up of letter patterns representing sounds B) The ability to represent words phonetically, with a single letter representing each sound C) The ability to recognize sound-letter correspondence for single letters only D) The ability to represent words with random letters that have no letter-sound correspondence

A) The ability to recognize that words are made up of letter patterns representing sounds

Star light, star bright, First star I see tonight, I wish I may, I wish I might, Have this wish I wish tonight. The highlighted words could be best used in a phonics lesson on A.open syllables B.r-controlled vowels C.irregular vowel families D.VCCe words

C.irregular vowel families

Phonics Patterns

CVCC, VVC, VC etc.

A narrative poem must include which of the following literary elements? -Flashbacks and foreshadowing -Characters and plot -Rhythm and rhyme -Onomatopoeia and alliteration

Characters and Plot The question tests your knowledge of the defining part of narrative poetry, which is the fact that it, like a story or a novel, contains basic story elements such as characters and plot.

I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired, it was making a funny noise. Which of the following is the most effective and grammatically correct revision of the sentence? A. I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired, since it was making a funny noise. B. I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired it was making a funny noise. C. I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired, my car was making a funny noise. D. I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired because it was making a funny noise.

D. I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired because it was making a funny noise.

Example of APA citation

Dahl, R., & Blake, Q. (2007). The witches. New York: Scholastic.

Descriptive Essay

Describes a person, place, object, situation "paint a picture"

Adverb

Describes a verb OR an adjective or another Adverb DOESNT ALWAYS END IN LY!

You help students pick a topic for a research paper, they are excited but what is the next step?

Determine subtopics through preliminary research. Topic: WWII Subtopic: Weapons Used

Prosody

Reading with expression/emotion

What is the adverb in the sentence: Ice cream looked really good.

Really- explains how good the ice cream is

How can students work on articulation skills?

Recite rhymes and riddles

Alliteration

Repetition of consonant sounds (the cool, cow can cough)

Which TWO of the following are considered quantitative measures of text complexity? A.Sentence length B.Student interest C.Frequency of unfamiliar words D.Prevalence of figurative language E.Sophistication of text structure

A. Sentence length C. Frequency of unfamiliar words Sentence length and frequency of unfamiliar words are both easily measurable elements and therefore are quantitative measures of text complexity.

Which TWO of the following words contain a closed syllable? A.bat B.be C.go D.she E.top

A.bat E.top

During a partner discussion of a text, a teacher asks students to paraphrase what their partners said before stating their own ideas. The primary benefit of the activity is that it enables students to practice A.engaging in active listening B.examining alternative viewpoints C.providing constructive peer feedback D.presenting information concisely

A.engaging in active listening

A teacher writes the following sentence on the board. Although sales can be a lucrative career, if you can't keep your customers, you can lose a lot of money. To best help students determine the meaning of the underlined word, the teacher should have the students analyze the A.sentence structure to highlight the contrast B.sentence structure to highlight the analogy C.word structure to identify the root word and prefix D.word structure to identify both parts of the compound word

A.sentence structure to highlight the contrast

Which of the following words is best classified as a Tier 2 vocabulary word? A.Same B.Predict C.Tectonic D.Diameter

B. Predict "Predict" is a word that is used across content areas, and is therefore a Tier 2 word.

Which of the following terms best describes a series of events that build tension from conflict in a story? A. Exposition B. Rising action C. Climax D. Falling action

B. Rising action

In the word "Internet," the segment "inter-" is best defined as which of the following? A. Root word B. Syllable C. Affix D. Phoneme

C. Affix

Which TWO of the following factors should a student look for to best determine if a particular Web site is credible and reliable for research? A.Web site address that ends in .com B.Links to other sites for additional information C.Citation of the author's sources D.Strong and passionate opinions E.Accurate spelling and grammar

C. Citation of the author's sources E. Accurate spelling and grammar

Julie knew she would need to put in countless hours of practice and hard work if she was going to vie for the only open spot on the team. In the sentence, the word "vie" means which of the following? A.Request B.Yearn C.Compete D.Settle

C. Compete The context clues suggest that Julie will have to work hard for the one spot on the team. Therefore, she is competing.

Which of the following text features is unique to digital texts? A.Headings B.Sidebars C.Hyperlinks D.Captions

C. Hyperlinks Hyperlinks are a digital feature only and can be used to take the reader to other pages to find more information.

ELL learn best with

visuals or written support Hetro grouping

Root

word or part of word that can stand alone or can become a new work with a prefix or suffix added

vocab words in tier 2

masterpiece, fortunate, measure

Erikson

psychosocial development trust VS mistrust, autonomy vs shame

Cognitive domain

reasoning and thinking

Revising

reorganizing your work using a checklist

Apostrophe

shows possession

folklore/folktale

stories handed down through speech from generation to generation

biography

story of a person's life written by another person

"Language load" refers to

the number of unrecognizable words an English Language Learner encounters when reading a passage or listening to a teacher

Meter

the rhythmical pattern (structure) of a poem

Schema

the way our brain uses old info to make sense of new info (or things in the world)

Metacognition

thinking about thinking

Whole language

a method of teaching reading in English that emphasizes learning the meanings of words and understanding how words are connected in sentences

semi-colon

a punctuation mark (';') used to connect independent clauses

side bar

a topographically distinct section of a page, as in a book or magazine, that amplifies or highlights the main text

Story mapping

a visual organizer that helps a reader understand a work of literature by tracking setting, characters, events and conflicts.

Malapropism

a word humorously misused

What NOT to do with a graphic novel: (2)

1. Read to the class to entertain 2. Have it be the only text that students read so they don't get frustrated trying to read

bandwagon effect

"Copy-cat" behavior. People often do things just because other people do them.

Quantitative

Amount

Round Robin Reading

Students take turns reading from a book.

Hyperlinks

Text feature unique to digital text

Subject

Who or what text is about Ex: She danced. SHE is who the text is about

Writers work together (collaborative) to edit and revise the same document

Wiki

Cognates

Words that look similar and have the same origin in two languages.

Phonemic Segmentation

ability to break word down into basic sound units MAT isolated in M-A-T

Conventions

accepted rules of written and spoken language

What is the adverb: She is so funny

adverb=so modifying the adjective "funny" (adjective describes a noun)

Could based processing

allows students to access homework wherever, whenever

Prefix

beginning of a word Ex: anti is the prefix in the word: antidepressant

vocab words in tier 1

book, girl, sad, run, dog

How do you build vocab?

by learning how to use context and word structure to determine meaning of unknown words and phrases (context clues)

story elements

characters, problem, solutions, themes, settings, and plot

Vocab Acquisition

children learn new vocab quicker when its embedded in manful context rather than isolated in like a spelling list

Word choice

choice of words that effectively express ideas

Piaget

cognitive development (schemas)

f says fff as in fist r says rrrr as in rip what are these?

decoding examples

Countable nouns

dollars, cubes

sight words for 1st:

each, walk, want

phonological awareness can be tested by

evaluating childs ability to understand how words in text are segmented in to syllables

Assessment

evaluation

Hyperbole

exaggeration I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.

Which is the best print style for a research paper?

expository

Passage 1 While Alexander Graham Bell was experimenting with telegraph instruments in the early 1870s, he realized it might be possible to transmit the human voice over a wire using electricity. Bell's interest in electricity continued, and he attempted to send several telegraph messages over a single wire at one time. It was on June 2, 1875, while Bell was at one end of the line and his assistant Watson worked on the reeds of the telegraph in another room that he heard the sound of a plucked reed coming to him over the wire. Passage 2 After many failed attempts, Alexander Graham Bell invented a working telephone. The next step was to make the telephone accessible so people could use it. This involved putting in lines to carry the telephone messages. The first telephone lines went from one person's phone to another. Those were called landlines. Then they added what are called switching stations, so one could reach more than one place. Even though it was not the most efficient system, it still worked well enough for people to communicate. Which of the following excerpts most strongly supports the claim that Alexander Graham Bell's early diligence resulted in the telephone we know today? -" ... he realized it might be possible to transmit the human voice over a wire using electricity." -" ... he heard the sound of a plucked reed coming to him over the wire." -"After many failed attempts, Alexander Graham Bell invented a working telephone." -"Even though it was not the most efficient system, it still worked well enough for people to communicate."

"After many failed attempts, Alexander Graham Bell invented a working telephone." The phrase "After many failed attempts . . . " supports the claim that Bell's early diligence resulted in the telephone of today.

Narrative Essay

"Story Telling" Anecdotal, experiential and personal making them creative and moving

Which sentence is independent and which is dependent: When I walk, I burn calories. **bonus: what type of sentence is this**

"When I walk" is dependent because it wouldn't make sense alone "I burn calories" is independent **This is a complex sentence**

Which part of dream is a phoneme ?

"ea"

Em Dash

(--)abrupt break

Ellipses

(...) three periods removed quote (should be longer)

(1) I've heard that hard work is its own reward. (2) I'm not so sure that's true. (3) I spent all weekend cleaning up my front and back yards. (4) The only reward I have is some pretty painful blisters on my hands. (5) I don't know who made up that saying. (6) I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone. Which of the following revisions most improves the flow of the narrative by blending two sentences? -I've heard that hard work is its own reward, and I'm not so sure that's true. -I don't know who made up that saying, but I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone. -The only reward I have is some pretty painful blisters on my hands, and I don't know who made up that saying. -I spent all weekend cleaning up my front and back yards, because the only reward I have is some pretty painful blisters on my hands.

(B) I don't know who made up that saying, but I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone. Option (B) is correct because the two sentences contain related ideas, and are combined using an appropriate conjunction.

Daniel a very talented art student agreed to paint the scenery for the class play and Katherine offers to sew the costumes. Which of the following revisions corrects the grammatical errors contained in the sentence? -Daniel, a very talented art student, agreed to paint the scenery for the class play; and Katherine offers to sew the costumes. -Daniel, a very talented art student agrees to paint the scenery for the class play since Katherine offered to sew the costumes. -Daniel is a very talented art student who agreed to paint the scenery for the class play; and Katherine offers to sew the costumes. -Daniel, a very talented art student, agreed to paint the scenery for the class play, and Katherine offered to sew the costumes.

(D) Daniel, a very talented art student, agreed to paint the scenery for the class play, and Katherine offered to sew the costumes. There are three grammatical errors in the student's sentence (i.e., punctuating an appositive, punctuating a compound sentence, and consistency of verb tense). This option has corrected all three of these errors.

Example of onset is:

*C* in Cat *Th* in Think

Phonemic substitution

- Substitute one sound for another - Example: /b/ in /ball/ for a /t/ to make /tall/

reader and task considerations

-Background info -Readers interest -readers needs

Common organization structures (4)

-Cause & Effect -Problem & solution -Sequence of Events -Compare and Contrast

Active Listening (3)

-Focuses on emotions/words of speaker -make eye contact -Ask speaker questions for clarity

Students in a language arts class are organizing word cards according to the three tiers of vocabulary. Which of the following groups of cards can best be categorized as tier-three words? A. group A B. group B C. group C D. group D **groups pictured on back**

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANSWER: D. group D

The graphic would be most appropriate to use with an article that A.explains how wind power works B.compares alternative energy sources C.outlines the causes of air pollution D.describes the parts of a windmill

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANSWER: A.explains how wind power works

A teacher is working with a group of students to help them achieve greater phonological awareness. The teacher writes the following on a whiteboard to begin a discussion. (picture on back) Which of the following concepts is the teacher demonstrating for the students? A.Decoding words by using syllabication B.Working with rimes to create new words C.Building words with an understanding of onsets D.Deleting phonemes to change from one word to another

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANSWER: B.Working with rimes to create new words

Which words should be added to a root word and affixes lesson? 1. Arachnophobia 2. Paranoid 3. Claustrophobia 4. Fear 5. Hydrophobia

1, 3, 5

Place the sentence next to the name of each type of figurative language that best exemplifies it. 1. Allusion 2. Idiom 3. Hyperbole 4. Oxymoron A. This bag weighs a ton. B. You're about to open Pandora's box. C. I can resist anything, except temptation. D.Break a leg!

1. Allusion: B. You're about to open Pandora's box. 2. Idiom: D.Break a leg! 3. Hyperbole: A. This bag weighs a ton. 4. Oxymoron: C. I can resist anything, except temptation.

Tara always enjoyed a vacation on a tropical island after a long, cold winter at home. Select the part of speech that best describes how each of the underlined words is functioning in the sentence. 1. Always 2. on 3. After For each word, select one part of speech A. Conjunction B. Adverb C. Preposition

1. Always: B. Adverb 2. On: C. Preposition 3. After:A. Conjunction

Match each description with the structural element of poetry it best exemplifies. A. A series of poetic lines grouped together and separated from other lines B. A pattern created by the repetition of similar sounds at the end of a poetic line C. A sound pattern or beat of a poem created through accented syllables D. A unit of meter that consists of a combination of stressed and unstressed syllables 1. Rhythm 2. Foot 3. Rhyme scheme 4. Stanza

1. C. A sound pattern or beat of a poem created through accented syllables 2. D. A unit of meter that consists of a combination of stressed and unstressed syllables 3. B. A pattern created by the repetition of similar sounds at the end of a poetic line 4. A. A unit of meter that consists of a combination of stressed and unstressed syllables

Match each description with the collaborative strategy it describes. A. Students are each given a role such as recorder or facilitator that guides their participation in a small-group discussion. B. Students first write down their own ideas and then discuss with a partner before discussing with the whole class. C. Students seated in an inner circle participate in a discussion while other students in an outer circle actively listen and evaluate the arguments. 1. Fishbowl 2. Think-pair-share 3. Literature circle

1. C. Students seated in an inner circle participate in a discussion while other students in an outer circle actively listen and evaluate the arguments. 2. B. Students first write down their own ideas and then discuss with a partner before discussing with the whole class. 3. A. Students are each given a role such as recorder or facilitator that guides their participation in a small-group discussion.

2 Factors to determine credibility and reliability of websites

1. Citations of authors listed 2. Accurate spelling and Grammar

Select whether each of the following sentences is complex or compound-complex. 1. Before leaving for the movie, you need to make sure you have your ticket. 2. You will need to walk to school today because the car is in the repair shop. 3. The posters in the main hallway fell down, but we were able to put them back up, since we had stronger tape.

1. Complex 2. Complex 3. Compound-complex 1 and 2 are both complex because they each have one independent clause and one dependent clause. 3 is compound-complex because it has two independent clauses and one dependent clause.

Match each phonemic awareness concept with the teacher question that best assesses it. A. Phoneme categorization B. Phoneme segmentation C. Phoneme deletion D. Phoneme identification 1. What sound is the same in "bat," "ball," and "boy"? 2. How many sounds are in the word "feet"? 3. Which word does not belong: "net," "nut," "pot"? 4.What is "band" without the /d/?

1. D. Phoneme Identification 2. B. Phoneme Segmentation 3. A. Phoneme Categorization 4. C. Phoneme Deletion

2 Strategies that don't promote reading fluency:

1. Determine meanings of unknown words (promotes vocab NOT fluency) 2. Find less challenging text

Indicate whether each of the following words is best identified as a high-frequency sight word or a decodable word. For each word listed, select one word type. 1. Forgot 2. Because 3. Was 4. Sleepy

1. Forgot: Decodable 2. Because: High-frequency word 3. Was: High-frequency word 4. Sleepy: Decodable

Consider the examples of student writing pieces listed below. Identify the type of writing that best suits each example. Are they Narrative, Informational, or Argumentative? 1. A feature article in the school newspaper about a recent choir concert 2. A letter to the mayor about the need for a community youth center 3. A short story about a family who rescues a stray dog

1. Informational 2. Argumentative 3. Narrative The feature article is most likely informational with a purpose of increasing the reader's knowledge of a topic (the choir concert). The letter to the mayor is most likely an argument because it would state a claim (that there is a need for a community center) and then defend the claim with details. The short story would most likely be a narrative that conveys an experience (rescuing a dog) through a sequence of events.

How to Spot Compound Sentences:

1. MUST have FANYBOY (For, and, nor, but, or, yet 2. Simple Sentence on both sides of fanboy 3. Comma before connection EX: I ran, and she walked.

3 Teacher Strategies that are MOST effective for promoting reading fluency:

1. Modeling- pretending to sound out words (decode) 2. Repeated readings- read & re-read 3. Provide time for both oral &silent reading

A teacher is practicing aspects of phonological awareness with her students using the word "sun." Place each example with the aspect of phonological awareness it best exemplifies. 1. Phoneme Segmentation 2. Onset 3. Rime 4. Syllable Segmentation A. sun, sun-shine, sun-ny B. /s/ C. s-u-n D. /un/

1. Phoneme Segmentation : C. s-u-n 2. Onset : B. /s/ 3. Rime : D. /un/ 4. Syllable Segmentation : A. sun, sun-shine, sun-ny

5 Spelling stages

1. Precommunicative-uses letters from alphabet but no knowledge of letter sound 2. Semiphonetic-pre-phoneic stage, begins to understand letter and sounds 3. Phonetic- use letters to group letters that represent speech sound 4. Transitional-speller begins to assimilate sounds to make words 5. Correct-spellers know the sound-letter relationship and can use it correctly

Writing Stages- Short Version

1. Preliterate- Scribbling/letter like symbols 2. Emergent- Letter Stringing 3. Transitional- Spelling by using first letter 4. Fluent- Correct

Writing Stages- In-depth

1. Preliterate-(Scribble Stage)- Kid can tell you what their scribbles mean but can't make out letters in scribbles. 2. Emergent- Strings & groups of letters, draws a pic of a dog with a "D" next to it. Also can copy words but cannot write a word on their own. 3. Transitional- Uses first letter sounds to represent entire word: I, L, D Which represents: I Love Dogs 4. Fluent- Message connected to an illustrates, sentences

5 stages of language acquisition

1. Preproduction- Silent/Absorbing new info 2.Early Production-Produces single words/2-3 word phrases+ responds to Q in limited manner 3. Speech Emergence- Able to chunk simple words into phrases/sentences might not be grammatically correct 4. Intermediate Fluency-Speak in more complex sentences +Catches errors 5. Advanced Fluency- Cognitive Language proficiency is achieved

Writing Process

1. Prewriting-Brainstorming 2. Drafting-Writing thoughts 3. Revising- Reworking 4. Editing- Review for Grammar, spelling and punctuation errors 5. Publishing- Final/Perfect

Reading Fluency 3 Factors:

1. Rate-Speed 2. Accuracy-Recognize/Decode 3. Prosody-Vocal expressions/cues

Bloom's Taxonomy

1. Remembering- Describe/ Retell 2. Understanding- making sense of info paraphrase or summarize 3. Apply- Use it- draw, diagram, solve 4. Analyzing- Draw connections 5. Evaluate- Justify, defend, support 6. Create- produce new or original work

3 Literary Skills Influenced by Phonological Awareness

1. Spelling 2. Syllabification 3. Decoding 4. Sound

Think-Pair-Share

1. Think about it alone 2. Share ideas with someone else 3. Then shares our ideas with the whole class.

Students should NOT do with visual aids: (3)

1. Too many visuals 2.too complex or detailed 3. should not be an unexpected surprise

What makes a GREAT oral presentation? (3)+1

1. Voice Modulation- change your tone up 2. Make eye contact 3. Good posture ** pictures help students remember key points

3 Things that don't count as multi-media:

1. Website 2. Online Reviews 3. Pics on Projector

Select the correct part of speech for each of the following words. For each row, select one part of speech. Tell if it is a noun, pronoun, conjunction, or adverb. 1. and 2. they 3. extremely 4. happiness

1. conjunction 2. pronoun 3. adverb 4. noun "And" is a conjunction because it joins phrases or clauses. "They" is a pronoun because it can be used in place of a noun. "Extremely" is an adverb because it can modify a verb or adjective. "Happiness" is a noun because it is an idea.

Instructional Reading Level

90%-94% Accuracy

Independent reading level

95% accuracy

Grapheme

A WRITTEN representation of a sound using one or more letters.

mythology

A body of stories about gods and heroes that try to explain how the world works

Fable

A brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters

Idiom

A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally. Ex: Piece of cake= something easy

Simile

A comparison using "like" or "as"

Metaphor

A comparison without using like or as

Although she gave hundreds of zucchini away, the enormous amount that was left over frightened her. In the sentence, "although" serves as which of the following parts of speech? -An adjective -An interjection -A preposition -A conjunction

A conjuction In a complex sentence such as this one, a subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship with the independent clause.

As Arctic ice continues to melt, the polar bear's quest for food often leads to swimming long distances, ultimately ending in starvation. Last year, a policy paper outlined a multi-step plan to save the ever-declining polar bear population, which included the risky suggestion to feed the bears directly. There are many endangered species on this planet, and it is not the case that one is more important or critical than another. However, when we see candid images of these majestic creatures in their environment, it becomes apparent how desperately they need saving. The author of the passage can best be described as having a point of view similar to -a politician discussing climate change -an educator teaching a class about animal behavior -a company executive arranging a wildlife benefit -a conservationist pleading for a vulnerable species

A conservationist pleading for a vulnerable species. The excerpt is from an article that was likely written by someone with very strong feelings for vulnerable or endangered species, specifically polar bears. The tone of the article is pleading and passionate, citing other works and research the author has done to support his or her case, asking rhetorical questions, and advocating the polar bear's cause over those of other animals.

limerick

A five line poem in which lines 1, 2 and 5 rhyme and lines 3 and 4 rhyme. There was a young lady from Niger who smiled as rode on a tiger they retuned from the ride with the lady inside and a smile of the face of the tiger

The word "predict" is classified as a Tier 2 vocabulary word primarily because it is -used in everyday conversation -a frequently used general academic term -rarely used in scholarly writing -used primarily in one academic domain

A frequently used general academic term The word "predict" appears in many contexts and across topics of science, English, and history. Tier 2 words are high frequency, meaning they will appear often in language and play an important role in determining meaning across the curriculum.

Stanza

A group of lines in a poem

Haiku

A japanese form of poetry, consisting of three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables

Hyperlink

A link that takes you to another location or file, typically activated by clicking on a highlighted word or image on the screen

Noun

A person, place, thing, or idea Ex:Boy, school, glass, hope

Stage Direction

A playwright's written instructions provided in the text of a play about the setting or how the actors are to move and behave in a play. (where they will be placed)

Allusion

A reference to another work of literature, person, or event EX: I was surprised his nose wasn't growing like Pinocchio

Rhyme Scheme

A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem

Which of the following is the best example of a primary source? -A textbook in a specific discipline -A magazine account of interviews conducted by researchers -A researcher's data from surveys, interviews, or observations -An article in a scientific journal reporting the results of several research studies

A researcher's data from surveys, interviews, or observations This question tests your knowledge of the difference between primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are original documents such as a researcher's data. Secondary sources interpret and analyze primary sources.

Realistic Fiction

A story using made-up characters that could happen in real life.

An effective introduction to an informational oral presentation will include which of the following? -A succinct discussion of the main ideas of the speech -A succinct discussion of the research that supports the speech's thesis -An enumeration of details that confirm the speaker's credibility -An enumeration of details that explain the topic's relevance to the speaker and society

A succinct discussion of the main ideas of the speech Option (A) is correct because an effective introduction to an informational oral presentation should include the thesis and a brief statement of the ideas that will be discussed in the speech following the introduction.

R-controlled syllable

A syllable with er, ir, or, ar, or ur. Vowel pronunciation often changes before /r/. ex: con-SORT, CHAR-TER

Science fiction

A type of fantasy that uses science and technology. (Robots, time machines, etc.). usually about future or distant worlds

Syllable

A unit of speech heard as a single sound; one "beat" of a word or phrase.

Graphic organizer

A visual aid to help organize information.

Adjective

A word that describes a noun Ex: blue cow blue= adjective

Onomatopoeia

A word that imitates the sound it represents Ex: BEEP, BOOM, CRASH

Which of the following concepts is best supported by research on emergent literacy? A) Reading and writing develop concurrently and in interrelated ways. B) Literacy learning has distinct beginning and ending points. C) Children begin their literacy learning when they enter school. D) Children begin their literacy learning after having mastered basic letter-sound skills.

A) Reading and writing develop concurrently and in interrelated ways

Which of the following is a primary source of information for a research paper about the First World War? A.A letter from a First World War soldier to his wife back home B.An entry from an online encyclopedia about the First World War C.A nonfiction book about the First World War D.A magazine article about how the First World War changed America

A. A letter from a First World War soldier to his wife back home A letter from a First World War soldier provides a firsthand account of life during the war.

An effective introduction to an informational oral presentation will include which of the following? A. A succinct discussion of the main ideas of the speech B. A succinct discussion of the research that supports the speech's thesis C. An enumeration of details that confirm the speaker's credibility D. An enumeration of details that explain the topic's relevance to the speaker and society

A. A succinct discussion of the main ideas of the speech

The following paragraph is a student's introduction to an oral presentation on the atmosphere. Did you know that Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air called the atmosphere? The atmosphere allows humans to exist because, without it, Earth would be burned by the intense heat of the Sun during the day or frozen by the very low temperatures at night. It is because of the atmosphere that life as we know it exists on Earth. Which TWO of the following elements of effective introductions did the student include in the oral presentation? A.A thesis for the speech B.His qualifications on the topic C.Some background information D.The type of presentation being given E.The procedure for the presentation

A. A thesis for the speech C. Some background information The student includes a thesis by stating, "It is because of the atmosphere that life as we know it exists on Earth," and the second sentence of the introduction provides background information.

Which of the following strategies will most help improve a student's ability to summarize an informational text? A.Answering guided comprehension questions based on the text B.Completing a choral reading of a selection from the text C.Highlighting unfamiliar words and phrases in the text D.Sharing opinions about the text with a partner

A. Answering guided comprehension questions based on the text. Carefully selected guided questions provided by the teacher would most help a student understand and summarize the main ideas in an informational text.

Which of the following questions should writers ask themselves during the revision process to address the coherence of a composition? A. Are all my details related to the main idea? B. Are commas placed correctly in complex sentences? C. Do I need to conduct further research to support my claim? D. Did I use appropriate transitions to show relationships between ideas?

A. Are all my details related to the main idea?

Choosing a topic, conducting research, developing ideas, assessing evidence, and taking a stance on the topic are all components of which of the following types of writing? A.Argumentative B.Narrative C.Expository D.Descriptive

A. Argumentative Argumentative writing requires in-depth research to form an opinion on a topic and present evidence to support that opinion.

Alex baits a hook, attaches a heavy sinker, and hangs the fishing line overboard. It drops to the bottom. He waits and feels with his fingers for a tug on the line. He feels a nibble. He pulls. Nothing. He feels another nibble and tugs hard. He has it. The hook is set. Alex holds on and starts pulling it in. Which of the following is the predominant pattern of organization in the passage? A. Chronological order B. Cause and effect C. Spatial order D. Problem and solution

A. Chronological order

Which THREE of the following are characteristics of a fluent reader? A. Decodes unfamiliar words with accuracy B. Determines definitions of unfamiliar words with ease C. Demonstrates developmentally appropriate automaticity D. Reads aloud with proper expression and regard for punctuation E. Paraphrases new information presented in a text without difficulty

A. Decodes unfamiliar words with accuracy C. Demonstrates developmentally appropriate automaticity D. Reads aloud with proper expression and regard for punctuation

For each of the following word lists, select whether it is more appropriate for sight word instruction or decoding instruction. For each row, select one type of instruction. (Is it Sight word instruction or Decoding Instruction?) A. think, hand, clock B. could, there, was C. cat, hat, bat, sat D. who, what, when

A. Decoding Instruction B. Sight word instruction C. Decoding Instruction D. Sight Word Instruction A and C contain words that can be decoded regularly, as there is direct letter-sound correspondence. B and D contain words that cannot be decoded regularly but are used commonly and should therefore be taught as sight words.

Which THREE of the following behaviors best exemplify active listening? A.Focusing on the specific words and feelings of the speaker B.Concentrating on formulating a response to give to the speaker C.Making appropriate eye contact with the speaker D.Helping the speaker finish a sentence E.Asking the speaker questions to clarify certain points

A. Focusing on the specific words and feelings of the speaker C. Making appropriate eye contact with the speaker E. Asking the speaker questions to clarify certain points An active listener demonstrates attention by focusing on the words and feelings of the speaker, making appropriate eye contact with the speaker, and asking the speaker clarifying questions.

Which TWO of the following are characteristics of flexible grouping? A.Groups are assigned or altered based on assessment results as well as learning objectives. B.Students are given a choice of activity, and groups are formed based on their preferences. C.Groups are temporary and may be reconfigured by the teacher as indicated by students' individual needs. D.Students choose their own groups and work together to design a list of agreed-upon rules. E.Students are grouped by the teacher but are given the freedom to change groups as they feel necessary.

A. Groups are assigned or altered based on assessment results as well as learning objectives. C. Groups are temporary and may be reconfigured by the teacher as indicated by students' individual needs. Flexible grouping is done by the teacher according to assessment data and the needs of the students. It involves creating temporary groups that can change depending on the activity and learning outcome.

During circle time, a teacher goes around the circle and has the class clap to each child's name ("Su-sa-na," "Ri-car-do," etcetcetera.). Which of the following best categorizes the phonological awareness skill the teacher is practicing with the students? A.Identifying syllables B.Hearing phonemes C.Creating rhymes D.Identifying onsets

A. Identifying syllables The name is divided into parts, and each part of the name contains a vowel.

Which of the following is most accurate regarding the role of phonics in literacy development? A.Instruction that is explicit in highlighting letter-sound correspondence leads to better results than indirect methods do. B.Instruction is most effective if single letter sounds are taught before letter names in order to avoid confusing the two. C.Instruction should focus primarily on teaching students to differentiate sounds when listening to words. D.Instruction of letter-sound correspondence must be complete before focus is turned to comprehension.

A. Instruction that is explicit in highlighting letter-sound correspondence leads to better results than indirect methods do As proven by research, explicit instruction in phonics yields better results than indirect methods.

An English-language learner (ELL) participates in a small collaborative group to read and discuss a magazine article. Which of the following best identifies how the group activity supports the reading comprehension development of the ELL? A. It provides an opportunity for the student to gain insight on how others access and process information. B. It sets a purpose for the student to read an authentic, meaningful text of personal interest. C. It improves the student's knowledge of the prosodic features and spelling conventions of written language. D. It gives the student an opportunity to apply word-recognition skills to decode content vocabulary.

A. It provides an opportunity for the student to gain insight on how others access and process information.

The following passage relates to the United States Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Madison was a scholar. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Jefferson had taken Franklin's place as America's minister in France. Jefferson sent Madison books—hundreds of books—and he sent his ideas. Madison read about governments of ancient Greece and Rome and other places and times. Then he took the best ideas he found and wrote them in notebooks that he brought with him to the convention. By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention. It was called the Virginia Plan, and it made things much easier for all the delegates at the convention. When they began their meeting, they had a document in front of them. It gave them a starting point; it helped speed up the process. And that summer, anything that made work easier was appreciated. —Joy Hakim, from A History of US Which of the following statements best describes the central idea of the passage? A.Madison's knowledge and efforts helped provide a foundation for the convention and made it more efficient. B.Edmund Randolph's presence at the convention was important to the successful presentation of the Virginia Plan. C.Ideas about government from diverse times and places were part of the discussions at the convention. D.Agreement to approve a new government was the result of the collaboration that occurred at the convention.

A. Madison's knowledge and efforts helped provide a foundation for convention and made it more efficient. The passage discusses the background knowledge and skills of Madison, which culminated in his bringing a plan to the table to ensure the convention moved along efficiently.

Which of the following statements best describes a characteristic of a wiki? A.Multiple writers can collaborate and make revisions or edits to the same document. B.Multiple authors, usually from a list of contributors, post discrete public entries. C.Single authors privately share written communication and reflections with one recipient. D.Single authors can access and edit private documents from many locations or devices.

A. Multiple writers can collaborate and make revisions or edits to the same document. A wiki is a collaborative digital tool in which multiple users can add and update information.

A beginning reader is learning to read and spell the following words. -five -dime -gave -cute -hope The reader is able to visualize and remember the letter patterns in the words and transfer this knowledge to reading and writing new words such as "hide," "take," and "robe." Which of the following best identifies the processing system the reader is using to extend learning? A. Orthographic B. Syntactic C. Phonological D. Semantic

A. Orthographic

When giving an oral report, a speaker changes the relative highness or lowness of a sound to communicate meaning and emotion to listeners. Which of the following elements is the speaker adjusting? A. Pitch B. Volume C. Rate D. Articulation

A. Pitch

A teacher has compiled a list of grade-appropriate, high-frequency sight words. To best promote recognition of the words on the list, the teacher should A.provide repeated readings of books containing the words B.model how to segment the words into individual phonemes C.have students categorize the words based on long and short vowel patterns D.use a picture sort to help students identify the beginning and ending sounds of the words

A. Provide repeated readings of books containing the words Repeated reading of and exposure to sight words increases the automaticity of recognizing these words.

Before reading a new text, a reader identifies the purpose for reading, examines the genre and difficulty of the material, and considers prior knowledge on the topic. These strategies will best help the reader focus on which of the following elements of fluency? A. Rate B. Accuracy C. Prosody D. Automaticity

A. Rate

Which of the following concepts is best supported by research on emergent literacy? A. Reading and writing develop concurrently and in interrelated ways. B. Literacy learning has distinct beginning and ending points. C. Children begin their literacy learning when they enter school. D. Children begin their literacy learning after having mastered basic letter-sound skills.

A. Reading and writing develop concurrently and in interrelated ways.

Which THREE of the following literacy skills are most directly influenced by phonological awareness? A.Spelling B.Comprehension C.Reading rate D.Syllabification E.Decoding

A. Spelling D. Syllabification E. Decoding Spelling is correct because hearing and identifying different sounds is helpful in encoding. Syllabification is correct because awareness of the internal structure of language helps in understanding syllables. Decoding is correct because phonological awareness builds accuracy and strength in decoding.

Before a whole-class discussion, a teacher writes the following list of sentence starters for student responses on the board. "I agree with ___blank because...""I see it differently because...""And to add to what ___blank said...""So to put that another way..." Which THREE of the following are primary benefits of the strategy? A.Students are provided with scaffolding for expressing their ideas. B.Students are more inclined to balance speaking and listening. C.Students are required to actively listen to their classmates. D.Students are encouraged to analyze multiple perspectives. E.Students are encouraged to argue with each other.

A. Students are provided with scaffolding for expressing their ideas. C. Students are required to actively listen to their classmates. D. Students are encouraged to analyze multiple perspectives. Sentence starters provide scaffolding to help students enter into the discussion without the pressure of thinking about how to formulate a response. Also, students are encouraged to actively listen and analyze their classmates' ideas or opposing viewpoints.

Word : Student's Spelling coat : coet bought : baught right : rite hitch : hich The sample analysis of a student's spelling test shown best demonstrates which of the following characteristics of spelling development? A. The ability to recognize that words are made up of letter patterns representing sounds B. The ability to represent words phonetically, with a single letter representing each sound C. The ability to recognize sound-letter correspondence for single letters only D. The ability to represent words with random letters that have no letter-sound correspondence

A. The ability to recognize that words are made up of letter patterns representing sounds

The following passage relates to the United States Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Madison was a scholar. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Jefferson had taken Franklin's place as America's minister in France. Jefferson sent Madison books—hundreds of books—and he sent his ideas. Madison read about governments of ancient Greece and Rome and other places and times. Then he took the best ideas he found and wrote them in notebooks that he brought with him to the convention. By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention. It was called the Virginia Plan, and it made things much easier for all the delegates at the convention. When they began their meeting, they had a document in front of them. It gave them a starting point; it helped speed up the process. And that summer, anything that made work easier was appreciated. —Joy Hakim, from A History of USU S Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: The highlighted sentence best supports which of the following statements about the author's point of view? A.The author believes that the work at the convention was both difficult and time-consuming. B.The author believes that the effort put forth at the convention was not worth the time spent there. C.The author believes that the individuals present at the convention were not equipped to deal with the challenges there. D.The author believes that the plan brought to the convention would ultimately prove to be unsuccessful in attaining its goal.

A. The author believes that the work at the convention was both difficult and time-consuming. By commenting that a swifter process would be appreciated, the author indicates a belief that the work was difficult and slow.

Once upon a time, a beggar woman went to the house of a poor peasant and asked for something to eat. The peasant's wife gave her some bread and milk. When she had eaten it, she took a barley-corn out of her pocket, and said, "This will I give thee; set it in a flowerpot, and see what will come out of it." The woman set the barley-corn in an old flowerpot, and the next day the most beautiful plant had shot up, which looked just like a tulip, but the leaves were shut close together, as if it still were in bud. Which of the following best describes the characteristics of the passage? A. The passage contains simple characterization and quickly moving action. B. The passage emphasizes themes surrounding differences between the rich and the poor. C. The setting in the passage is described using rich and vivid vocabulary. D. The melancholy tone of the passage is developed through the use of repetitive sentence structures.

A. The passage contains simple characterization and quickly moving action.

Which of the following statements best describes a student who has acquired proficiency in reading automaticity? A. The student effortlessly processes, decodes, and understands the written words in a text. B. The student reads sustained text with natural expression and appropriate phrasing. C. The student recognizes text structure, apprehends meaning, and understands author's purpose. D. The student adjusts reading rate based on comprehension demands and genre of the text.

A. The student effortlessly processes, decodes, and understands the written words in a text.

In which THREE of the following ways do graphic novels support reading comprehension? A. They allow the reader to visualize story elements. B. They help the reader differentiate between dialogue and narration. C. They present simplified vocabulary and sentence structure to the reader. D. They assist the reader in identifying tone and mood. E. They task the reader with evaluating a small number of pages and images.

A. They allow the reader to visualize story elements. B. They help the reader differentiate between dialogue and narration. D. They assist the reader in identifying tone and mood.

A student studying root words and affixes places the word "script" at the base of a word-tree sorting board. Which THREE of the following words are most appropriate to be added to the branches of the student's word tree? A.Transcript B.Writing C.Cursive D.Description E.Manuscript

A. Transcript D. Description E. Manuscript These all contain the root word "script"

Which THREE of the following are elements of an effective oral presentation? A.Using voice modulation to signal important points B.Making eye contact to connect with the audience C.Using strong posture to communicate confidence D.Speaking rapidly to keep the audience's attention E.Reading from note cards to stay focused on the topic

A. Using voice modulation to signal important points B. Making eye contact to connect with the audience C. Using strong posture to communicate confidence Voice modulation and speaking with clarity and inflection are effective ways to grab the attention of an audience. Eye contact and good posture command attention and assert credibility.

Which of the following is most appropriate to include in an expository essay? A.Verifiable facts B.Lively descriptions C.Emotional appeals D.Personal experiences

A. Verifiable facts Providing relevant, verifiable facts that are on‑topic is a key characteristic of expository writing.

Discussing a proposed argumentative writing topic with peers who have different viewpoints on the issue will best help a writer to A. develop counterclaims B. write in alternative genres C. improve oral communication skills D. communicate effectively using visual aids

A. develop counterclaims

(1) Scientists have studied many insects. (2) Some of these insects use tools to survive. (3) One animal that uses tools to survive is called the sawfly. (4) This insect is called a sawfly because it has a tool that works like a saw. (5) It is not a real saw, but it looks and works like a real saw. (6) The saw is part of the sawfly's body. (7) The insect uses the saw to cut a small hole in a plant and then it places eggs in the hole. (8) After it creates the hole, the sawfly makes a glue that fastens the eggs in place. (9) No one is sure how the sawfly makes this glue, but scientists who have watched the sawfly have seen it happen. The passage is primarily concerned with A. how the sawfly makes a place for its eggs and secures them in that place B. the tools that various insects use to secure their offspring C. how scientists secure the safety of insects and their eggs D. the special glue that the sawfly produces to secure its eggs in place

A. how the sawfly makes a place for its eggs and secures them in that place

Students' phonological awareness can be assessed by evaluating their ability to A. understand how words in a text are segmented into syllables B. make personal connections to characters within a text C. understand unfamiliar words by using the surrounding text D. read with varied intonation based on story elements

A. understand how words in a text are segmented into syllables

Which of the following is best classified as persuasive writing? A.A letter to the editor entitled "Our Town Needs More Stop Signs" B.An instruction manual entitled "Operating Your Printer" C.A science report entitled "Understanding the Tundra" D.A character sketch entitled "My Best Friend"

A.A letter to the editor entitled "Our Town Needs More Stop Signs"

Which of the following visual aids is most beneficial for understanding California's growth during the years of the gold rush? A.A line or bar graph showing the population from 1848 to 1858 B.A political cartoon depicting the Workingmen's Party C.A Venn diagram comparing the gold rushes in California and Oregon D.A time line illustrating the major events of the gold rush years

A.A line or bar graph showing the population from 1848 to 1858

A teacher is using the following passage during a lesson on paraphrasing. The Einsteins had been married for two and a half years before Albert arrived. Pauline Koch was the daughter of a wealthy grain merchant and was the youngest of four children. She was just 18 years old when she wed Hermann Einstein, who was 11 years older. They were married on August 8, 1876, in the town of Cannstatt, where Pauline had grown up. After the wedding they made their first home in the village of Buchau. —Jerome Pohlen, from Albert Einstein and Relativity for Kids Which of the following best exemplifies an appropriate paraphrase of information from the passage? A.Albert Einstein was born two and half years after his parents were wed in Cannstatt, Germany. B.Pohlen explains that after the wedding they made their first home in the village of Buchau. C.Albert's mother Pauline was the daughter of a wealthy grain merchant and was the younges of four children. D.There was a significant age difference between Einstein's parents, which was not uncommon in those days.

A.Albert Einstein was born two and half years after his parents were wed in Cannstatt, Germany. The sentence is an appropriate paraphrase because it rephrases information from the source in the writer's own words.

In most cases, different terms are used to identify male and female animals of the same species. In a zoo, male and female animals are grouped together in exhibits. Male elephants are called bulls, while female elephants are cows. Chickens are known as roosters if they are male and hens if they are female. Sheep are either rams or ewes, and pigs are boars or sows. Antelope and deer are bucks or does. There are also different names for specific breeds of animals. Which of the following statements best summarizes the central idea of the excerpt? A.Animals of the same species but different sexes are often known by different names. B.Male and female animals of the same species live in the same zoo exhibits. C.Different breeds of the same species have specific names. D.All animals of the same species have different names if they are male.

A.Animals of the same species but different sexes are often known by different names.

The dilapidated barn served as a reminder of times gone by. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted word in the sentence? A.Describes a noun B.Indicates an action C.Names a person D.Describes a verb

A.Describes a noun

The following is an excerpt from a student's draft of a book review. In a book, setting is incredibly important. It tells you where the characters are and it's usually an important detail. In my opinion setting is a very important part of a story. Throughout the book Out of My Mind by Sharon Draper, I felt like the setting was a huge part of the book. The main character is Melody, and her moods changed wherever she went. She could go from mad to happy, then happy to sad all in the change of the setting. It's all about the setting that changes the character's mood. In my opinion, when settings change people change too. When revising the excerpt of the draft, it is most important for the student to apply which TWO of the following revision strategies? A.Eliminating repetitious language B.Incorporating a topic sentence C.Rewriting to use only first-person perspective D.Maintaining a consistent focus on the topic E.Using textual evidence to support ideas

A.Eliminating repetitious language E.Using textual evidence to support ideas

As a teacher shares several poems with the class, the students complete a graphic organizer that asks them to identify words or phrases that go beyond the literal meaning and appeal to the senses of the readers. The students are most likely looking for which of the following? A.Figurative language B.Voice C.Point of view D.Theme

A.Figurative language

The following passage relates to the United States Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Madison was a scholar. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Jefferson had taken Franklin's place as America's minister in France. Jefferson sent Madison books—hundreds of books—and he sent his ideas. Madison read about governments of ancient Greece and Rome and other places and times. Then he took the best ideas he found and wrote them in notebooks that he brought with him to the convention. By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention. It was called the Virginia Plan, and it made things much easier for all the delegates at the convention. When they began their meeting, they had a document in front of them. It gave them a starting point; it helped speed up the process. And that summer, anything that made work easier was appreciated. —Joy Hakim, from A History of USU S Which TWO of the following sentences from the passage best support the claim that many resources were consulted in developing a plan of government? A.He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. B.Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. C.By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. D.Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. E.They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention.

A.He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. B.Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Reading about other governments and consulting Thomas Jefferson helped Madison to develop ideas about a plan for government.

Time dragged on toward Thanksgiving, but winter came fast. The clouds swept down and hung all day over the land and brushed the hilltops, and the winds blew shrilly at night. All day the dry oak leaves drifted down from the trees until they covered the ground, and yet the trees were unchanged. —John Steinbeck, from The Red Pony Which of the following statements best explains how the description of the setting affects the passage? A.It evokes a depressive mood using imagery through the changing of the seasons. B.It details an exact time and place so the reader will understand what will happen next. C.It clarifies the actions of the characters in the story by identifying the location. D.It creates a personal connection with the reader by describing a natural setting.

A.It evokes a depressive mood using imagery through the changing of the seasons. The changing of fall to winter is symbolic of preparing for an end or decline.

Which of the following best defines the function of an adverb as a part of speech? A.It modifies an adjective or a verb. B.It forms a phrase with a noun or a pronoun. C.It describes a noun or a pronoun. D.It expresses an action or a state of being.

A.It modifies an adjective or a verb.

A language arts class reads Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and watches a stage production of the story. In which THREE of the following ways does viewing the stage production support students' comprehension of the story? A.It provides a visual context for potentially unfamiliar words and phrases. B.It combines reading a text with reading stage directions. C.It supports the visualization of fantasy elements. D.It reinforces understanding of major plot points. E.It encourages readers to make predictions about the characters.

A.It provides a visual context for potentially unfamiliar words and phrases. C.It supports the visualization of fantasy elements. D.It reinforces understanding of major plot points.

Which of the following collaborative reading strategies involves delegating specific roles to students during group discussion, such as director, researcher, and vocabulary enricher? A.Literature circles B.Team-based learning C.Think-pair-share D.Jigsaw workshop

A.Literature circles

Which of the following statements about writing development is most accurate? A.Pictorial writing usually precedes the use of letters. B.Children in the emergent stage use consistent spacing between words. C.Writing uppercase letters typically develops after writing lowercase letters. D.Children enter the transitional stage when they cease using invented spelling.

A.Pictorial writing usually precedes the use of letters.

Which of the following strategies is best characterized as an effective way to engage the audience at the beginning of a speech? A.Providing an interesting or humorous anecdote to build rapport with the audience B.Handing out hard copies of the presentation so the audience can follow along C.Choosing a specific audience member to make eye contact with for the whole presentation D.Presenting a single slide listing each topic to be covered and reading the list aloud

A.Providing an interesting or humorous anecdote to build rapport with the audience Beginning with an interesting or humorous story will both get the attention of the audience and also put them at ease.

Which of the following best describes automaticity? A.Rapid recognition of words without conscious decoding B.Independent decoding of sentences using phonics and sight reading C.Rapid decoding of words by applying phonics knowledge D.Fluent reading of sentences with expression and phrasing

A.Rapid recognition of words without conscious decoding

The revision stage of the writing process includes which of the following activities? A.Recognizing faulty logic B.Identifying errors in punctuation C.Developing a clear and coherent thesis D.Replacing overused words with more compelling descriptors

A.Recognizing faulty logic

A writhing horror twisted itself across his features, like a snake gliding swiftly over them, and making one little pause, with all its wreathed intervolutions in open sight. —Nathaniel Hawthorne, from The Scarlet Letter Which of the following best interprets the figurative language used in the sentence? A.The character's face briefly displayed strong emotion. B.The character felt ill, like he was spinning around too fast. C.The character's vision was diminished for a short time. D.The character sidled away, trying to avoid being in full view.

A.The character's face briefly displayed strong emotion. The simile uses the image of a snake pausing during its hurried movement to describe a look of horror on the character's face.

Which THREE of the following statements from a reading assessment checklist provide information about a student's fluency abilities? A.The student adheres to punctuation and reads a selection with good phrasing. B.The student recalls and properly identifies characters, setting, and plot. C.The student maintains a conversational pace while reading a selection. D.The student uses sound and letter correspondences to decode unknown words. E.The student responds to text structure by reading with appropriate expression.

A.The student adheres to punctuation and reads a selection with good phrasing. C.The student maintains a conversational pace while reading a selection. E.The student responds to text structure by reading with appropriate expression.

A teacher, Ms. Lee, is planning an assignment in which students will each research a different animal in depth and give an oral presentation to the class. The teacher is developing a rubric to give students so that they know how their presentations will be scored. Which THREE of the following characteristics should Ms. Lee include on the rubric as exemplary qualities for the oral presentation? A.The student provides clear examples, facts, and evidence about the animal. B.The student jumps frequently from one topic to another to hold classmates' interest. C.The student moves around and utilizes hand gestures to keep attention. D.The student speaks at an appropriate volume and enunciates words clearly. E.The student presents information in a logical sequence for classmates.

A.The student provides clear examples, facts, and evidence about the animal. D.The student speaks at an appropriate volume and enunciates words clearly. E.The student presents information in a logical sequence for classmates.

Which of the following statements about the writing process is most accurate? A. The writing process is often recursive rather than linear. B. Prewriting is most successfully conducted in a group setting. C. The step of revision can often be avoided in the writing process. D. It is best for writers to correct spelling and grammar errors while they write.

A.The writing process is often recursive rather than linear.

In the genre of drama, which of the following best describes a primary purpose of stage directions? A.They provide the characters with instructions about their actions. B.They provide the characters with their spoken dialogue with other characters. C.They develop the overall theme of the play. D.They give the audience insight into the characters' traits and personalities.

A.They provide the characters with instructions about their actions.

Articulation skills

Ability to form clear and distinct sounds

Automacticity

Ability to rapidly recognize words without needing to decode as you read

Verb

Action word Ex:ran

Active lesson VS oral Presentation

Active- focusing, using positive non verbal cues, allowing speaker to finish, not judging and paraphrasing Oral- Logic structure, supporting evidence, word choice, collaborative, volume, articulation, audience, displays

What is the adverb: She ran very fast.

Adverb modifying another adverb Very, fast= x2 adverbs

What is the adverb: She ran fast.

Adverb= fast Modifying the verb= ran

In the word "Internet," the segment "inter-" is best defined as which of the following? -Root word -Syllable -Affix -Phoneme

Affix An affix is a word part that is placed at the beginning or end of a word to alter its meaning. In the example, "inter-" which means "between" or "among," modifies the root word "net." Although "inter" is also a Latin root, it is not the root word here.

How not to do groups with flexible grouping?

Allowing students to choose groups OR activities

A group research task involves the following steps. Formulate a research question. Gather information and organize the findings. Collaborate on composing, revising, and editing a written report. Publish a version of the report that can be downloaded from the class Web page and can be printed as a hard copy for the teacher. Present the findings to the class orally, using visual aids. Question: A primary benefit of using a wiki for step 3 is that a wiki -allows contributors to track changes made to the project -allows multiple users to modify the written material -restricts students' access to the written material -restricts outside contributors to the project

Allows multiple users to modify the written material This question tests knowledge of wikis. A wiki is a collaborative tool that allows students to contribute and modify the content of the site. A wiki is designed to allow multiple users to collaborate and edit a work in progress.

Guided Comprehension

Allows students to answer Qs as they are reading so that they can take in more info

Tara always enjoyed a vacation on a tropical island after a long, cold winter at home. Select the part of speech that best describes how each of the underlined words is functioning in the sentence (conjunction, adverb, or preposition). -Always -On -After

Always = Adverb On = Preposition After = Conjuction An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. In the sentence in this item, "always" is an adverb. A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in the sentence. In the sentence in this item, "on" is a preposition. A conjunction is a part of speech or word class that connects words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. In the sentence in this item, "after" is a subordinating conjunction.

The clouds rolled in very slowly that afternoon. In the sentence, the word "very" functions as -a verb -an adjective -an adverb -a noun

An adverb This question tests your ability to identify the functions of different parts of speech. In the sentence, "very" is modifying "slowly." "Slowly" is an adverb. Since adverbs modify other adverbs, the word "very" is functioning as an adverb.

(1) A free-market economy is one in which the greater part of production, distribution, and exchange is controlled by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government. (2) Most people prefer for the government to have little to no control over businesses. (3) In fact, the term "free-market" sounds like a place where people can do business without any interference from the government. (4) However, government-imposed rules and regulations are vital to the economy because they keep business dealings fair, prohibit business holders from making unfair transactions, and keep consumers safe. (5) For example, if there were no government oversight, a dishonest grocer could cheat customers by making a scale indicate two pounds when it is really reading only one pound. (6) If there were no government oversight, there would be no requirement to list ingredients on food and cosmetics packages; those with allergies or sensitivities to certain ingredients would not be able to protect themselves from harmful additives. (7) Most people would agree that despite government oversight, a free-market economy is one where business owners have a great deal of freedom. -Which of the following details should be inserted between sentences 6 and 7 to best facilitate the flow of ideas? -A list of countries with free-market economies -The name of a law that protects consumers in a free-market economy -An example of a benefit of government oversight in a free-market economy -An example of the types of choices that business owners have in a free-market economy

An example of the types of choices that business owners have in a free-market economy Option (D) is correct because sentence 7 specifically references the "great deal of freedom" that business owners in a free-market economy have, but there are no examples to support that statement. Providing an example of the business-owner benefits in a free-market economy would be an appropriate organizational and rhetorical tool for bridging the ideas between sentences 6 and 7.

Euphemism

An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant

Haiku example

An old silent pond... A frog jumps into the pond, splash! Silence again.

The scarab beetle is an insect of ancient importance. Long ago, in Egyptian culture, the beetle was revered and associated with hope and health. In rich style, the Egyptians embellished many everyday items with the image of this beetle; it could be found on jewelry, notes or documents, and even gifts. There is no debate about the beetle. The scarab played a huge role in ancient Egyptian society. Which of the following can best be inferred from the excerpt? -Images of insects were often featured on the currency of ancient cultures. -Modern Egyptian society is still fascinated by the scarab beetle. -The scarab beetle was an ancient insect that became extinct hundreds of years ago. -Ancient Egyptians imprinted images of iconic creatures on common items.

Ancient Egyptians imprinted images of iconic creatures on common items. Option (D) is correct because the excerpt explains that ancient Egyptians revered the scarab beetle and frequently adorned everyday items with its image.

Reciprocal Teaching

Approach to teaching reading and listening comprehension in which students take turns asking teacher-like questions of classmates.

Which of the following questions should writers ask themselves during the revision process to address the coherence of a composition? -Are all my details related to the main idea? -Are commas placed correctly in complex sentences? -Do I need to conduct further research to support my claim? -Did I use appropriate transitions to show relationships between ideas?

Are all my details related to the main idea? This question tests your understanding of the steps in the revision process of writing. A composition with coherence contains ideas and details that are all related to the main idea. The question asked in option (A) is an appropriate question to ask during the revision stage of the writing process, where changes to content and organization are made.

false analogy

Arguing on the basis of a comparison of unrelated things.

snob appeal

Arguments that distract by making the audience want to feel "special."

Argument ad hominem

Attacking a person's views by attacking his or her character

What could you teach students from: "There was a feller here once by the name of Jim Smiley, in the winter of '49 or may be it was the spring of '50. I don't recollect exactly, somehow, through what makes me thing it was one or the other is because i remember the big flume wasn't finished when he first came to the came, but anyway he was the cure oust man about always betting on anything that turned up you ever see"

Authenticity and meaning BECAUSE the type of dialect is language specific to a particular region or social group.

What group of words are correctly grouped by their phonic pattern? A. Skim, Kit, Kite B. Thin, Grin, Gran C. Malt, Mall, Mat D. Rent, Rant, Ran

B Thin, Grin, Gran ALL have the pattern CCVC

Which of the following is a true statement about phonological awareness in literacy development? A) The visual recognition of sight words depends on the ability to recognize sound blends. B) The decoding of unfamiliar words depends on the ability to associate sounds with written letters. C) The development of reading fluency depends on the ability to connect letter names to sounds. D) The development of reading comprehension depends on the ability to identify written letters by name.

B) The decoding of unfamiliar words depends on the ability to associate sounds with written words.

A properly structured haiku must include which of the following elements? A.Five lines with an aabba rhyme scheme B.A defined number of syllables per line C.A theme involving unrequited love D.A sequence of events

B. A defined number of syllables per line A haiku must have five syllables in the first line, seven syllables in the second line, and five syllables in the third line.

Students are working in groups to prepare an oral presentation for the class. Which of the following digital tools best helps students to collaborate as individual groups during the planning stage of the presentation? A.An online slide show application B.A Web-based discussion board C.A podcast-creation program D.An interactive whiteboard

B. A web-based discussion board A Web-based discussion board helps students plan the presentation while working together because different users can be logged in at the same time and work collaboratively.

It is important to plan for emergencies and slack periods when operating a business. Many small businesses fail because of a lack of capital, or a certain amount of working money, being available. Which of the following explains how the author uses context clues to provide the meaning of the word "capital"? A. By using examples B. By providing a definition C. By using descriptive words D. By using opposites

B. By providing a definition

A narrative poem must include which of the following literary elements? A. Flashbacks and foreshadowing B. Characters and plot C. Rhythm and rhyme D. Onomatopoeia and alliteration

B. Characters and plot

During a presentation, the speaker grimaces apologetically and then pauses to allow the audience to react to the message. In this situation, the speaker best demonstrates which of the following skills? A. Enunciating words to ensure clear delivery of a message B. Communicating by matching nonverbal cues with a message C. Explaining details thoroughly to ensure understanding of a message D. Sharing personal anecdotes so the audience can relate to a message

B. Communicating by matching nonverbal cues with a message

A reader who has demonstrated fluency while reading an informational text can now use available cognitive resources to focus on which of the following? A. Decoding difficult words in the text B. Comprehending the main ideas in the text C. Engaging with the text at a fast reading rate D. Transferring knowledge of domain-specific vocabulary to other texts

B. Comprehending the main ideas in the text

(1) I've heard that hard work is its own reward. (2) I'm not so sure that's true. (3) I spent all weekend cleaning up my front and back yards. (4) The only reward I have is some pretty painful blisters on my hands. (5) I don't know who made up that saying. (6) I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone. The student rewrites sentence 4 to the following. The only reward I have is a million painful blisters on my hands. The student has improved the sentence by adding which of the following? A. Analogy B. Hyperbole C. Simile D. Onomatopoeia

B. Hyperbole

(1) I've heard that hard work is its own reward. (2) I'm not so sure that's true. (3) I spent all weekend cleaning up my front and back yards. (4) The only reward I have is some pretty painful blisters on my hands. (5) I don't know who made up that saying. (6) I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone. Which of the following revisions most improves the flow of the narrative by blending two sentences? A. I've heard that hard work is its own reward, and I'm not so sure that's true. B. I don't know who made up that saying, but I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone. C. The only reward I have is some pretty painful blisters on my hands, and I don't know who made up that saying. D. I spent all weekend cleaning up my front and back yards, because the only reward I have is some pretty painful blisters on my hands.

B. I don't know who made up that saying, but I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone.

In which of the following sentences does the word "hollow" function as a noun? A. Jack's camera captured the raccoons trying to hollow out an old log. B. Marsha's sheep were grazing in the wide hollow between the mountains. C. Lilly's footsteps echoed with a hollow sound as she entered the old general store. D. Ashley's hollow cheeks made her seem much more mature than she actually was.

B. Marsha's sheep were grazing in the wide hollow between the mountains.

Which THREE of the following teacher strategies are most effective for promoting reading fluency? A.Demonstrating how to determine meanings of unknown words in a text B.Modeling decoding strategies during teacher read-alouds of a text C.Encouraging repeated readings of a text D.Providing less challenging texts to prevent student frustration E.Providing time for both oral and silent reading of a text

B. Modeling decoding strategies during teacher read-alouds of a text C. Encouraging repeated readings of a text E. Providing time for both oral and silent reading of a text All three of these options promote accuracy and confidence in reading skills.

By the way, let me give you some good advice. On the first day of school, you've got to be real careful where you sit. You walk into the classroom and just plunk your stuff down on any old desk and the next thing you know the teacher is saying—"I hope you all like where you're sitting, because these are your permanent seats." So in this class, I got stuck with Chris Hosey in front of me and Lionel James in back of me. —Jeff Kinney, from Diary of a Wimpy Kid A student says, "The narrator must not like the two kids he sits between." Which TWO of the following phrases from the excerpt best support the inference? A.By the way, let me give you some good advice. B.On the first day of school, you've got to be real careful where you sit. C.You walk into the classroom and just plunk your stuff down on any old desk and the next thing you know the teacher is saying— D."I hope you all like where you're sitting, because these are your permanent seats." E.So in this class, I got stuck with Chris Hosey in front of me and Lionel James in back of me.

B. On the first day of school, you've got to be real careful where you sit. E.So in this class, I got stuck with Chris Hosey in front of me and Lionel James in back of me. The narrator says, "you've got to be real careful where you sit," and he also says he was "stuck with" the two peers, which implies that he does not like where he sits.

A teacher reads a list of words aloud and asks a student to identify the initial consonant sound of each word as it is read. Which of the following concepts is the teacher assessing? A.Syllables B.Onsets C.Rimes D.Morphemes

B. Onsets An onset is the initial consonant or consonant cluster of a word.

After a speaker gives an oral report, a member of the audience asks the speaker the following questions. --Could you tell me more about . . . ? --Why do you think this . . . is important to understanding the topic? --At the beginning of your speech, you said . . . Can you say more about that idea? The questions best demonstrate that the audience member has an understanding of which of the following components of active listening? A. Empathizing B. Probing C. Accepting D. Paraphrasing

B. Probing

Singing nursery songs primarily develops students' phonological awareness by helping them identify which of the following? A. Main ideas B. Rhyming words C. Descriptive details D. High-frequency words

B. Rhyming words

Place the following developmental stages of writing in the chart to show the order in which they occur. A. Invented spelling B. Scribbling C. Letter-like symbols D. Letter strings

B. Scribbling C. Letter-like symbols D. Letter strings A. Invented spelling

Which of the following words contains two open syllables? A.Rotate B.Shiny C.Chosen D.Lying

B. Shiny The syllables "shi-" and "-ny" both end in a vowel sound, making them open syllables.

Which of the following words are accurately grouped by their phonics pattern? A.Chop, tap, last B.Silk, past, mart C.Fang, trap, boy D.Bent, rant, stun

B. Silk, past, mart All contain the CVCC pattern

Reading a text orally in small groups provides an opportunity for students to develop skills primarily in which of the following areas of effective oral presentation? A. Using body language to communicate emotion B. Speaking clearly and expressively C. Listening and responding to the audience D. Maintaining engagement through eye contact

B. Speaking clearly and expressively

Only once a year, on his birthday, did Charlie Bucket ever get to taste a bit of chocolate. The whole family saved up their money for that special occasion, and when the great day arrived, Charlie was always presented with one small chocolate bar to eat all by himself. And each time he received it, on those marvelous birthday mornings, he would place it carefully in a small wooden box that he owned, and treasure it as though it were a bar of solid gold; and for the next few days, he would allow himself only to look at it, but never to touch it. —Roald Dahl, from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Which THREE words from the passage best communicate Charlie's feelings about the events? A.taste B.special C.great D.small E.marvelous F.owned

B. Special C. Great E. Marvelous These words describe the day as Charlie saw it.

Which of the following sentences appropriately integrates the sentence fragment "The Italian restaurant that recently reopened" into a complex sentence? A. The Italian restaurant that recently reopened continuing in the same tradition of fine Italian food. B. The Italian restaurant that recently reopened continues in the same tradition of fine Italian food. C. The Italian restaurant that recently reopened and that continues in the same tradition of fine Italian food. D. The Italian restaurant that recently reopened; it is continuing in the same tradition of fine Italian food.

B. The Italian restaurant that recently reopened continues in the same tradition of fine Italian food.

Which of the following is a true statement about phonological awareness in literacy development? A. The visual recognition of sight words depends on the ability to recognize sound blends. B. The decoding of unfamiliar words depends on the ability to associate sounds with written letters. C. The development of reading fluency depends on the ability to connect letter names to sounds. D. The development of reading comprehension depends on the ability to identify written letters by name.

B. The decoding of unfamiliar words depends on the ability to associate sounds with written letters.

If I could have the best job in the world, it would be to play for a major league baseball team when I'm older. I believe that a major league team should hire me because of my excellent skills. I also have a positive attitude and I want to play the game. Also I think a team should hire me because of the talent I have that will support the team's success. The team could probably win the World Series!They should hire me because I can hit the ball really hard and score runs in every game. I can catch the ball really good. I can get the players on the other team out really easily. I can throw great to all the bases to get them out. I can run the bases OK and when it comes to stealing the bases most of the time I don't get out. My batting average is good. I hardly ever make errors. When I hit the ball, I mostly get singles but sometimes doubles. I might hit a homerun sometimes. I want this job because I'm really good at the sport. I can do a lot for my team and the fans and the owner and the manager. More people will watch the games on TV if I'm on the team and that will bring the ratings up. Which of the following best identifies the student's primary purpose in writing the piece? A. To inform B. To persuade C. To explain D. To describe

B. To persuade

WanSuponn a tim ther was a funne dog it lik to run real fast I Wached it The writing in the sample is best characterized as occurring during which of the following stages of writing development? A. Early emergent B. Transitional C. Conventional D. Proficient

B. Transitional

Which of the following student reading behaviors best exemplifies proficiency in prosody? A.Recognizing words quickly without conscious thought B.Using punctuation to guide inflection, tone, and phrasing C.Reading at an appropriate and natural speed consistently D.Decoding words correctly and monitoring occasional miscues

B. Using punctuation to guide inflection, tone, and phrasing Prosody encompasses pitch, stress, and timing when reading aloud, so a student reading with inflection and phrasing is reading with prosody.

Which THREE of the following words contain an open syllable? A. Different B. Vehicle C. Jungle D. Fantastic E. Remembering F. Apron

B. Vehicle E. Remembering F. Apron

The word "predict" is classified as a Tier 2 vocabulary word primarily because it is A. used in everyday conversation B. a frequently used general academic term C. rarely used in scholarly writing D. used primarily in one academic domain

B. a frequently used general academic term

A group research task involves the following steps. 1.) Formulate a research question. 2.) Gather information and organize the findings. 3.) Collaborate on composing, revising, and editing a written report. 4.) Publish a version of the report that can be downloaded from the class Web page and can be printed as a hard copy for the teacher. 5.) Present the findings to the class orally, using visual aids A primary benefit of using a wiki for step 3 is that a wiki A. allows contributors to track changes made to the project B. allows multiple users to modify the written material C. restricts students' access to the written material D. restricts outside contributors to the project

B. allows multiple users to modify the written material

The following are the first and second drafts of the opening paragraph of a story about a spooky old house. First draft: I was walking down the street on a very dark night. Up ahead I saw a large, old house. I decided to go in. I heard a noise as I slowly climbed the stairs to enter the house. I heard many different sounds when I got into the house. I turned and tried to leave, but the wind shut the front door behind me and I was trapped. Second draft: It was an eerie, moonless night as I walked down the deserted street. Out of the corner of my eye, a monstrous, spooky-looking house taunted me. My curiosity overcame my fear, and I approached the house to investigate. As I climbed the creaking staircase to the dilapidated porch, the howling wind, screeching birds, and rustling trees seemed to whisper in my ear "Don't go in! Turn around!" but I kept climbing. I opened the heavy front door and stepped into the dark, dusty house. Suddenly, my fears made me turn to leave, but the wind swirled around me and blew the heavy door shut with a deafening thud. I was trapped. The revisions made between the first and second drafts best demonstrate the writer's understanding of the relationship between word choice and A. plot development B. mood C. character development D. theme

B. mood

A cat came fiddling Out of a barn, With a pair of bagpipes Under her arm; She could sing nothing But fiddle cum dee, The mouse has married The bumble-bee; Pipe, cat; dance, mouse: We'll have a wedding At our good house. The structure and cadence of this selection is characteristic of a A. fable B. nursery rhyme C. limerick D. fairy tale

B. nursery rhyme

Long ago, the mice had a general council to consider what measures they could take to outwit their common enemy, the Cat. Some said this, and some said that; but at last a young mouse got up and said he had a proposal to make, which he thought would meet the case. "You will all agree," said he, "that our chief danger consists in the sly and treacherous manner in which the enemy approaches us. Now, if we could receive some signal of her approach, we could easily escape from her. I venture, therefore, to propose that a small bell be procured, and attached by a ribbon round the neck of the Cat. By this means we should always know when she was about, and could easily retire while she was in the neighborhood." This proposal met with general applause, until an old mouse got up and said: "That is all very well, but who is to bell the Cat?" The mice looked at one another and nobody spoke. Then the old mouse said: "It is easy to propose impossible remedies." — "Belling the Cat" by Aesop Based on the passage, the reader can infer that the A. old mouse is angry at the young mouse for proposing the plan B. young mouse did not think the plan through before making the proposal C. old mouse has proposed many possible solutions to the cat problem D. young mouse will become the leader of the group as a result of his innovative plan

B. young mouse did not think the plan through before making the proposal

The following excerpt is from a draft of a student's narrative. "wow what just happened I, I turned into a—" "beep beep beep" My alarm went off I turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning. I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast. When I got downstairs I realized it wasn't a normal day. It was mom's birthday! I ran down the stairs and I jumped into the hallway, my brown hair flying behind me, to go make a card. When I finished the card, I went upstairs and gave it to mom. Not to brag or anything, but it was fabulous. Before I could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said "get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce. you've got to pick it so we can make an awesome salad with it." Then I went outside to pick some lettuce. Finally it was 6:30 and for my family that's dinner time! Which of the following is a compound sentence? A."My alarm went off I turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning." B."I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast." C."When I got downstairs I realized it wasn't a normal day." D."Before I could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said 'get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce.'"

B."I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast."

Which of the following online sources is the most reliable tool for academic research? A.A public, collaborative encyclopedia B.A peer-reviewed journal article containing a complete bibliography C.A well-known scientist's personal blog site D.An informational article that is hosted on the Web site of a reputable business

B.A peer-reviewed journal article containing a complete bibliography

Which of the following digital tools will best help a small group of students engage in an online discussion of symbolism in a literary text? A.An online drop box B.A teacher-moderated forum C.A class wiki page D.An e-mail chain

B.A teacher-moderated forum

Which of the following groups lists words that are best categorized as kindergarten sight words? A.Bite, when, I, car B.Am, to, the, on C.Dog, jump, are, toes D.Jail, tram, see, from

B.Am, to, the, on

Students in a language arts class are working on essays about a special day in their lives. The following is one student's draft. (1) The afternoon with my grandfather could not have been more enjoyable. (2) We ate pizza. (3) After that we went out for ice cream. (4) After that we walked to the park to feed the ducks and ride the paddleboats. (5) I will remember that day for as long as I live. (6) We had a super time! Which of the following revisions will most improve the student's essay? A.Omitting sentence 4 B.Combining sentences 2 and 3 C.Making two sentences out of sentence 5 D.Connecting sentences 1 and 2 with a comma

B.Combining sentences 2 and 3

The following is an excerpt from a student draft. Before long, my family recieved spelled the message that Aunt Marie would not be coming to the party. We were upset. However, we knew that her trip to Chicago was very important. She would be acepting an award for her acheivement in architecture. To help the student correct the errors in the draft, it is most appropriate for a teacher to focus on which of the following? A.Subject-verb agreement B.Common spelling rules C.Pronoun-antecedent agreement D.Proper noun capitalization rules

B.Common spelling rules The student made several mistakes with common spelling rules such as i-before-e ("recieved" and "acheivement") and double consonants ("acepting").

Which of the following parts of a citation is unique to online sources, rather than print-based sources? A.Author's name B.Date the site was accessed C.Number of hits the site has received D.Publisher and original publication date

B.Date the site was accessed

The following excerpt is from a draft of a student's narrative. "wow what just happened I, I turned into a—" "beep beep beep" My alarm went off I turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning. I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast. When I got downstairs I realized it wasn't a normal day. It was mom's birthday! I ran down the stairs and I jumped into the hallway, my brown hair flying behind me, to go make a card. When I finished the card, I went upstairs and gave it to mom. Not to brag or anything, but it was fabulous. Before I could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said "get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce. you've got to pick it so we can make an awesome salad with it." Then I went outside to pick some lettuce. Finally it was 6:30 and for my family that's dinner time! The student's draft contains errors in which of the following areas of writing mechanics? A.Pronoun usage B.Dialogue punctuation C.Verb tense D.Homophone usage

B.Dialogue punctuation

Which of the following is the most appropriate strategy for assessing a text's complexity based on quantitative measures? A.Determining readers' experiences and knowledge related to the text B.Evaluating the sentence length and word frequency of the text C.Considering readers' engagement and motivation with the text D.Examining the organizational structure and features of the text

B.Evaluating the sentence length and word frequency of the text

Which of the following is a feature within an online text that is designed to help students learn more information about a particular word or example within the text? A.Bold font B.Hyperlink C.Site map D.Navigation bar

B.Hyperlink

During a class discussion about a novel, a teacher gives each student three tickets to use in exchange for a turn to talk. Which of the following best describes a primary benefit of this strategy? A.It gives students an incentive to participate in the discussion. B.It helps dominant students learn to allow others to speak. C.It gives students a model of how to frame a response. D.It helps students to keep the discussion on the topic.

B.It helps dominant students learn to allow others to speak. Using the "ticket" method in a discussion is a positive way to balance participation between the dominant students and those that are less inclined to participate.

(1) You know it has happened to you: you get home, open your math textbook, get ready to do the practice problems, and then you realize you forgot everything the teacher talked about in class that day! (2) One of the many excellent reasons to have a homework club after school is that students can get help from teachers who actually know the classes instead of parents or other grown-ups at home. (3) I talked to ten parents of my closest friends and more than half of them remembered a time when they found it difficult to help their child work through a homework assignment. (4) No matter how brainy a child is, it is always better to have the help of experts than it is to rely on grown-ups or family members. (5) I know some people in this school might disagree and say a homework club isn't important. (6) I've heard some people say that kids spend enough time in class and shouldn't need help with work and I've heard some people say that even a small amount of help could be given by someone at home too. (7) But everyone learns at a different pace and not everyone remembers ideas the first time he or she hears them. (8) And even though our parents and families might want to help us, people have busy schedules and not every child will be able to get the attention he or she might need. The student wants the writing to appeal to readers' emotions. Which of the following sentences should the student add to best meet the goal? A.According to our school's policy, students should get 30 minutes of homework per night, but most spend a lot more time than that on their assignments. B.It's not hard to picture the tears of frustration running down the faces of the youngest kids as they struggle to finish homework without the right kind of support. C.As a student myself, I can say that I know I would benefit more from my teacher's expert knowledge than from a busy parent's help. D.Teachers should want to help students because it reflects better on them if the students succeed.

B.It's not hard to picture the tears of frustration running down the faces of the youngest kids as they struggle to finish homework without the right kind of support. By evoking the image of crying children, the writer creates an emotional appeal.

Star light, star bright, First star I see tonight, I wish I may, I wish I might, Have this wish I wish tonight. A first-grade teacher reads the poem to the students. Then the students do a choral reading of the poem with the teacher, and the teacher points to each word as the students say it. Which of the following best describes the objective of the choral reading activity? A.Supporting sight word recognition B.Modeling automaticity and prosody C.Introducing segments and blends D.Demonstrating comprehension strategies

B.Modeling automaticity and prosody

The ocean is full of organisms—both plant and animal life—some of which you know, and others you probably haven't ever imagined! These organisms live and work together in the ocean ecosystem; they are important to each other and to the health of the ocean itself. Many of these organisms are at risk because of pollution that finds its way to the ocean. You can help prevent this by joining a local beach cleanup effort, disposing of your own trash when you're at the beach, and reusing and recycling as much as possible, anywhere and anytime. Which of the following organizational structures best describes the passage? A.Description B.Problem/solution C.Spatial D.Compare/contrast

B.Problem/solution

Which of the following activities will best help students develop articulation skills within oral presentations? A.Reading aloud passages that include persuasive rhetoric B.Reading aloud short rhyming poems, focusing on individual sounds within words C.Reading aloud a script created from an excerpt of a narrative's dialogue D.Reading aloud incomplete sentences, filling in the missing words in an impromptu manner

B.Reading aloud short rhyming poems, focusing on individual sounds within words

Which of the following elements best helps early emergent readers construct meaning from a narrative book? A.Rich vocabulary B.Realistic illustrations C.Boldface chapter titles D.Few words to a page

B.Realistic illustrations

If you were level with the patch so that it was edge-on, it was nearly invisible, and it was completely invisible from behind. You could see it only from the side nearest the road, and you couldn't see it easily even from there, because all you could see through it was exactly the same kind of thing that lay in front of it on this side: a patch of grass lit by a streetlight. But Will knew without the slightest doubt that that patch of grass on the other side was in a different world. —Philip Pullman, from The Subtle Knife Which TWO of the following narrative points of view are demonstrated in the passage? A.First person B.Second person C.Third-person limited D.Third-person multiple E.Third-person omniscient

B.Second person C.Third-person limited

The following excerpt is from a student draft. (1) Maggie chased her dog Barney down the street. (2) She is getting tired. (3) Barney had escaped his leash a few minutes ago. (4) Now he was headed toward the park. (5) Maggie wanted to catch him before he jumped into the pond. The error in verb usage can be corrected with which of the following revisions? A.Sentence 1: Change "chased" to "will chase" B.Sentence 2: Change "is getting" to "was getting" C.Sentence 3: Change "had escaped" to "is escaping" D.Sentence 5: Change "wanted" to "wants"

B.Sentence 2: Change "is getting" to "was getting"

During a small-group discussion of a class novel, the teacher asks students about a particular interaction between the two main characters. Which THREE of the following students are exhibiting active listening skills? A.Student A reads ahead in the book during the discussion. B.Student B asks the teacher to clarify the question before responding. C.Student C nods occasionally in agreement with the speaker. D.Student D conducts a side conversation with a student seated nearby. E.Student E looks at each speaker during the discussion.

B.Student B asks the teacher to clarify the question before responding. C.Student C nods occasionally in agreement with the speaker. E.Student E looks at each speaker during the discussion.

Which THREE of the following activities most effectively utilize a graphic novel during instruction? A.A teacher reads a graphic novel aloud to the class for the purpose of entertaining the students. B.Students read a graphic novel that correlates with the theme of a traditional text in order to support comprehension. C.Students use graphic novels to learn how to identify plot structure, symbolism, and characterization by seeing them visually. D.Students use a graphic novel as the only text source so they do not get frustrated with the challenging language that articles and literature may present. E.Students use graphic novels as models to guide them in re‑creating prose into visual dialogue for creative writing projects.

B.Students read a graphic novel that correlates with the theme of a traditional text in order to support comprehension. C.Students use graphic novels to learn how to identify plot structure, symbolism, and characterization by seeing them visually. E.Students use graphic novels as models to guide them in re‑creating prose into visual dialogue for creative writing projects.

Which of the following writing genres contains a setting based in fairly modern times, features characters who are modeled after people who may have existed, and uses exaggeration of characters and trickery to resolve conflict? A.Fairy tale B.Tall tale C.Myth D.Fable

B.Tall tale

Which of the following prereading activities best helps students create a mental map of the text's content and establish a purpose for reading? A.Shared reading B.Text-feature walk C.Think-pair-share D.Semantic feature analysis

B.Text-feature walk

A student is delivering an informational presentation. Which of the following actions best reinforces the audience's understanding of the information communicated? A.Maintaining eye contact with audience members during the presentation B.Utilizing visual aids to emphasize the presentation's key points C.Pausing at times during the presentation for effect D.Using hand gestures where appropriate throughout the presentation

B.Utilizing visual aids to emphasize the presentation's key points

Which of the following correctly segments the word "blueberry" by its onset? A.b-lueberry B.bl-ueberry C.blue-berry D.blue-ber-ry

B.bl-ueberry

After students read one version of "The Three Little Pigs" told by a third-person narrator and another version told from the wolf's perspective, a teacher asks them to respond to the writing prompt, "Which character do you sympathize with in each version of the story? Why?" The activity primarily targets students' ability to A.examine the role of prior knowledge in shaping readers' reactions to characters B.consider the impact of point of view on readers' interpretation of events C.determine the reliability of information presented to readers D.compare the effects of different organizational structures on readers' comprehension of texts

B.consider the impact of point of view on readers' interpretation of events

The following passages are excerpts from a government Web site about astronauts. Passage A Astronauts living and working in space have the same hygiene needs as people on Earth. They wash their hair, brush their teeth, shave, and wash their hands. However, because of the microgravity environment, astronauts take care of themselves in different ways. Astronauts wash their hair with a rinseless shampoo that was originally developed for hospital patients who were unable to take a shower. Many astronauts have a personal-hygiene kit. The kit contains the personal hygiene items each astronaut has chosen to take. Passage B Imagine going camping for more than a week with several of your close friends. Because you'll be away from home so long, you would make sure you have plenty of food and the gear to cook and eat it with. The food would have to be stored properly and be nonperishable to avoid spoilage. . . . Astronauts basically do the same thing when they go to space, but since they'll be away from the planet, preparations are a lot more intense. Preparation varies with the food type. Some foods can be eaten in their natural forms, such as brownies and fruit. Other foods require adding water, such as macaroni and cheese or spaghetti. The two passages are most similar in... A.the presentation of supporting details about identical subject matter B.the integration of cause-and-effect text structure to present ideas C.the use of vignette as a means to hook an audience's attention D.the inclusion of details explaining the origins of technology used in space

B.the integration of cause-and-effect text structure to present ideas

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BEST choice, maintains integrity

Frustration Reading Level

Below 90% accuracy

Br in Bride Mp in Stamp What are the examples of?

Blends. Usually composed of 2 or more consonants

Words to use when comparing:

Both, as well, similarly, opposed to

It is important to plan for emergencies and slack periods when operating a business. Many small businesses fail because of a lack of capital, or a certain amount of working money, being available. Which of the following explains how the author uses context clues to provide the meaning of the word "capital"? -By using examples -By providing a definition -By using descriptive words -By using opposites

By providing a definition Option (B) is correct because the use of the term "that is" indicates the introduction of a definition and "a certain amount of working money" completes the definition.

Passage 1 While Alexander Graham Bell was experimenting with telegraph instruments in the early 1870s, he realized it might be possible to transmit the human voice over a wire using electricity. Bell's interest in electricity continued, and he attempted to send several telegraph messages over a single wire at one time. It was on June 2, 1875, while Bell was at one end of the line and his assistant Watson worked on the reeds of the telegraph in another room that he heard the sound of a plucked reed coming to him over the wire. Passage 2 After many failed attempts, Alexander Graham Bell invented a working telephone. The next step was to make the telephone accessible so people could use it. This involved putting in lines to carry the telephone messages. The first telephone lines went from one person's phone to another. Those were called landlines. Then they added what are called switching stations, so one could reach more than one place. Even though it was not the most efficient system, it still worked well enough for people to communicate Which of the following excerpts most strongly supports the claim that Alexander Graham Bell's early diligence resulted in the telephone we know today? A. " ... he realized it might be possible to transmit the human voice over a wire using electricity." B. " ... he heard the sound of a plucked reed coming to him over the wire." C. "After many failed attempts, Alexander Graham Bell invented a working telephone." D. "Even though it was not the most efficient system, it still worked well enough for people to communicate.

C. "After many failed attempts, Alexander Graham Bell invented a working telephone."

Which of the following is the best example of a primary source? A. A textbook in a specific discipline B. A magazine account of interviews conducted by researchers C. A researcher's data from surveys, interviews, or observations D. An article in a scientific journal reporting the results of several research studies

C. A researcher's data from surveys, interviews, or observations

Only once a year, on his birthday, did Charlie Bucket ever get to taste a bit of chocolate. The whole family saved up their money for that special occasion, and when the great day arrived, Charlie was always presented with one small chocolate bar to eat all by himself. And each time he received it, on those marvelous birthday mornings, he would place it carefully in a small wooden box that he owned , and treasure it as though it were a bar of solid gold; and for the next few days, he would allow himself only to look at it, but never to touch it. —Roald Dahl, from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Based on his actions in the passage, which word best describes Charlie? A.Stubborn B.Generous C.Appreciative D.Prideful

C. Appreciative Charlie "carefully" handles the chocolate and "treasure(s) it as though it were a bar of solid gold." These lines depict Charlie as being appreciative for the special gift.

Which of the following key word lists best exemplifies a compare and contrast text structure? A.Because, so, therefore, consequently B.For example, such as, to illustrate, for instance C.Both, as well as, similarly, as opposed to D.First, second, prior to, subsequently

C. Both, as well as, similarly, as opposed to

German shepherds are the most familiar of the dogs employed as guides for the visually impaired, but collies, boxers, Labrador retrievers, and several other breeds have also been trained successfully for this job. It is not only the dog that must be trained. The person who is visually impaired and who will become the dog's master must also go to a special school, where the two can develop trust and a close understanding. Which of the following is the primary purpose of the paragraph? A. Describing different breeds of dogs so that people can choose a suitable guide dog B. Expressing an opinion about the preferred breed of dog to work with people who are visually impaired C. Explaining that guide dogs and people who are visually impaired receive training to work together D. Illustrating the process and steps involved in training guide dogs

C. Explaining that guide dogs and people who are visually impaired receive training to work together

The scarab beetle is an insect of ancient importance. Long ago, in Egyptian culture, the beetle was revered and associated with hope and health. In rich style, the Egyptians embellished many everyday items with the image of this beetle; it could be found on jewelry, notes or documents, and even gifts. There is no debate about the beetle. The scarab played a huge role in ancient Egyptian society. The excerpt is best described as which of the following types of writing? A. Argumentative B. Descriptive C. Expository D. Narrative

C. Expository

When a teacher is working with English learners who primarily speak Spanish as a first language, which of the following approaches is most effective in establishing sight word connections between languages? A.Preteaching vocabulary using drawings to represent new words B.Asking students to repeat each new word three times when reading it C.Focusing on cognates and relationships in meaning between languages D.Teaching students to use a dictionary to look up definitions of common words

C. Focusing on cognates and relationships in meaning between languages Focusing on cognates has a significant impact on ELLs who already know certain sight words in their native language. Except for the less-common false cognates, students are able to identify sight words readily because of the similar spellings and letter patterns (such as between the English word "family" and the Spanish word "familia").

Which of the following text features will best support a student with defining a word in a domain-specific textbook? A.Index B.Table of Contents C.Glossary D.Headings

C. Glossary The glossary contains the meaning of all important and content-specific vocabulary words within a textbook.

Which of the following word parts occurs in the word "agonize"? A. Prefix B. Base word C. Greek root D. Inflectional suffix

C. Greek root

Which of the following teacher questions will best help students to make a text-to-self connection when reading a text? A.Are there things in the story that are similar to things going on in the world? B.Does this story remind you of another story or book you have read? C.Have you ever been in a situation similar to that of any of the characters in the story? D.Do any of the characters in the story remind you of a character in a movie you have seen?

C. Have you ever been in a situation similar to that of any of the characters in the story? The question asks the student to empathize with the character, which is a text-to-self connection.

For more than four hundred years, the Akan people of Ghana in West Africa used a currency based on tiny grains of gold called gold dust. This desirable currency made the Akan very valued trading partners for the North African traders who crossed the Sahara Desert by camel caravan and for the seafaring Europeans who arrived on Africa's Atlantic Coast in ships laden with goods. The Akan were able to enrich their own lives by trading for goods with people of vastly different climates and cultures. Which of the following best describes the type of writing used in this excerpt? A. Descriptive B. Persuasive C. Informative D. Narrative

C. Informative

Which THREE of the following are considered reliable sources for research? A. Blogs B. Forums C. Newspapers D. Scholarly articles E. Educational institutions

C. Newspapers D. Scholarly articles E. Educational institutions

Which of the following types of writing is most effective to use for a letter to the local government about why a certain neighborhood needs sidewalks? A. Narrative B. Expository C. Persuasive D. Descriptive

C. Persuasive

The smallest single unit of sound in a language is a A.grapheme B.syllable C.phoneme D.morpheme

C. Phoneme A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another in any given language.

Which of the following tasks requires a reader to process Tier 3 vocabulary? A. Reading a descriptive passage that uses precise vocabulary words to describe familiar things B. Reading a narrative passage that uses high-frequency, single-meaning vocabulary words to describe a character C. Reading an informational passage that uses domain-specific vocabulary words to describe processes D. Reading an argumentative passage that uses challenging conversational vocabulary words to describe a problem

C. Reading an informational passage that uses domain-specific vocabulary words to describe processes

During which of the following steps of the writing process are students most likely to utilize a writer's checklist to assess their work? A.Brainstorming B.Drafting C.Revising D.Planning

C. Revising Writer's checklists are most often used by students during the revision stage of the writing process to ensure that they have completed the requirements for the assignment.

The following is an excerpt from a student writing sample. Once upon a time there was an athletic squirrel named Victor and there was an intelligent hamster named Clyde, they lived in a small town in Alabama. They got bored so they went to New Orleans and they joined a baseball team and they won seven games in a row. Victor broke his foot. Clyde was smart and knew first aid, he bandaged Victor up and signed his cast. They moved to New York to join a professional baseball team. Victor was a good pitcher and Clyde was a phenomenal catcher and that's how they helped their team win a championship. Life was certainly never boring again! Mini-lessons in which TWO of the following areas will best help the student improve the writing sample? A.Varying sentence structure B.Introducing the problem and solution C.Revising run-on sentences D.Using transition words to sequence events E.Developing character traits

C. Revising run-on sentences D. Using transition words to sequence events The student has multiple run-on sentences and does not use transition words between sentences.

Which of the following is considered a best practice for using visual aids during a presentation? A.Using visual aids abundantly to support each point and keep the audience engaged B.Providing complex and detailed visual aids that repeat or restate the information presented C.Selecting clear and targeted visual aids that reinforce or exemplify specific points discussed D.Presenting visual aids briefly and unexpectedly to excite the audience and build anticipation

C. Selecting clear and targeted visual aids that reinforce or exemplify specific points discussed Visual aids should be clear in purpose and should be supplemental to the presentation but should not contain all of the information in the presentation.

(1) A free-market economy is one in which the greater part of production, distribution, and exchange is controlled by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government. (2) Most people prefer for the government to have little to no control over businesses. (3) In fact, the term "free-market" sounds like a place where people can do business without any interference from the government. (4) However, government-imposed rules and regulations are vital to the economy because they keep business dealings fair, prohibit business holders from making unfair transactions, and keep consumers safe. (5) For example, if there were no government oversight, a dishonest grocer could cheat customers by making a scale indicate two pounds when it is really reading only one pound. (6) If there were no government oversight, there would be no requirement to list ingredients on food and cosmetics packages; those with allergies or sensitivities to certain ingredients would not be able to protect themselves from harmful additives. (7) Most people would agree that despite government oversight, a free-market economy is one where business owners have a great deal of freedom Which of the following sentences best states the main idea of the excerpt? A. Sentence 1 B. Sentence 3 C. Sentence 4 D. Sentence 6

C. Sentence 4

(1) Scientists have studied many insects. (2) Some of these insects use tools to survive. (3) One animal that uses tools to survive is called the sawfly. (4) This insect is called a sawfly because it has a tool that works like a saw. (5) It is not a real saw, but it looks and works like a real saw. (6) The saw is part of the sawfly's body. (7) The insect uses the saw to cut a small hole in a plant and then it places eggs in the hole. (8) After it creates the hole, the sawfly makes a glue that fastens the eggs in place. (9) No one is sure how the sawfly makes this glue, but scientists who have watched the sawfly have seen it happen. Which sentence of the passage explains how the sawfly secures its eggs? A. Sentence 2 B. Sentence 3 C. Sentence 8 D. Sentence 9

C. Sentence 8

(1) A free-market economy is one in which the greater part of production, distribution, and exchange is controlled by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government. (2) Most people prefer for the government to have little to no control over businesses. (3) In fact, the term "free-market" sounds like a place where people can do business without any interference from the government. (4) However, government-imposed rules and regulations are vital to the economy because they keep business dealings fair, prohibit business holders from making unfair transactions, and keep consumers safe. (5) For example, if there were no government oversight, a dishonest grocer could cheat customers by making a scale indicate two pounds when it is really reading only one pound. (6) If there were no government oversight, there would be no requirement to list ingredients on food and cosmetics packages; those with allergies or sensitivities to certain ingredients would not be able to protect themselves from harmful additives. (7) Most people would agree that despite government oversight, a free-market economy is one where business owners have a great deal of freedom. Which of the following pairs of sentences most strongly imply that people sometimes act irresponsibly when no one is watching? A. Sentences 2 and 3 B. Sentences 3 and 4 C. Sentences 5 and 6 D. Sentences 6 and 7

C. Sentences 5 and 6

Which of the following best describes the type of figurative language used in the book title My Dog is as Smelly as Dirty Socks by Hanoch Piven? A.Idiom B.Onomatopoeia C.Simile D.Allusion

C. Simile The title is comparing the smelly dog to dirty socks, which is showing similarities between two different things using "as."

Some time in the night I got up, tiptoed to my window, and looked out at my doghouse. It looked so lonely and empty sitting there in the moonlight. I could see that the door was slightly ajar. I thought of the many times I had lain in my bed and listened to the squeaking of the door as my dogs went in and out. I didn't know I was crying until I felt the tears roll down my cheeks. —Wilson Rawls, from Where the Red Fern Grows Which of the following student responses is the most supportable inference drawn from the passage? A.The narrator is crying at his window at night. B.The dogs are sleeping in the house instead of outside. C.Something has happened to the dogs and they are gone. D.The narrator is afraid of the sounds he is hearing from outside.

C. Something has happened to the dogs and they are gone. The narrator is looking at his empty doghouse and remembering the sounds his dogs made, and he is sad, implying that the dogs are now gone.

Which of the following statements about English-language learners is best supported by current research? A. Instruction is most beneficial to students learning English as a second language when it is delivered consistently and repeatedly according to a single instructional strategy. B. Teaching students explicitly how to use learning strategies shows little correlation with the students' success in learning English as a second language. C. Students need meaning-focused practice and appropriate form-focused instruction when learning English as a second language. D. Students of English as a second language learn the language most effectively in an environment with little social interaction to distract them.

C. Students need meaning-focused practice and appropriate form-focused instruction when learning English as a second language.

Following an oral presentation, a listener responds by restating the three key points of the speech. Which of the following components of active listening is the listener demonstrating? A. Encouraging B. Clarifying C. Summarizing D. Reflecting

C. Summarizing

"Reckon I have," said Walter. "Almost died first year I come to school and et them pecans—folks say he pizened 'em and put 'em over on the school side of the fence." — Harper Lee, from To Kill a Mockingbird Which of the following best describes how the language in the excerpt is used to characterize Walter? A. The imagery in the passage allows the reader to visualize Walter's appearance. B. The allusion in the passage informs the reader of an event that influenced Walter's life. C. The dialect in the passage presents the reader with insight into where Walter is from. D. The dialogue in the passage makes the reader aware of Walter's feelings about his community.

C. The dialect in the passage presents the reader with insight into where Walter is from.

I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi. I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, even if he was too distracted with sermons and prayers and suffering people to go grocery shopping. "But you know what?" I told Winn-Dixie. "You are a suffering dog, so maybe he will take to you right away. Maybe he'll let me keep you." Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail. He was kind of limping like something was wrong with one of his legs. And I have to admit, he stunk. Bad. He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart. — from Because of Winn-Dixie, by Kate DiCamillo Which of the following statements supports the observation that the passage is written in first-person point-of-view? A. The thoughts of the speaker and the dog are included in the passage. B. The events are arranged in sequential order in the passage. C. The speaker describes her personal experiences and emotions in the passage. D. There is a combination of dialogue and description in the passage.

C. The speaker describes her personal experiences and emotions in the passage.

An early-elementary student writes, "I hav a pet dog. I lik to pla bal wif him." The student reads it back to the teacher as, "I have a pet dog. I like to play ball with him." The student's writing is best categorized as which of the following developmental writing stages? A.Preliterate B.Emergent C.Transitional D.Fluent

C. Transitional In the transitional writing stage, a student should be able to identify most consonant sounds and vowel sounds but often still uses invented spellings.

Students in an elementary class are reading an illustrated story. Which of the following multimedia activities will most support comprehension? A.Accessing the author's Web site and downloading the coloring pages found there B.Finding online reviews of the story so that they can read and discuss other children's opinions C.Visiting a literacy center to watch a video read-aloud of the story on a tablet D.Viewing pictures of the illustrations on a projector screen after the story has been read

C. Visiting a literacy center to watch a video read-aloud of the story on a tablet Creating a literacy center where students can watch the familiar story read aloud on a tablet will enhance their learning by modeling good fluency, making the story familiar, and teaching new vocabulary through context and multiple rereads. It will also allow the students to independently connect to the story in a fun way.

Which of the following best describes a student in the semiphonetic stage of writing? A.Draws a recognizable picture to match an invented narrative B.Correctly spells most high-frequency words in sentences C.Writes one or more letters to represent every word D.Composes two or more sentences with correct punctuation

C. Writes one or more letters to represent every word Students in the semiphonetic stage are able to assign basic phonetic concepts to words as they express themselves in writing. Each word in this stage often has one or more letters to match each word the student is trying to write. Unlike the phonetic stage, students in the semiphonetic stage often do not include vowels in their words, but they can spell some high-frequency words correctly.

The clouds rolled in very slowly that afternoon. In the sentence, the word "very" functions as A. a verb B. an adjective C. an adverb D. a noun

C. an adverb

After locating basic information on a topic for a research report, the next best step to take in the process is to A. use an outline to organize the information gathered B. search for graphics to illustrate the report C. determine which information is most relevant to the research topic D. write a first draft of the research report

C. determine which information is most relevant to the research topic

In the passage below, main character Charlie Gordon records his thoughts in a journal entry. Dr Strauss says I shud rite down what I think and evrey thing that happins to me from now on. I dont know why but he says its importint so they will see if they will use me. I hope they use me. Miss Kinnian says maybe they can make me smart. I want to be smart. My name is Charlie Gordon. I am 37 years old and 2 weeks ago was my birthday. I have nuthing more to rite now so I will close for today. —Daniel Keyes, from "Flowers for Algernon" Which of the following details from the passage best supports the inference that Charlie Gordon is being considered for medical treatment designed to improve his intelligence? A."Dr Strauss says I shud rite down what I think." B."I dont know why but he says its importint." C."Miss Kinnian says maybe they can make me smart." D."I want to be smart."

C."Miss Kinnian says maybe they can make me smart."

Which of the following pairs of words contain a consonant sound that cannot be represented by any single letter? A."cradle" and "ceiling" B."crying" and "kindle" C."garage" and "vision" D."thumb" and "chick

C."garage" and "vision"

Students in a language arts class have completed short informational essays and are now working on turning them into oral presentations. The following excerpt is from one student's essay. A volcano is a mountain with an opening that leads down below Earth's surface to the molten rock below. The mountain is usually made of layers of ash and cooled lava. When magma builds up in the chamber at the bottom, the pressure pushes it up the main vent, and then gas, rocks, and lava shoot out through the crater. This is known as an eruption. Which of the following visual aids will best support the excerpt? A.A photograph showing an erupting volcano B.A time line showing volcanic eruptions that occurred in recent history C.A diagram showing the parts of a volcano D.A pie chart showing the percentages of different types of volcanoes

C.A diagram showing the parts of a volcano

Which of the following is best described as a primary source? A.An article in a magazine B.A nonfiction how-to book C.A diary entry by a historical figure D.An encyclopedia entry

C.A diary entry by a historical figure

When gathering information for a research paper, which of the following sources should be excluded due to its biased nature? A.A peer-reviewed article in an online journal B.A printed flyer providing statistics from a government Web site C.An editorial article in a well-known newspaper D.An edited excerpt from a research book

C.An editorial article in a well-known newspaper An editorial article is opinionated and does not provide reliable, unbiased information.

The following passages are excerpts from a government Web site about astronauts. Passage A Astronauts living and working in space have the same hygiene needs as people on Earth. They wash their hair, brush their teeth, shave, and wash their hands. However, because of the microgravity environment, astronauts take care of themselves in different ways. Astronauts wash their hair with a rinseless shampoo that was originally developed for hospital patients who were unable to take a shower. Many astronauts have a personal-hygiene kit. The kit contains the personal hygiene items each astronaut has chosen to take. Passage B Imagine going camping for more than a week with several of your close friends. Because you'll be away from home so long, you would make sure you have plenty of food and the gear to cook and eat it with. The food would have to be stored properly and be nonperishable to avoid spoilage. . . . Astronauts basically do the same thing when they go to space, but since they'll be away from the planet, preparations are a lot more intense. Preparation varies with the food type. Some foods can be eaten in their natural forms, such as brownies and fruit. Other foods require adding water, such as macaroni and cheese or spaghetti. Which of the following text headings would best assist a reader in determining the subject matter of Passage B? A.Life on Earth versus Life in Space B.Surviving the Harshness of Space C.Eating in Space D.Camping in Space

C.Eating in Space

(1) You know it has happened to you: you get home, open your math textbook, get ready to do the practice problems, and then you realize you forgot everything the teacher talked about in class that day! (2) One of the many excellent reasons to have a homework club after school is that students can get help from teachers who actually know the classes instead of parents or other grown-ups at home. (3) I talked to ten parents of my closest friends and more than half of them remembered a time when they found it difficult to help their child work through a homework assignment. (4) No matter how brainy a child is, it is always better to have the help of experts than it is to rely on grown-ups or family members. (5) I know some people in this school might disagree and say a homework club isn't important. (6) I've heard some people say that kids spend enough time in class and shouldn't need help with work and I've heard some people say that even a small amount of help could be given by someone at home too. (7) But everyone learns at a different pace and not everyone remembers ideas the first time he or she hears them. (8) And even though our parents and families might want to help us, people have busy schedules and not every child will be able to get the attention he or she might need. Which of the following revisions best corrects the error in sentence 6? A.Replacing the word "spend" with the word "spent" B.Inserting a period between the word "work" and the word "and" C.Eliminating the second instance of the phrase "I've heard some people say" D.Replacing the word "too" with the word "to"

C.Eliminating the second instance of the phrase "I've heard some people say" The use of the repeated phrase in the second independent clause is unnecessary and adds additional words and bulk to the sentence.

After reading two different informational texts on sharks, students are asked to complete a Venn diagram that includes facts from both texts. Which of the following best identifies the lesson's objective? A.Assessing comprehensive understanding of nonfiction B.Identifying text features of similar texts C.Enhancing understanding through comparison D.Identifying the cause-and-effect structure of texts

C.Enhancing understanding through comparison A Venn diagram is used to enhance understanding through comparison by having students record differences and similarities between two topics or texts.

A teacher created the following model text for a language arts class. I stepped onto the train and knew my adventure had finally begun. The buildings and bustling streets of the city turned into endless green fields dotted with wildflowers and steep mountains. The further into the country we got, the more I felt like I was entering a new world. The text can best be used to demonstrate which of the following aspects of narrative writing? A.Using transitions to convey a sequence of events B.Providing a conclusion that results from experience C.Establishing a setting with descriptive details D.Introducing a character's central conflict

C.Establishing a setting with descriptive details

In which of the following cooperative learning strategies are students assigned to be either observers or facilitators in a discussion on a particular topic? A.Turn-and-talk B.Round-robin C.Fishbowl D.Jigsaw

C.Fishbowl

The following excerpt is from a draft of a student's narrative. "wow what just happened I, I turned into a—" "beep beep beep" My alarm went off I turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning. I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast. When I got downstairs I realized it wasn't a normal day. It was mom's birthday! I ran down the stairs and I jumped into the hallway, my brown hair flying behind me, to go make a card. When I finished the card, I went upstairs and gave it to mom. Not to brag or anything, but it was fabulous. Before I could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said "get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce. you've got to pick it so we can make an awesome salad with it." Then I went outside to pick some lettuce. Finally it was 6:30 and for my family that's dinner time! The student writer would most benefit from a minilesson focusing on which of the following? A.Varying sentence types B.Using adverbs properly C.Following the rules of capitalization D.Choosing appropriate conjunctions

C.Following the rules of capitalization

Only once a year, on his birthday, did Charlie Bucket ever get to taste a bit of chocolate. The whole family saved up their money for that special occasion, and when the great day arrived, Charlie was always presented with one small chocolate bar to eat all by himself. And each time he received it, on those marvelous birthday mornings, he would place it carefully in a small wooden box that he owned , and treasure it as though it were a bar of solid gold; and for the next few days, he would allow himself only to look at it, but never to touch it. —Roald Dahl, from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Which of the following inferences about Charlie's family is best supported by the information in the passage? A.His family works long hours. B.His family has many members. C.His family is not wealthy. D. His family dislikes chocolate.

C.His family is not wealthy. The reader learns that Charlie only gets chocolate once a year and that all the members of his family had to chip in to buy it. The reader can use these details to infer that Charlie's family does not have a lot of money.

Which of the following words contains a Latin root meaning "beneath"? A.Intercept B.Introvert C.Infrastructure D.Irredeemable

C.Infrastructure

(1) Sally's mother asked her to mow the lawn. (2) Without a word, Sally went outside and began to mow the lawn it needed to be mowed, but no one else in the family was willing to do it. (3) It really looked good when she finished mowing. (4) She was so proud of her work that she no longer cared that her mother had insisted that she mow it. Which of the following revisions best corrects the punctuation error in sentence 2 ? A.Removing the comma after "word" B.Inserting a period between "mowed" and "but" C.Inserting a period between "lawn" and "it" D.Removing the comma after "mowed"

C.Inserting a period between "lawn" and "it" Without the period, the sentence is a run-on sentence.

Which of the following is a major challenge of teaching the decoding of /s/ to students in kindergarten? A.Students cannot write to reinforce their learning. B.The /s/ sound is difficult to pronounce until age 7. C.It is not possible to assign just one sound to the grapheme of "s." D.Students with varied dialects pronounce "s" differently.

C.It is not possible to assign just one sound to the grapheme of "s."

An elementary teacher groups students with differing reading abilities into core groups of three. Each member also belongs to another group that is assigned to read specific content to become experts on a chosen topic. After the specific-content groups take time to read and discuss their information, members return to their core groups where they share and exchange the knowledge gained in their specific-content groups. Which of the following collaborative strategies is the teacher implementing in the scenario? A.Round-table B.Directed reading thinking activity C.Jigsaw D.Reciprocal teaching

C.Jigsaw

Deserts encompass almost one fifth of the Earth's land surface. Vast stretches of empty sand stretch over a barren landscape. The endless sea of sand shifts constantly with the wind over the solitary scene. Scarce foliage inhabits the stark environment. Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage? A.Frightened B.Hopeful C.Lonely D.Concerned

C.Lonely

The following is an excerpt from a student's original short story. Mark thinks that it's really unfair that they cannot use a calculator on the final exam, especially since they use them in class all the time. The student will benefit from further instruction in which of the following elements of grammar? A.Using the proper contraction for "it is" B.Applying comma rules appropriately C.Making sure nouns and pronouns agree D.Making sure subjects and verbs agree

C.Making sure nouns and pronouns agree

The following is a student writing sample. The day started like any other sunny Friday morning. I got out of bed and made my way to the bathroom to brush my teeth. But as the day continued, it got worse. Oh boy, what a mess I got myself into! The passage is best described as which of the following types of writing? A.Descriptive B.Expository C.Narrative D.Persuasive

C.Narrative

"I was led past the sphinx of white marble, which had seemed to watch me all the while with a smile at my astonishment, toward a vast grey edifice of fretted stone." —H. G. Wells, from The Time Machine Which of the following best describes the type of figurative language used in the excerpt? A.Idiom B.Onomatopoeia C.Personification D.Metaphor

C.Personification

(1) You know it has happened to you: you get home, open your math textbook, get ready to do the practice problems, and then you realize you forgot everything the teacher talked about in class that day! (2) One of the many excellent reasons to have a homework club after school is that students can get help from teachers who actually know the classes instead of parents or other grown-ups at home. (3) I talked to ten parents of my closest friends and more than half of them remembered a time when they found it difficult to help their child work through a homework assignment. (4) No matter how brainy a child is, it is always better to have the help of experts than it is to rely on grown-ups or family members. (5) I know some people in this school might disagree and say a homework club isn't important. (6) I've heard some people say that kids spend enough time in class and shouldn't need help with work and I've heard some people say that even a small amount of help could be given by someone at home too. (7) But everyone learns at a different pace and not everyone remembers ideas the first time he or she hears them. (8) And even though our parents and families might want to help us, people have busy schedules and not every child will be able to get the attention he or she might need. Which of the following revisions most improves word choice and tone in the student draft? A.Replacing "you forgot everything" with "you failed to remember anything" in sentence 1 B.Replacing the word "excellent" with the word "extraordinary" in sentence 2 C.Replacing the word "brainy" with the word "intelligent" in sentence 4 D.Replacing the word "important" with the word "necessary" in sentence 5

C.Replacing the word "brainy" with the word "intelligent" in sentence 4 The word "brainy" is informal and does not fit the serious argument being made in the sentence.

Which of the following graphic organizers would best support students in summarizing a story they have read? A.KWL chart B.Fishbone diagram C.SWBST chart D.Venn diagram

C.SWBST chart

A teacher analyzing a reading passage for its qualitative text complexity should consider which TWO of the following? A.The number of words that will be unfamiliar to the students B.The background knowledge of the students C.The various levels of meaning in the passage D.The students' interest level in the passage subject E.The language conventionality of the excerpt

C.The various levels of meaning in the passage E.The language conventionality of the excerpt

Waiting in her closet of a room, Turtle stared at the white-weighted branches of the maple tree on the hill. A twig snapped in silence, a flurry speckled across the crusted snow. Sometimes when her mother was too busy to do her hair she sent Angela in, but today no one came. They had forgotten about her. Brush and comb clutched in her fists like weapons, she stormed into apartment 2C. "Do you know how to braid hair?" —Ellen Raskin, from The Westing Game Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A.Turtle is angry with the resident of apartment 2C. B.Turtle dislikes the snow outside. C.Turtle is upset about being neglected. D.Turtle is going to assault her neighbor.

C.Turtle is upset about being neglected.

A student reads the following sentence in a text. Our family had a wonderful time helping Aunt Sue celebrate becoming a centenarian. Which of the following student strategies is most appropriate to determine the meaning of the word "centenarian"? A.Looking in a thesaurus for a synonym B.Analyzing the word placement in the sentence C.Using knowledge of the root word "cent" D.Thinking about examples of celebration

C.Using knowledge of the root word "cent" The root word "cent," which the student is most likely familiar with, means 100.

To increase comprehension, a reading teacher suggests that a student read a selection from a text repeatedly, while focusing on proper intonation. The intervention is appropriate for helping the student to A.self-monitor for meaning B.decode unknown words C.avoid reading through punctuation D.avoid substituting an incorrect word

C.avoid reading through punctuation

Replacing the word "hunting" with the word "predation" is an example of switching from A.conversational to academic vocabulary B.academic to domain-specific vocabulary C.conversational to domain-specific vocabulary D.domain-specific to academic vocabulary

C.conversational to domain-specific vocabulary

An advantage of cloud-based word-processing tools over traditional word-processing software is that they A.provide a spelling and grammar check to help with editing B.allow for a more polished-looking hard copy C.provide a platform for collaboration among users D.allow for the integration of images and graphics

C.provide a platform for collaboration among users

Alex baits a hook, attaches a heavy sinker, and hangs the fishing line overboard. It drops to the bottom. He waits and feels with his fingers for a tug on the line. He feels a nibble. He pulls. Nothing. He feels another nibble and tugs hard. He has it. The hook is set. Alex holds on and starts pulling it in. Which of the following is the predominant pattern of organization in the passage? -Chronological order -Cause and effect -Spatial order -Problem and solution

Chronological Order This question asks you to recognize the predominant pattern of text structure. The writer organizes events in the order in which they happened — that is, in chronological order — using simple descriptive language to help the reader visualize the process.

Qualitative measure

Clarity, purpose. different levels of visual aids and pic support

During a presentation, the speaker grimaces apologetically and then pauses to allow the audience to react to the message. In this situation, the speaker best demonstrates which of the following skills? -Enunciating words to ensure clear delivery of a message -Communicating by matching nonverbal cues with a message -Explaining details thoroughly to ensure understanding of a message -Sharing personal anecdotes so the audience can relate to a message

Communicating by matching nonverbal cues with a message This question tests your knowledge of verbal and physical cues and their translation. Facial expressions and pauses are examples of nonverbal communication that can support or enhance the delivery of a message.

Language and Communication Domain

Communication skills

Simple or Compound: I ran, and I walked.

Compound. Simple sentences on both sides of AND +Comma

A reader who has demonstrated fluency while reading an informational text can now use available cognitive resources to focus on which of the following? -Decoding difficult words in the text -Comprehending the main ideas in the text -Engaging with the text at a fast reading rate -Transferring knowledge of domain-specific vocabulary to other texts

Comprehending the main ideas in the text If a reader does not need to concentrate on word recognition demands while reading, most of the cognitive resources a reader brings to the task can be used to comprehend the text.

Text-to-world

Connects reading to a topic or an event that has taken place in the world.

Text-to-text

Connects reading to something else that you have read

Text-to-self

Connects text and personal experience.

Your students read 2 different informational texts about dolphins. Then they are asked to fill out Venn Diagram, What is your lessons objective?

Create better understanding of text through Comparison/contrast

I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi. I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, even if he was too distracted with sermons and prayers and suffering people to go grocery shopping. "But you know what?" I told Winn-Dixie. "You are a suffering dog, so maybe he will take to you right away. Maybe he'll let me keep you." Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail. He was kind of limping like something was wrong with one of his legs. And I have to admit, he stunk. Bad. He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart. — from Because of Winn-Dixie, by Kate DiCamillo Which of the following quotations from the passage best supports the claim that the novel's overall theme is acceptance? A. "I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi." B. "I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, . . ." C. "Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail." D. "He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart."

D. "He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart."

A student has created a document with many specialty fonts and images in the school's computer lab. In which of the following formats should the student save the file to best ensure the integrity of the document when opened on a personal laptop? A. .jpeg B. .doc C. .xls D. .pdf

D. .pdf

Although she gave hundreds of zucchini away, the enormous amount that was left over frightened her. In the sentence, "although" serves as which of the following parts of speech? A. An adjective B. An interjection C. A preposition D. A conjunction

D. A conjunction

(1) A free-market economy is one in which the greater part of production, distribution, and exchange is controlled by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government. (2) Most people prefer for the government to have little to no control over businesses. (3) In fact, the term "free-market" sounds like a place where people can do business without any interference from the government. (4) However, government-imposed rules and regulations are vital to the economy because they keep business dealings fair, prohibit business holders from making unfair transactions, and keep consumers safe. (5) For example, if there were no government oversight, a dishonest grocer could cheat customers by making a scale indicate two pounds when it is really reading only one pound. (6) If there were no government oversight, there would be no requirement to list ingredients on food and cosmetics packages; those with allergies or sensitivities to certain ingredients would not be able to protect themselves from harmful additives. (7) Most people would agree that despite government oversight, a free-market economy is one where business owners have a great deal of freedom Which of the following details should be inserted between sentences 6 and 7 to best facilitate the flow of ideas? A. A list of countries with free-market economies B. The name of a law that protects consumers in a free-market economy C. An example of a benefit of government oversight in a free-market economy D. An example of the types of choices that business owners have in a free-market economy

D. An example of the types of choices that business owners have in a free-market economy

The scarab beetle is an insect of ancient importance. Long ago, in Egyptian culture, the beetle was revered and associated with hope and health. In rich style, the Egyptians embellished many everyday items with the image of this beetle; it could be found on jewelry, notes or documents, and even gifts. There is no debate about the beetle. The scarab played a huge role in ancient Egyptian society. Which of the following can best be inferred from the excerpt? A. Images of insects were often featured on the currency of ancient cultures. B. Modern Egyptian society is still fascinated by the scarab beetle. C. The scarab beetle was an ancient insect that became extinct hundreds of years ago. D. Ancient Egyptians imprinted images of iconic creatures on common items.

D. Ancient Egyptians imprinted images of iconic creatures on common items.

Which of the following bibliographic entries is the best example of correct MLA citation? A.Roald Dahl, The Witches. Farrar Straus Giroux: New York, 1983. Print. B.Dahl, Roald. Farrar Straus Giroux. The Witches. New York: 1983. Print. C.The Witches, Dahl, Roald. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1983. Print. D.Dahl, Roald. The Witches. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1983. Print.

D. Dahl, Roald. The Witches. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1983. Print. The current MLA guideline requires the author's name first (last, first), then the book title in italics, the city, followed by a colon, the publisher, the year of publication, then "Print."

Daniel a very talented art student agreed to paint the scenery for the class play and Katherine offers to sew the costumes. Which of the following revisions corrects the grammatical errors contained in the sentence? A. Daniel, a very talented art student, agreed to paint the scenery for the class play; and Katherine offers to sew the costumes. B. Daniel, a very talented art student agrees to paint the scenery for the class play since Katherine offered to sew the costumes. C. Daniel is a very talented art student who agreed to paint the scenery for the class play; and Katherine offers to sew the costumes. D. Daniel, a very talented art student, agreed to paint the scenery for the class play, and Katherine offered to sew the costumes.

D. Daniel, a very talented art student, agreed to paint the scenery for the class play, and Katherine offered to sew the costumes.

After choosing a topic for a research paper, a student should do which of the following as a next step? A.Take notes from multiple scholarly sources B.Write a detailed first draft of the paper to work from C.Create an in-depth outline of the paper's structure D.Determine subtopics through preliminary research

D. Determine subtopics through preliminary research Creating subtopics through preliminary research will help focus the paper and make further research more efficient and effective.

After conducting research on a Web site, a writer consults several alternative sources, both print and digital, to verify the information from the site. The writer's actions best demonstrate an understanding of which of the following aspects of evaluating online resources? A. Identifying the criteria for inclusion of information found on a Web site B. Labeling a Web site as a primary or secondary source C. Synthesizing details from a Web site in a meaningful way D. Determining the accuracy of information found on a Web site

D. Determining the accuracy of information found on a Web site

When students engage in conversation about a novel they are reading, their comprehension of the novel improves. Which of the following best explains the increase in reading comprehension? A. Communicating orally with others enables readers to confirm their ideas about the theme B. Talking about the text gives readers an opportunity to summarize the details of the plot C. Interacting orally with others encourages readers to use academic vocabulary to extend the meaning of a text D. Discussing the text requires readers to meet the challenge of clearly explaining their thinking to others

D. Discussing the text requires readers to meet the challenge of clearly explaining their thinking to others

The following passage relates to the United States Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Madison was a scholar. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Jefferson had taken Franklin's place as America's minister in France. Jefferson sent Madison books—hundreds of books—and he sent his ideas. Madison read about governments of ancient Greece and Rome and other places and times. Then he took the best ideas he found and wrote them in notebooks that he brought with him to the convention. By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention. It was called the Virginia Plan, and it made things much easier for all the delegates at the convention. When they began their meeting, they had a document in front of them. It gave them a starting point; it helped speed up the process. And that summer, anything that made work easier was appreciated. —Joy Hakim, from A History of US Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following statements best describes how ideas are presented in the passage? A.The events that occurred at the Constitutional Convention are recounted in sequential order. B.Information about the work of several people is presented, followed by a discussion of their contributions at the convention. C.The obstacles to creating a government are introduced, followed by solutions that were discussed. D.Explanations about ideas and people who contributed to the convention are presented, followed by the effect of those contributions.

D. Explanations about ideas and people who contributed to the convention are presented, followed by the effect of those contributions. The work of James Madison to gather resources and ideas is discussed, followed by a narrative recounting the beginning of the convention and a description of how Madison's contributions made the proceedings more efficient.

Which of the following instructional activities best helps to foster and improve articulation skills? A.Saying a letter sound and having students point to an object in the classroom that begins with the letter B.Giving students cards containing words and instructing them to use the words to build a sentence C.Selecting passages that contain dialogue and having students read them independently D.Having students recite rhymes and riddles, first through choral reading and then individually

D. Having students recite rhymes and riddles, first through choral reading and then individually Rhymes and riddles are easy to read and help build sound awareness and promote articulation.

Which of the following words contains a root that means "different"? A. Ambivalent B. Dysfunction C. Morphological D. Heterogeneous

D. Heterogeneous

To best promote collaboration during group work, students should be grouped in which of the following ways? A. Homogeneously according to their ability levels B. Randomly, without consideration of their backgrounds C. Homogeneously according to their similar interests D. Heterogeneously, with consideration of their backgrounds

D. Heterogeneously, with consideration of their backgrounds

Stephanie and her mother did not see eye to eye about plans for the weekend. The sentence contains an example of which of the following types of figurative language? A. Personification B. Irony C. Paradox D. Idiom

D. Idiom

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the impact of fluency on reading comprehension? A.For most students, fluency has the greatest effect on reading comprehension between third grade and eighth grade. B.The role of fluency diminishes in the secondary grades, where instruction should focus primarily on discrete comprehension skills. C.The ability to remember details about what is read is enhanced with fluency, though fluency does not improve word recognition skills. D.In reading, fluency reduces the cognitive load required to decode words and thus enhances the ability to remember what was read.

D. In reading, fluency reduces the cognitive load required to decode words and thus enhances the ability to remember what was read Fluency supports both reading comprehension and word recognition skills.

The following excerpt from a science journal is about searching for life on Mars. Detecting molecules as complex as a protein or a polysaccharide would be strong evidence of life, widely defined; a biological system that encodes information and uses this information to build complex molecules. These complex molecules would stand out against a background of simple prebiotic molecules like a skyscraper would stand out against a field of skyscrapers. Which of the following best describes the tone of the last sentence of the excerpt? A. Accusatory B. Quizzical C. Cynical D. Ironic

D. Ironic

Long ago, the mice had a general council to consider what measures they could take to outwit their common enemy, the Cat. Some said this, and some said that; but at last a young mouse got up and said he had a proposal to make, which he thought would meet the case. "You will all agree," said he, "that our chief danger consists in the sly and treacherous manner in which the enemy approaches us. Now, if we could receive some signal of her approach, we could easily escape from her. I venture, therefore, to propose that a small bell be procured, and attached by a ribbon round the neck of the Cat. By this means we should always know when she was about, and could easily retire while she was in the neighborhood." This proposal met with general applause, until an old mouse got up and said: "That is all very well, but who is to bell the Cat?" The mice looked at one another and nobody spoke. Then the old mouse said: "It is easy to propose impossible remedies." — "Belling the Cat" by Aesop Which of the following best paraphrases the moral of the fable? A. Older usually means wiser. B. Outsmarting an enemy is a task best left to older generations. C. It is best to go with group consensus. D. It is important to be realistic when proposing a solution to a problem.

D. It is important to be realistic when proposing a solution to a problem

A group research task involves the following steps. 1.) Formulate a research question. 2.) Gather information and organize the findings. 3.) Collaborate on composing, revising, and editing a written report. 4.) Publish a version of the report that can be downloaded from the class Web page and can be printed as a hard copy for the teacher. 5.) Present the findings to the class orally, using visual aids Which of the following types of digital formats will best allow students to meet both publishing requirements in step 4? A. GIF B. MOV C. JPEG D. PDF

D. PDF

The ability to identify four distinct sounds in the word "clap" demonstrates competence in which of the following phonemic awareness skills? A. Phoneme identity B. Phoneme categorization C. Phoneme blending D. Phoneme segmentation

D. Phoneme segmentation

Which of the following factors of text complexity addresses the visuals or pictures in a text? A. Quantitative measures B. Reader and the reading task C. Grade level D. Qualitative measures

D. Qualitative measures

Which of the following terms best identifies the part of a syllable that consists of a vowel and any consonant sounds that follow the vowel? A.Phoneme B.Morpheme C.Onset D.Rime

D. Rime A rime is the part of the word including the vowel and what follows the vowel.

Which of the following is a quantitative feature of text complexity? A. Students' motivation to read a text B. The intricacy of the analogies in a text C. Students' prior knowledge related to a text's subject matter D. The number of complex and compound sentences in a text

D. The number of complex and compound sentences in a text

I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi. I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, even if he was too distracted with sermons and prayers and suffering people to go grocery shopping. "But you know what?" I told Winn-Dixie. "You are a suffering dog, so maybe he will take to you right away. Maybe he'll let me keep you." Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail. He was kind of limping like something was wrong with one of his legs. And I have to admit, he stunk. Bad. He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart. — from Because of Winn-Dixie, by Kate DiCamillo Which of the following details from the passage best supports the inference that "the preacher" is the speaker's father? A. The preacher cares for people who are suffering. B. The preacher was too busy to go to the grocery store. C. The speaker describes the preacher to Winn-Dixie. D. The speaker hopes the preacher will let her keep Winn-Dixie

D. The speaker hopes the preacher will let her keep Winn-Dixie

If I could have the best job in the world, it would be to play for a major league baseball team when I'm older. I believe that a major league team should hire me because of my excellent skills. I also have a positive attitude and I want to play the game. Also I think a team should hire me because of the talent I have that will support the team's success. The team could probably win the World Series!They should hire me because I can hit the ball really hard and score runs in every game. I can catch the ball really good. I can get the players on the other team out really easily. I can throw great to all the bases to get them out. I can run the bases OK and when it comes to stealing the bases most of the time I don't get out. My batting average is good. I hardly ever make errors. When I hit the ball, I mostly get singles but sometimes doubles. I might hit a homerun sometimes. I want this job because I'm really good at the sport. I can do a lot for my team and the fans and the owner and the manager. More people will watch the games on TV if I'm on the team and that will bring the ratings up. The student writing sample best shows an understanding of which of the following components of effective writing? A. The sample is clearly and logically organized and includes an introduction, body, and conclusion. B. The writer's arguments and support in the sample are presented in a logical order that makes it easy for the reader to follow. C. There are a variety of transitions that clearly show how ideas are connected, and the sample includes a variety of sentence types. D. The thesis statement names the topic of the sample, and then the main points that support a position are introduced.

D. The thesis statement names the topic of the sample, and then the main points that support a position are introduced.

As Arctic ice continues to melt, the polar bear's quest for food often leads to swimming long distances, ultimately ending in starvation. Last year, a policy paper outlined a multi-step plan to save the ever-declining polar bear population, which included the risky suggestion to feed the bears directly. There are many endangered species on this planet, and it is not the case that one is more important or critical than another. However, when we see candid images of these majestic creatures in their environment, it becomes apparent how desperately they need saving. The author of the passage can best be described as having a point of view similar to A. a politician discussing climate change B. an educator teaching a class about animal behavior C. a company executive arranging a wildlife benefit D. a conservationist pleading for a vulnerable species

D. a conservationist pleading for a vulnerable species

A student has just finished revising a piece of narrative writing. The next step for the student will most likely be to A.brainstorm ideas for the setting of the story B.ensure that the ideas in the story are well organized C.publish the story using digital resources D.proofread the story for spelling and mechanics errors

D. proofread the story for spelling and mechanics errors After making major revisions, the next step in the writing process is to edit for spelling and grammar.

Passage 1 While Alexander Graham Bell was experimenting with telegraph instruments in the early 1870s, he realized it might be possible to transmit the human voice over a wire using electricity. Bell's interest in electricity continued, and he attempted to send several telegraph messages over a single wire at one time. It was on June 2, 1875, while Bell was at one end of the line and his assistant Watson worked on the reeds of the telegraph in another room that he heard the sound of a plucked reed coming to him over the wire. Passage 2 After many failed attempts, Alexander Graham Bell invented a working telephone. The next step was to make the telephone accessible so people could use it. This involved putting in lines to carry the telephone messages. The first telephone lines went from one person's phone to another. Those were called landlines. Then they added what are called switching stations, so one could reach more than one place. Even though it was not the most efficient system, it still worked well enough for people to communicate Although both passages discuss Alexander Graham Bell's telephone, passage 1 is primarily concerned with __________________, while passage 2 is mostly concerned with __________________. A. the first sound transmitted via telephone / world interest in telephones B. Bell's interest in the telegraph / the first switching station C. Watson's contribution to the telephone / Bell's failures with the telegraph D. the invention of the telephone / the installation of the first telephone lines

D. the invention of the telephone / the installation of the first telephone lines

The Hare was once boasting of his speed before the other animals. "I've never been beaten in a race," said he. "I challenge anyone here to race with me." The Tortoise said quietly, "I accept your challenge." "That is a good joke," said the Hare. "I could dance round you all the way." "Keep your boasting till you've beaten me," answered the Tortoise. "Shall we race?" So a course was fixed and a start was made. The Hare darted almost out of sight at once, but soon stopped. "I should stop for a rest," he said to himself. "That would make tortoise's loss even more embarrassing." And so he lay down to have a nap. The Tortoise plodded on and plodded on, and when the Hare awoke from his nap, he saw the Tortoise just near the winning-post and could not run up in time to save the race. Then said the Tortoise: "Plodding wins the race." —Aesop, adapted from The Hare and the Tortoise After reading the story, a student remarks in the discussion that the Hare is spiteful. Which of the following lines of Hare's dialogue best supports the student's statement? A."I've never been beaten in a race . . ." B."I challenge anyone here to race with me." C."I should stop for a rest . . ." D."That would make tortoise's loss even more embarrassing."

D."That would make tortoise's loss even more embarrassing."

The following passage is from the World Health Organization's Web site. Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and all the related factors impacting behaviors. It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted toward preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. Which of the following examples best incorporates the source language while avoiding plagiarism? A.It is targeted toward preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. B.Preventing disease and creating healthy environments is a target of environmental health. C."It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health." D.According the World Health Organization, "Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person . . ."

D.According the World Health Organization, "Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person . . ."

Which of the following multisyllabic words is correctly segmented into its phonemes? A.Dif-fer-ent B.St-op-s-ign C.R-e-s-t-a-u-r-a-n-t D.C-are-f-u-ll-y

D.C-are-f-u-ll-y

Star light, star bright, First star I see tonight, I wish I may, I wish I might, Have this wish I wish tonight. Which of the following words in the poem is a sight word that cannot be decoded using conventional rules? A.Star B.See C.May D.Have

D.Have

As much as I druther you stuck to pickin' your guitar, Chuck Wagon, the fact is all of us here are set in our ways. You can't teach an old cowpoke new tricks. But a dog—that's another story. In no time at all a good dog'll be behavin' just the way you want 'im to—herdin' cattle, chasin' off bobcats and mountain lions . . . —John Frank, from The Toughest Cowboy or How the Wild West Was Tamed Which of the following best identifies the impact of the colloquial language in the passage? A.It implies that the character is different from others. B.It makes the character seem old-fashioned. C.It complements the setting of the story. D.It adds authenticity and meaning to the story.

D.It adds authenticity and meaning to the story. Using a dialect within the work adds a level of authenticity and meaning to the story. The reader can hear the character as the book is being read.

The following is an excerpt from a student's essay. Many believe that letting kids have cell phones in school will ultimately cause conflict. Without cell phones kids are better able to focus on their schoolwork. I believe that there are many distractions in today's world. Kids should be trusted to focus on their schoolwork with or without a cell phone. Which of the following best describes the writer's purpose in the paragraph? A.Convincing students of the benefits of cell phones B.Encouraging school officials to change the cell phone policy C.Explaining the reasons why schools have cell phone policies D.Presenting a counterargument to commonly-held ideas about cell phone use

D.Presenting a counterargument to commonly-held ideas about cell phone use

Which of the following techniques is most appropriate to use when communicating with an English-language learner? A.Using gestures or body language to convey a message B.Providing hints or helping to answer questions C.Using humor or idioms to illustrate a point D.Providing pictures or outlines to supplement language

D.Providing pictures or outlines to supplement language

A teacher writes the following sentences on the board. The dog slept on the porch. The dog ate on the porch. The dog pretty much lived on the porch. The dog ate on the porch, slept on the porch, and pretty much lived on the porch. Which of the following language features do the sentences best demonstrate? A.Voice B.Word choice C.Conventions D.Sentence fluency

D.Sentence fluency The teacher converted three choppy to sentences to one flowing sentence.

A student is presenting a speech about the need for nature conservation. Which of the following guidelines is most appropriate for the student to follow? A.Use conversational language and slang to connect the audience to the topic and hold its attention B.Speak loudly when making a persuasive comment to make sure the audience understands the concept C.Read important research information directly from note cards to demonstrate knowledge of the content D.Slow down the rate of speaking when transitioning into more complex content

D.Slow down the rate of speaking when transitioning into more complex content

(1) You know it has happened to you: you get home, open your math textbook, get ready to do the practice problems, and then you realize you forgot everything the teacher talked about in class that day! (2) One of the many excellent reasons to have a homework club after school is that students can get help from teachers who actually know the classes instead of parents or other grown-ups at home. (3) I talked to ten parents of my closest friends and more than half of them remembered a time when they found it difficult to help their child work through a homework assignment. (4) No matter how brainy a child is, it is always better to have the help of experts than it is to rely on grown-ups or family members. (5) I know some people in this school might disagree and say a homework club isn't important. (6) I've heard some people say that kids spend enough time in class and shouldn't need help with work and I've heard some people say that even a small amount of help could be given by someone at home too. (7) But everyone learns at a different pace and not everyone remembers ideas the first time he or she hears them. (8) And even though our parents and families might want to help us, people have busy schedules and not every child will be able to get the attention he or she might need. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the second paragraph? A.The writer introduces another idea that supports the overall thesis and then elaborates on the idea with details. B.The writer uses a cause-and-effect structure to demonstrate the main idea. C.The writer uses order-of-importance structure to emphasize the strength of the claim. D.The writer introduces a counterargument and then seeks to refute it using supporting evidence.

D.The writer introduces a counterargument and then seeks to refute it using supporting evidence. The writer introduces a counterclaim about reasons that some people believe a homework club is not needed and then provides supporting details to refute these reasons.

Which of the following words is most appropriate to include on a list of spelling words that contain a silent consonant? A.Under B.Flower C.Switches D.Whistle

D.Whistle

Phonological awareness primarily affects literacy skills through its impact on students' ability to A.imitate and produce basic sentence structures B.use context clues to confirm understanding C.read with appropriate rate and expression D.decode multisyllable words in a text

D.decode multisyllable words in a text

If you were level with the patch so that it was edge-on, it was nearly invisible, and it was completely invisible from behind. You could see it only from the side nearest the road, and you couldn't see it easily even from there, because all you could see through it was exactly the same kind of thing that lay in front of it on this side: a patch of grass lit by a streetlight. But Will knew without the slightest doubt that that patch of grass on the other side was in a different world. —Philip Pullman, from The Subtle Knife As used in the passage, the description of the setting best assists the reader in A.evaluating the personality traits of the protagonist B.discovering the possible central conflict within the narrative C.understanding the time and place of the main action D.discerning the possible genre of the work of fiction

D.discerning the possible genre of the work of fiction

Example of MLA citation

Dahl, Roald. The witches. New York: Farrar Straus Gioux, 1983. Print. Last Name, First name, tittle of book. City: Publisher, Date. Print.

Which THREE of the following are characteristics of a fluent reader? -Decodes unfamiliar words with accuracy -Determines definitions of unfamiliar words with ease -Demonstrates developmentally appropriate automaticity -Reads aloud with proper expression and regard for punctuation -Paraphrases new information presented in a text without difficulty

Decodes unfamiliar words with accuracy, demonstrates developmentally appropriate automaticity, and reads aloud with proper expression and regard for punctuation

Would the words mat, bat, and sat be used to teach sight word instruction OR decoding instruction?

Decoding Instruction

After locating basic information on a topic for a research report, the next best step to take in the process is to -use an outline to organize the information gathered -search for graphics to illustrate the report -determine which information is most relevant to the research topic -write a first draft of the research report

Determine which information is most relevant to the research topic This question asks you to apply your knowledge of proper research techniques. After a student has located and accessed information, it is necessary to analyze, interpret, and evaluate that information for its usefulness and reliability before synthesizing it.

After conducting research on a Web site, a writer consults several alternative sources, both print and digital, to verify the information from the site. The writer's actions best demonstrate an understanding of which of the following aspects of evaluating online resources? -Identifying the criteria for inclusion of information found on a Web site -Labeling a Web site as a primary or secondary source -Synthesizing details from a Web site in a meaningful way -Determining the accuracy of information found on a Web site

Determining the accuracy of information found on a website The accuracy of information found on a Web site can be determined by consulting other reliable sources and confirming that the information is consistent.

Discussing a proposed argumentative writing topic with peers who have different viewpoints on the issue will best help a writer to -develop counterclaims -write in alternative genres -improve oral communication skills -communicate effectively using visual aids

Develop counterclaims Discussing a topic with those who have a different point of view will help the writer consider other stances on the issue and will thus help the writer develop counterclaims.

When students engage in conversation about a novel they are reading, their comprehension of the novel improves. Which of the following best explains the increase in reading comprehension? -Communicating orally with others enables readers to confirm their ideas about the theme -Talking about the text gives readers an opportunity to summarize the details of the plot -Interacting orally with others encourages readers to use academic vocabulary to extend the meaning of a text -Discussing the text requires readers to meet the challenge of clearly explaining their thinking to others

Discussing the text requires readers to meet the challenge of clearly explaining their thinking to others This question tests understanding of the benefits of collaborative communication. After reading a novel, students need to challenge themselves to communicate their thoughts and ideas about the text to others. Speaking, an expressive form of language, requires the students to think again, organize their thoughts, and communicate clearly to other readers.

Inferences

Drawing conclusion from evidence of story

Literature Circle

Each student has a role in discussing book

What source is biased in nature?

Editorials (opinionated)

**RULE for sentences**

Every sentence MUST have BOTH a subject & predicate

German shepherds are the most familiar of the dogs employed as guides for the visually impaired, but collies, boxers, Labrador retrievers, and several other breeds have also been trained successfully for this job. It is not only the dog that must be trained. The person who is visually impaired and who will become the dog's master must also go to a special school, where the two can develop trust and a close understanding. Which of the following is the primary purpose of the paragraph? -Describing different breeds of dogs so that people can choose a suitable guide dog -Expressing an opinion about the preferred breed of dog to work with people who are visually impaired -Explaining that guide dogs and people who are visually impaired receive training to work together -Illustrating the process and steps involved in training guide dogs

Explaining that guide dogs and people who are visually impaired receive training to work together. This question asks you to identify the primary purpose of a nonfiction paragraph. While types of dogs that are typically used as guides are mentioned in the beginning of the paragraph, this is simply a lead-in to the primary focus that both guide dogs and people who are visually impaired receive training to learn how to work together.

The scarab beetle is an insect of ancient importance. Long ago, in Egyptian culture, the beetle was revered and associated with hope and health. In rich style, the Egyptians embellished many everyday items with the image of this beetle; it could be found on jewelry, notes or documents, and even gifts. There is no debate about the beetle. The scarab played a huge role in ancient Egyptian society. The excerpt is best described as which of the following types of writing? -Argumentative -Descriptive -Expository -Narrative

Expository The purpose of expository writing is to provide information about a topic. The passage provides the reader with a broad overview of the importance of the scarab beetle in Ancient Egyptian culture.

Conjuction

FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

NOT Active Listening Skills:

Focus on how you are going to respond as the speaker is talking

Transition words for specific examples:

For example, such as, for instance

Indicate whether each of the following words is best identified as a high-frequency sight word or a decodable word. -Forgot -Because -Was -Sleepy

Forgot = Decodable Because = High Frequency Was = High Frequency Sleepy = Decodable

Glossary

Found in the back of the book and tells what important words mean.

Detuctive Reasoning

General to specific

Which of the following word parts occurs in the word "agonize"? -Prefix -Inflection -Greek root -Derivational suffix

Greek Root Greek roots are the simple elements out of which many English words are formed. In this case, "agon," which means contest or struggle, is used to create the English word "agonized."

Flexible Grouping

Grouping students according to shared instructional needs and abilities and regrouping as their instructional needs change.

A student is having trouble summarizing information text. What can help?

Guided Comprehension Questions

I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi. I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, even if he was too distracted with sermons and prayers and suffering people to go grocery shopping. "But you know what?" I told Winn-Dixie. "You are a suffering dog, so maybe he will take to you right away. Maybe he'll let me keep you." Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail. He was kind of limping like something was wrong with one of his legs. And I have to admit, he stunk. Bad. He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart. — from Because of Winn-Dixie, by Kate DiCamillo Which of the following quotations from the passage best supports the claim that the novel's overall theme is acceptance? -"I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi." -"I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, . . ." -"Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail." -"He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart."

He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart. The sentence indicates that the speaker accepts the dog even though it has some flaws.

Organizational features

Headings/SIDEBARS/titles

Guided Qs

Help students improve students ability to summarize

How does story mapping help?(4)

Helps them: - focus on detail - make predictions -make connections -summarize the story

Which of the following words contains a root that means "different"? A) Ambivalent B) Dysfunction C) Morphological D) Heterogenous

Heterogeneous

To best promote collaboration during group work, students should be grouped in which of the following ways? -Homogeneously according to their ability levels -Randomly, without consideration of their backgrounds -Homogeneously according to their similar interests -Heterogeneously, with consideration of their backgrounds

Heterogeneously, with consideration of their backgrounds Option (D) is correct because by grouping students heterogeneously but with purposeful consideration of their backgrounds, the teacher is able to create an appropriate cross-section of ability levels and interests. This type of diversity within the grouping promotes a variety of interactions and collaborations.

Maslow

Hierarchy of needs- esteem, safety, loving and belonging etc

(1) Scientists have studied many insects. (2) Some of these insects use tools to survive. (3) One animal that uses tools to survive is called the sawfly. (4) This insect is called a sawfly because it has a tool that works like a saw. (5) It is not a real saw, but it looks and works like a real saw. (6) The saw is part of the sawfly's body. (7) The insect uses the saw to cut a small hole in a plant and then it places eggs in the hole. (8) After it creates the hole, the sawfly makes a glue that fastens the eggs in place. (9) No one is sure how the sawfly makes this glue, but scientists who have watched the sawfly have seen it happen. The passage is primarily concerned with -how the sawfly makes a place for its eggs and secures them in that place -the tools that various insects use to secure their offspring -how scientists secure the safety of insects and their eggs -the special glue that the sawfly produces to secure its eggs in place

How the sawfly makes a place for its eggs and secures them in that place. The passage provides information about the special tools that the sawfly has for creating and securing a place to store its eggs. Although the passage discusses the special glue that the sawfly uses (option D), it is not the primary purpose of the passage.

(1) I've heard that hard work is its own reward. (2) I'm not so sure that's true. (3) I spent all weekend cleaning up my front and back yards. (4) The only reward I have is some pretty painful blisters on my hands. (5) I don't know who made up that saying. (6) I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone. The student rewrites sentence 4 to the following. The only reward I have is a million painful blisters on my hands. The student has improved the sentence by adding which of the following? -Analogy -Hyperbole -Simile -Onomatopoeia

Hyperbole Option (B) is correct because hyperbole, or exaggeration, is added to the sentence by changing "some pretty painful blisters" to "a million painful blisters."

I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired, it was making a funny noise. Which of the following is the most effective and grammatically correct revision of the sentence? -I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired, since it was making a funny noise. -I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired it was making a funny noise. -I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired, my car was making a funny noise. -I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired because it was making a funny noise.

I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired because it was making a funny noise. The original sentence contains a comma splice and is a run-on sentence. Inserting "because" and eliminating the comma corrects both of these problems.

A teacher walks around and claps each child's name: SA-MAN-THA What phonological awareness skill is she practicing with the students?

Identifying syllables

Stephanie and her mother did not see eye to eye about plans for the weekend. The sentence contains an example of which of the following types of figurative language? -Personification -Irony -Paradox -Idiom

Idiom An idiom is an expression with a meaning that differs from the literal meaning of the individual words. The sentence contains an idiom, "see eye to eye," which means to agree on something.

Argumentative Essay

In-depth research to form an argument or opinion with EVIDENCE to support it

Context clues

Information from the reading that hints at a word's meaning.

Secondary Source

Information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event

For more than four hundred years, the Akan people of Ghana in West Africa used a currency based on tiny grains of gold called gold dust. This desirable currency made the Akan very valued trading partners for the North African traders who crossed the Sahara Desert by camel caravan and for the seafaring Europeans who arrived on Africa's Atlantic Coast in ships laden with goods. The Akan were able to enrich their own lives by trading for goods with people of vastly different climates and cultures. Which of the following best describes the type of writing used in this excerpt? -Descriptive -Persuasive -Informative -Narrative

Informative The paragraphs provide information on the history of trade involving currency.

The following excerpt from a science journal is about searching for life on Mars. Detecting molecules as complex as a protein or a polysaccharide would be strong evidence of life, widely defined; a biological system that encodes information and uses this information to build complex molecules. These complex molecules would stand out against a background of simple prebiotic molecules like a skyscraper would stand out against a field of skyscrapers. Which of the following best describes the tone of the last sentence of the excerpt? -Accusatory -Quizzical -Cynical -Ironic

Ironic Ironic tone is the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning. An ironic tone often indicates sarcasm. In the sentence, the author uses the image of contrasting skyscrapers against a sea of skyscrapers to suggest that finding life on Mars is nearly impossible.

Long ago, the mice had a general council to consider what measures they could take to outwit their common enemy, the Cat. Some said this, and some said that; but at last a young mouse got up and said he had a proposal to make, which he thought would meet the case. "You will all agree," said he, "that our chief danger consists in the sly and treacherous manner in which the enemy approaches us. Now, if we could receive some signal of her approach, we could easily escape from her. I venture, therefore, to propose that a small bell be procured, and attached by a ribbon round the neck of the Cat. By this means we should always know when she was about, and could easily retire while she was in the neighborhood." This proposal met with general applause, until an old mouse got up and said: "That is all very well, but who is to bell the Cat?" The mice looked at one another and nobody spoke. Then the old mouse said: "It is easy to propose impossible remedies." — "Belling the Cat" by Aesop Which of the following best paraphrases the moral of the fable? -Older usually means wiser. -Outsmarting an enemy is a task best left to older generations. -It is best to go with group consensus. -It is important to be realistic when proposing a solution to a problem.

It is important to be realistic when proposing a solution to a problem. A moral is the lesson derived from a story. The moral of the fable is "it is easy to propose impossible remedies." This means that it is easy to find unrealistic solutions to problems; therefore, it is important to be realistic when proposing solutions to problems.

An English-language learner (ELL) participates in a small collaborative group to read and discuss a magazine article. Which of the following best identifies how the group activity supports the reading comprehension development of the ELL? -It provides an opportunity for the student to gain insight on how others access and process information. -It sets a purpose for the student to read an authentic, meaningful text of personal interest. -It improves the student's knowledge of the prosodic features and spelling conventions of written language. -It gives the student an opportunity to apply word-recognition skills to decode content vocabulary.

It provides an opportunity for the student to gain insight on how others access and process information This question tests your knowledge of effective activities to support the development of ELLs. Through collaborative learning, an ELL can observe and gain insight into how others use print resources to learn new information. The student in the scenario learns by watching and participating in the small-group collaborative learning activity.

Language proficiency levels

Level 1- starting- little to no understanding of english level 2- emerging- understand short phrases/sentences level 3-developing- understand more complex speech but still needs repetitive level4- expanding- langage skills are adequate for day to day communication level 5- bringing- students can express themself but not fully fluent level 6: Leaves ESL program

Proofreading

Making major corrections, focused on spelling and grammar

In which of the following sentences does the word "hollow" function as a noun? -Jack's camera captured the raccoons trying to hollow out an old log. -Marsha's sheep were grazing in the wide hollow between the mountains. -Lilly's footsteps echoed with a hollow sound as she entered the old general store. -Ashley's hollow cheeks made her seem much more mature than she actually was.

Marsha's sheep were grazing in the wide hollow between the mountains. This question asks you to figure out a word's meaning in context. The word "hollow" can be used as a noun, adjective, or verb with different meanings. A skillful reader can usually use the context to figure out which meaning and part of speech is intended in a given sentence.

Foot

Metrical unit composed of stressed and unstressed syllables.

The following are the first and second drafts of the opening paragraph of a story about a spooky old house. First draft: I was walking down the street on a very dark night. Up ahead I saw a large, old house. I decided to go in. I heard a noise as I slowly climbed the stairs to enter the house. I heard many different sounds when I got into the house. I turned and tried to leave, but the wind shut the front door behind me and I was trapped. Second draft: It was an eerie, moonless night as I walked down the deserted street. Out of the corner of my eye, a monstrous, spooky-looking house taunted me. My curiosity overcame my fear, and I approached the house to investigate. As I climbed the creaking staircase to the dilapidated porch, the howling wind, screeching birds, and rustling trees seemed to whisper in my ear "Don't go in! Turn around!" but I kept climbing. I opened the heavy front door and stepped into the dark, dusty house. Suddenly, my fears made me turn to leave, but the wind swirled around me and blew the heavy door shut with a deafening thud. I was trapped. The revisions made between the first and second drafts best demonstrate the writer's understanding of the relationship between word choice and -plot development -mood -character development -theme

Mood Mood is the feeling or emotion that a text evokes in the reader. The writer's changes most impact the mood of the paragraph, as they contribute to the audience's feelings of fright.

Physical Domain

Motor skills

Which THREE of the following are considered reliable sources for research? -Blogs -Forums -Newspapers -Scholarly articles -Educational institutions

Newspapers, Scholarly Articles, and Educational Institutions This question tests your ability to evaluate research sources. Option (C) is reliable because the information is timely and most publishers are reputable. Option (D) is correct because the information is provided by authors who have established credentials and expertise in the field. Option (E) is correct because educational institutions are reputable and information is provided by experts in the field. For these reasons, these are all recognized as reliable research sources.

A cat came fiddling Out of a barn, With a pair of bagpipes Under her arm; She could sing nothing But fiddle cum dee, The mouse has married The bumble-bee; Pipe, cat; dance, mouse: We'll have a wedding At our good house. Question: The structure and cadence of this selection is characteristic of a -fable -nursery rhyme -limerick -fairy tale

Nursery Rhyme This question asks you to recognize typical characteristics of a nursery rhyme. Nursery rhymes are verses traditionally told or sung to small children. They are characterized by a lively and slightly unpredictable meter, regular rhyme schemes, playful and nonsense situations, and nonsense words.

Which strategy is beneficial for the benign stages of writing a story?

Organizing ideas in the story element chart

A beginning reader is learning to read and spell the following words. -Five -Dime -Gave -Cute -Hope The reader is able to visualize and remember the letter patterns in the words and transfer this knowledge to reading and writing new words such as "hide," "take," and "robe." Which of the following best identifies the processing system the reader is using to extend learning? A) Orthographic B) Syntactic C) Phonological D) Semantic

Orthographic The reader in this scenario uses the orthographic word processing system because he or she uses visualization (has a visual awareness) of the letter pattern in the words. Although these words can be phonologically decoded, the reader is not using this system, because he or she is not "sounding out" the words letter by letter.

A group research task involves the following steps. Formulate a research question. Gather information and organize the findings. Collaborate on composing, revising, and editing a written report. Publish a version of the report that can be downloaded from the class Web page and can be printed as a hard copy for the teacher. Present the findings to the class orally, using visual aids. Question: Which of the following types of digital formats will best allow students to meet both publishing requirements in step 4 ? -GIF -MOV -JPEG -PDF

PDF When documents, forms, graphics, and Web pages are converted into a portable document format, they look just as they would if printed. This type of document is easy to print and to upload to a Web site.

Publish

Perfect, final draft

Which of the following types of writing is most effective to use for a letter to the local government about why a certain neighborhood needs sidewalks? -Narrative -Expository -Persuasive -Descriptive

Persuasive The writer is trying to persuade the local government to put in sidewalks.

The ability to identify four distinct sounds in the word "clap" demonstrates competence in which of the following phonemic awareness skills? A) Phoneme Identity B) Phoneme Categorization C) Phoneme Blending D) Phoneme Segmentation

Phoneme Segmentation Phonemic segmentation refers to the ability to break a word into its separate sounds, saying each sound as it is counted. The ability to identify four sounds in the word "clap" demonstrates an understanding of phonemic segmentation.

A teacher asks, "what word am I trying to say /P/ I/ N / and instructs students to say the word. Which strategy is the teacher using to build phoneme awareness?

Phoneme building

Phonemic Deletion

Phonemes (sounds are removed from a word to make a new on) Ex: MAT without the M = AT

A student is able to orally substitute the initial consonant /g/ for /b/ in the word boat to make the word goat. What concept is the student demonstrating?

Phonemic awareness aKA phoneme substitution

Text Features

Pics/drawings/maps/graphs/charts

When giving an oral report, a speaker changes the relative highness or lowness of a sound to communicate meaning and emotion to listeners. Which of the following elements is the speaker adjusting? -Pitch -Volume -Rate -Articulation

Pitch This question tests your knowledge of pitch as it pertains to oral presentations. Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of a sound. Changes in pitch, also known as inflections, communicate meaning and emotion to the audience.

Root: legal +Prefix= +Suffix=

Prefix-illegal Suffix-legalities

Transition/Sequence words:

Primary school- first, second, prior to 2ndary school- Because, therefore, consequently

After a speaker gives an oral report, a member of the audience asks the speaker the following questions. Could you tell me more about . . . ? Why do you think this . . . is important to understanding the topic? At the beginning of your speech, you said . . . Can you say more about that idea? The questions best demonstrate that the audience member has an understanding of which of the following components of active listening? -Empathizing -Probing -Accepting -Paraphrasing

Probing This question tests your knowledge of the components of active listening. The listener in the scenario is showing that he or she wants to know more about the topic and so asks probing questions to learn more information.

What should student work on? The boy threw ball down the court. The team agreed to play their best game. Eric Passed the ball to mark. It grabbed the ball and scored.

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement *Correction*: -its best game -Eric Grabbed the ball

What should the student work on? i like to play scrabble. i play it on christmas with my best friend fred.

Proper Noun Capitalization Rule

WIDA Standards

Provides the framework/foundation for curriculum and instruction for ELL key language, language expectation, proficiency level Langauge for: social, math, language arts, s.s., science etc

Student wrote poorly and did not show that he understand the text in his paragraph

Qualitative Measurement

Which of the following factors of text complexity addresses the visuals or pictures in a text? -Quantitative measures -Reader and the reading task -Grade level -Qualitative measures

Qualitative Measures This question tests your knowledge of the qualitative measures of text complexity. Qualitative measures include levels of meaning, structure, language conventions, and knowledge demands. Visual aids and pictures contribute to the structure of a text.

Qualitative

Quality

Student wrote 5 sentences

Quantitative Measurement

Before reading a new text, a reader identifies the purpose for reading, examines the genre and difficulty of the material, and considers prior knowledge on the topic. These strategies will best help the reader focus on which of the following elements of fluency? -Rate -Accuracy -Prosody -Automaticity

Rate The rate refers to the speed at which a text is read. Purpose, genre, difficulty, and prior knowledge all affect how quickly a text is read.

Which of the following tasks requires a reader to process Tier 3 vocabulary? -Reading a descriptive passage that uses precise vocabulary words to describe familiar things -Reading a narrative passage that uses high-frequency, single-meaning vocabulary words to describe a character -Reading an informational passage that uses domain-specific vocabulary words to describe processes -Reading an argumentative passage that uses challenging conversational vocabulary words to describe a problem

Reading an informational passage that uses domain-specific vocabulary words to describe processes Tier 3 vocabulary contains content- and domain-specific words.

Select the adverb in sentence 3, which follows. Listen to the sentence that follows: (1) Sally's mother asked her to mow the lawn. (2) Without a word, Sally went outside and began to mow the lawn it needed to be mowed, but no one else in the family was willing to do it. (3) It really looked good when she finished mowing. (4) She was so proud of her work that she no longer cared that her mother had insisted that she mow it.

Really "Really" is an adverb because it modifies the verb "looked" and the adjective "good."

Rhyme

Repetition of sounds at the end of words

Singing nursery songs primarily develops students' phonological awareness by helping them identify which of the following? -Main ideas -Rhyming words -Descriptive details -High-frequency words

Rhyming words

Which of the following terms best describes a series of events that build tension from conflict in a story? -Exposition -Rising action -Climax -Falling action

Rising Action The rising action of a plot occurs after the exposition, or introduction, and contains a series of events that build from the conflict and end at the climax of the story.

What strategy can help you figure out what the word "century" means?

Root words, cent=100 century= 100 years

Simple sentence and compound subject

Sally and bob smiled. Sally and bob= x2 subjects

Simple Subject

Sally cried. Subject +Predicate, can have more words

(1) A free-market economy is one in which the greater part of production, distribution, and exchange is controlled by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government. (2) Most people prefer for the government to have little to no control over businesses. (3) In fact, the term "free-market" sounds like a place where people can do business without any interference from the government. (4) However, government-imposed rules and regulations are vital to the economy because they keep business dealings fair, prohibit business holders from making unfair transactions, and keep consumers safe. (5) For example, if there were no government oversight, a dishonest grocer could cheat customers by making a scale indicate two pounds when it is really reading only one pound. (6) If there were no government oversight, there would be no requirement to list ingredients on food and cosmetics packages; those with allergies or sensitivities to certain ingredients would not be able to protect themselves from harmful additives. (7) Most people would agree that despite government oversight, a free-market economy is one where business owners have a great deal of freedom. Which of the following sentences best states the main idea of the excerpt? -Sentence 1 -Sentence 3 -Sentence 4 -Sentence 6

Sentence 4 The author of the excerpt presents the definition of a free-market economy and goes on to provide examples of why regulation within a free-market economy is important. Sentence 4 best captures the author's main point.

(1) Scientists have studied many insects. (2) Some of these insects use tools to survive. (3) One animal that uses tools to survive is called the sawfly. (4) This insect is called a sawfly because it has a tool that works like a saw. (5) It is not a real saw, but it looks and works like a real saw. (6) The saw is part of the sawfly's body. (7) The insect uses the saw to cut a small hole in a plant and then it places eggs in the hole. (8) After it creates the hole, the sawfly makes a glue that fastens the eggs in place. (9) No one is sure how the sawfly makes this glue, but scientists who have watched the sawfly have seen it happen. Which sentence of the passage explains how the sawfly secures its eggs? -Sentence 2 -Sentence 3 -Sentence 8 -Sentence 9

Sentence 8. Sentence 8 explains that the sawfly uses homemade glue to affix its eggs to where they are laid.

What does the student show she can do when she changes this sentence: The cat crawled on the couch. The cat scratched the couch. The cat purred on the couch. TO this sentence: The cat crawled on the couch, scratched the couch, and purred on the couch.

Sentence Fluency

Quantitative mesures of text complexity

Sentence length and frequency of the word

(1) A free-market economy is one in which the greater part of production, distribution, and exchange is controlled by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government. (2) Most people prefer for the government to have little to no control over businesses. (3) In fact, the term "free-market" sounds like a place where people can do business without any interference from the government. (4) However, government-imposed rules and regulations are vital to the economy because they keep business dealings fair, prohibit business holders from making unfair transactions, and keep consumers safe. (5) For example, if there were no government oversight, a dishonest grocer could cheat customers by making a scale indicate two pounds when it is really reading only one pound. (6) If there were no government oversight, there would be no requirement to list ingredients on food and cosmetics packages; those with allergies or sensitivities to certain ingredients would not be able to protect themselves from harmful additives. (7) Most people would agree that despite government oversight, a free-market economy is one where business owners have a great deal of freedom. Which of the following pairs of sentences most strongly imply that people sometimes act irresponsibly when no one is watching? -Sentences 2 and 3 -Sentences 3 and 4 -Sentences 5 and 6 -Sentences 6 and 7

Sentences 5 and 6 Sentences 5 and 6 both contain examples of things that could happen in business if there were no government oversight and therefore support the inference that people have the potential to act irresponsibly when no one is watching.

semi-colon

Shows relationship between 2 independent clauses

Preposition

Shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word Ex: of, to, on, near, below, above

Would the words who, what, when, could, there, and was be used to teach sight word instruction or decoding instruction?

Sight word instruction

What type of sentence is: She danced around the living room.

Simple sentence

Simple or Compound: I ran and walked.

Simple- missing comma and only one side has a full sentence "walked" isn't a full simple sentence.

Phonological System

Sounds with letters and groups of letters- IT ALL

Reading a text orally in small groups provides an opportunity for students to develop skills primarily in which of the following areas of effective oral presentation? -Using body language to communicate emotion -Speaking clearly and expressively -Listening and responding to the audience -Maintaining engagement through eye contact

Speaking clearly and expressively This questions tests your ability identify the primary benefit of oral reading. Oral reading provides readers with an opportunity to practice reading from a text in a "natural" way; i.e., with appropriate expression and clarity.

How to engage students at the start of a speech?

Start with a humorous ANECDOTE (short amusing story) to build rapport with them

Drama

Stores composed where conflicts and emotions are express through actions and speeches

Historical Fiction

Stories based in real historical places and events but with fictional people

Fairy Tales

Stories involving magical people or creatures/ usually written for children

Mystery

Story that involves a crime/puzzle

Which of the following statements about English-language learners is best supported by current research? A) Instruction is most beneficial to students learning English as a second language when it is delivered consistently and repeatedly according to a single instructional strategy. B) Teaching students explicitly how to use learning strategies shows little correlation with the students' success in learning English as a second language. C) Students need meaning-focused practice and appropriate form-focused instruction when learning English as a second language. D) Students of English as a second language learn the language most effectively in an environment with little social interaction to distract them.

Students need meaning-focused practice and appropriate form-focused instruction when learning English as a second language The question asks you to recognize a major trend in current research surrounding new-language learning. Current research suggests that when English learners receive instruction with explicit teaching of learning strategies, the learners become more efficient and effective learners in the second language. Teachers also need to be open to a multitude of learning styles among the learners in the classroom and present instruction in many different ways. Students need large amounts of meaning-focused practice of the language along with form-focused instruction at appropriate times.

Decoding Instruction

Students use words they already know to sound out/figure out new words ex: if they know cat they can figure out bat easily

My dog growl at the man delivering a package. He put the packages on the ground and runs. They is reading to open. What should student work on?

Subject-verb agreements *CORRECTIONS*: -My dog growls -He puts -They are

Following an oral presentation, a listener responds by restating the three key points of the speech. Which of the following components of active listening is the listener demonstrating? -Encouraging -Clarifying -Summarizing -Reflecting

Summarizing This question tests your knowledge of active listening skills. By stating the three key points of the speech, the listener is summarizing the speaker's message.

Scaffolding Teaching

Teaching a lesson step by step until students can perform on their own. *gradually increasing difficultly*

Predicate

Tells what the subject does Ex: She Danced. Danced is what she was doing.

Information Text

Text that has a purpose of telling about non-fiction details, and FACTS that are found in textbooks and biographies

Which of the following sentences appropriately integrates the sentence fragment "The Italian restaurant that recently reopened" into a complex sentence? -The Italian restaurant that recently reopened continuing in the same tradition of fine Italian food. -The Italian restaurant that recently reopened continues in the same tradition of fine Italian food. -The Italian restaurant that recently reopened and that continues in the same tradition of fine Italian food. -The Italian restaurant that recently reopened; it is continuing in the same tradition of fine Italian food.

The Italian restaurant that recently reopened continues in the same tradition of fine Italian food. (B) This question asks you to use your knowledge of the construction of a complex sentence. The given sentence fragment contains a subordinate adjective clause ("that recently reopened") that cannot stand on its own to complete the sentence begun by "The Italian restaurant." When the fragment "the Italian restaurant that recently opened" is combined with the continuation in (B), the result is a correct complex sentence.

Reading Fluency

The ability to read accurately, quickly, with good prosody, and effective comprehension.

"Reckon I have," said Walter. "Almost died first year I come to school and et them pecans—folks say he pizened 'em and put 'em over on the school side of the fence." — Harper Lee, from To Kill a Mockingbird Which of the following best describes how the language in the excerpt is used to characterize Walter? -The imagery in the passage allows the reader to visualize Walter's appearance. -The allusion in the passage informs the reader of an event that influenced Walter's life. -The dialect in the passage presents the reader with insight into where Walter is from. -The dialogue in the passage makes the reader aware of Walter's feelings about his community.

The dialect in the passage presents the reader with insight into where Walter is from. This question tests your knowledge of dialect in literature. Dialect refers to the language used by the people in a specific area, class, or other group of people. Dialect involves the distinct spelling, sounds, grammar, and pronunciation used by a particular group of people. Harper Lee uses dialect to support the reader's understanding of Walter Cunningham, who is a poor southern farmer.

Passage 1 While Alexander Graham Bell was experimenting with telegraph instruments in the early 1870s, he realized it might be possible to transmit the human voice over a wire using electricity. Bell's interest in electricity continued, and he attempted to send several telegraph messages over a single wire at one time. It was on June 2, 1875, while Bell was at one end of the line and his assistant Watson worked on the reeds of the telegraph in another room that he heard the sound of a plucked reed coming to him over the wire. Passage 2 After many failed attempts, Alexander Graham Bell invented a working telephone. The next step was to make the telephone accessible so people could use it. This involved putting in lines to carry the telephone messages. The first telephone lines went from one person's phone to another. Those were called landlines. Then they added what are called switching stations, so one could reach more than one place. Even though it was not the most efficient system, it still worked well enough for people to communicate. Although both passages discuss Alexander Graham Bell's telephone, passage 1 is primarily concerned with __________________, while passage 2 is mostly concerned with __________________. -the first sound transmitted via telephone / world interest in telephones -Bell's interest in the telegraph / the first switching station -Watson's contribution to the telephone / Bell's failures with the telegraph -the invention of the telephone / the installation of the first telephone lines

The invention of the telephone/the installation of the first telephone lines The first passage is mainly concerned with the way in which Bell invented the telephone, and the second passage, while it mentions the invention of the telephone, is also more concerned with the early installation and mechanics of the telephone.

Use context clues to figure out word "esteemed" in sentence: The esteemed doctor was applauded for his life-saving research.

The man is being applauded for life saving info so esteemed most likely means: Held in great respect/admired

Which of the following is a quantitative feature of text complexity? -Students' motivation to read a text -The intricacy of the analogies in a text -Students' prior knowledge related to a text's subject matter -The number of complex and compound sentences in a text

The number of complex and compound sentences in a text The factors involved in text complexity include the length and structure of sentences. The number of complex and compound sentences in a text is a quantitative factor because it involves an amount, or quantity.

Once upon a time, a beggar woman went to the house of a poor peasant and asked for something to eat. The peasant's wife gave her some bread and milk. When she had eaten it, she took a barley-corn out of her pocket, and said, "This will I give thee; set it in a flowerpot, and see what will come out of it." The woman set the barley-corn in an old flowerpot, and the next day the most beautiful plant had shot up, which looked just like a tulip, but the leaves were shut close together, as if it still were in bud. Which of the following best describes the characteristics of the passage? -The passage contains simple characterization and quickly moving action. -The passage emphasizes themes surrounding differences between the rich and the poor. -The setting in the passage is described using rich and vivid vocabulary. -The melancholy tone of the passage is developed through the use of repetitive sentence structures.

The passage contains simple characterization and quickly moving action This question asks you to recognize structural and stylistic elements characteristic of a particular genre, the fairy tale. In this selection, the action moves very quickly, and the characters are developed with minimal description. None of the other choices accurately describe what is going on in the passage.

Voice

The real or assumed personality used by a writer or speaker.

Commas

The separation of two words or phrases in a series of three or more. [,]

I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi. I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, even if he was too distracted with sermons and prayers and suffering people to go grocery shopping. "But you know what?" I told Winn-Dixie. "You are a suffering dog, so maybe he will take to you right away. Maybe he'll let me keep you." Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail. He was kind of limping like something was wrong with one of his legs. And I have to admit, he stunk. Bad. He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart. — from Because of Winn-Dixie, by Kate DiCamillo Which of the following statements supports the observation that the passage is written in first-person point-of-view? The thoughts of the speaker and the dog are included in the passage. -The events are arranged in sequential order in the passage. -The speaker describes her personal experiences and emotions in the passage. -There is a combination of dialogue and description in the passage.

The speaker describes her personal experiences and emotions in the passage. The narrator is the main character and is therefore able to describe events and her emotions at the same time.

I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi. I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, even if he was too distracted with sermons and prayers and suffering people to go grocery shopping. "But you know what?" I told Winn-Dixie. "You are a suffering dog, so maybe he will take to you right away. Maybe he'll let me keep you." Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail. He was kind of limping like something was wrong with one of his legs. And I have to admit, he stunk. Bad. He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart. — from Because of Winn-Dixie, by Kate DiCamillo Which of the following details from the passage best supports the inference that "the preacher" is the speaker's father? -The preacher cares for people who are suffering. -The preacher was too busy to go to the grocery store. -The speaker describes the preacher to Winn-Dixie. -The speaker hopes the preacher will let her keep Winn-Dixie.

The speaker hopes the preacher will let her keep Winn-Dixie This statement indicates that the main character will have to ask the preacher if she can keep the dog, supporting the inference that the preacher is her father.

Which of the following statements best describes a student who has acquired proficiency in reading automaticity? A) The student effortlessly processes, decodes, and understands the written words in a text. B) The student reads sustained text with natural expression and appropriate phrasing. C) The student recognizes text structure, apprehends meaning, and understands author's purpose. D) The student adjusts reading rate based on comprehension demands and genre of the text.

The student effortlessly processes, decodes, and understands the written words in a text. Automaticity refers to a student's ability to process, decode, and understand written words without effort.

The following is an excerpt from Otto Leland Bohanan's poem "The Dawn's Awake!" A flash of smoldering flame and fire Ignites the East. Then, higher, higher, O'er all the sky so gray, forlorn, The torch of gold is borne. Which of the following is the best interpretation of the last line of the poem ("The torch of gold is borne.") ? -There is new life created. -A prize is being awarded. -A treasure is carried away. -The sun's light is appearing.

The sun's light is appearing The figurative language is used to communicate the glories of a sunrise, with "torch of gold" being used as a form of metonymy to refer to the sun and "borne" being used to explain that the torch is figuratively being held up in the sky by some force.

If I could have the best job in the world, it would be to play for a major league baseball team when I'm older. I believe that a major league team should hire me because of my excellent skills. I also have a positive attitude and I want to play the game. Also I think a team should hire me because of the talent I have that will support the team's success. The team could probably win the World Series! They should hire me because I can hit the ball really hard and score runs in every game. I can catch the ball really good. I can get the players on the other team out really easily. I can throw great to all the bases to get them out. I can run the bases OK and when it comes to stealing the bases most of the time I don't get out. My batting average is good. I hardly ever make errors. When I hit the ball, I mostly get singles but sometimes doubles. I might hit a homerun sometimes. I want this job because I'm really good at the sport. I can do a lot for my team and the fans and the owner and the manager. More people will watch the games on TV if I'm on the team and that will bring the ratings up. The student writing sample best shows an understanding of which of the following components of effective writing? -The sample is clearly and logically organized and includes an introduction, body, and conclusion. -The writer's arguments and support in the sample are presented in a logical order that makes it easy for the reader to follow. -There are a variety of transitions that clearly show how ideas are connected, and the sample includes a variety of sentence types. -The thesis statement names the topic of the sample, and then the main points that support a position are introduced.

The thesis statement names the topic of the sample, and then the main points that support a position are introduced. The writer does have a thesis statement at the beginning of the sample—"I believe that a major league team should hire me . . ." followed by three main points that are discussed to support the position. Organization of ideas and the inclusion of effective transitions are not strengths of the essay.

In which THREE of the following ways do graphic novels support reading comprehension? -They allow the reader to visualize story elements. -They help the reader differentiate between dialogue and narration. -They present simplified vocabulary and sentence structure to the reader. -They assist the reader in identifying tone and mood. -They task the reader with evaluating a small number of pages and images.

They allow the reader to visualize story elements, they help the reader differentiate between dialogue and narration, and they task the reader with evaluating a small number of pages and images The images in graphic novels act much like a storyboard, dividing the story into frames. The division supports readers in identifying various story elements. Graphic novels use speech bubbles to convey dialogue, so readers are able to visually differentiate between dialogue and narration. Illustrations in graphic novels help the reader identify the mood and tone of the text.

Text Features

Things such as heading, bulleted lists, and graphics that help a reader find important information

3 tiers of vocabulary

Tier 1- Basic words, that don't have multiple meanings (cat, girl) Tier 2- High Frequency words- words you see often in all areas Tier 3-Low Frequency words & don't see words often Ex: Isotope

If I could have the best job in the world, it would be to play for a major league baseball team when I'm older. I believe that a major league team should hire me because of my excellent skills. I also have a positive attitude and I want to play the game. Also I think a team should hire me because of the talent I have that will support the team's success. The team could probably win the World Series! They should hire me because I can hit the ball really hard and score runs in every game. I can catch the ball really good. I can get the players on the other team out really easily. I can throw great to all the bases to get them out. I can run the bases OK and when it comes to stealing the bases most of the time I don't get out. My batting average is good. I hardly ever make errors. When I hit the ball, I mostly get singles but sometimes doubles. I might hit a homerun sometimes. I want this job because I'm really good at the sport. I can do a lot for my team and the fans and the owner and the manager. More people will watch the games on TV if I'm on the team and that will bring the ratings up. Which of the following best identifies the student's primary purpose in writing the piece? -To inform -To persuade -To explain -To describe

To persuade This question tests your knowledge of types of writing. Persuasive writing is used to convince others of an opinion or position. The writer of this piece is attempting to convince a major league baseball team to hire him or her when he or she is an adult.

"Wansuppon a tim ther was a funne dog it lik to run real fast i wached it" The writing in the sample is best characterized as occurring during which of the following stages of writing development? -Early emergent -Transitional -Conventional -Proficient

Transitional This question tests your knowledge of the stages of writing development. As with the word "funne," children at the transitional stage rely on the most obvious sounds in words for spelling. They also experiment with words with which they are most familiar. They often write about personal experiences, and their writing can be understood.

Couplet

Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme

Students' phonological awareness can be assessed by evaluating their ability to A) understand how words in a text are segmented into syllables B) make personal connections to characters within a text C) understand unfamiliar words by using the surrounding text D) read with varied intonation based on story elements

Understand how words in a text are segmented into syllables This question tests your ability to understand the developmental process of phonological awareness. The ability to understand how words in a text are segmented into syllables is the definition of phonological awareness.

finger spelling

Using hands to sign letters- Communication system that "spells out" each letter with a hand position.

Which THREE of the following words contain an open syllable? -Different -Vehicle -Jungle -Fantastic -Remembering -Apron

Vehicle, Remembering, Apron An open syllable ends in a vowel and the sound is long. In "vehicle," the first syllable ("ve") is open. In "remembering," the first syllable ("re") is open. In "apron," the first syllable ("a") is open.

Expository Essay

Verifiable facts that are on topic and evidence from a text

You read an illustrated story to your class and want a multimedia activity to support comprehension, what do you choose?

Watching a video read-aloud on tablet

What digital tool can help students collaborate as individual groups when planning out an oral presentation?

Web-based discussion boards (they can all log in at the same time to work)

Quantitative Measure

Word difficulty, sentence length, syntax and frequency of unfamiliar words, # of compounds and complexities

Derivational suffix

Words formed by the attachment of lexical affixes are derived from other words, and derivational affixes are those affixes which help in this derivation (e.g. dis-, re-, in-, be-, en-, -ly, -ance, -able, -ize, -ish, -like, -ment, -ing: if it is used to turn the verb into a noun: example: build --> a building, two buildings, nourish-->nourishing)

signal words

Words in an essay that alert the reader to a change in tone, direction, section, or category.

For ELLs how should you teach sight word connections between 2 languages?

Work on cognates & how they are related in their meanings between the 2 languages

Is this a complex sentence: Because I shower, I smell beautiful.

Yes

Long ago, the mice had a general council to consider what measures they could take to outwit their common enemy, the Cat. Some said this, and some said that; but at last a young mouse got up and said he had a proposal to make, which he thought would meet the case. "You will all agree," said he, "that our chief danger consists in the sly and treacherous manner in which the enemy approaches us. Now, if we could receive some signal of her approach, we could easily escape from her. I venture, therefore, to propose that a small bell be procured, and attached by a ribbon round the neck of the Cat. By this means we should always know when she was about, and could easily retire while she was in the neighborhood." This proposal met with general applause, until an old mouse got up and said: "That is all very well, but who is to bell the Cat?" The mice looked at one another and nobody spoke. Then the old mouse said: "It is easy to propose impossible remedies." — "Belling the Cat" by Aesop Based on the passage, the reader can infer that the -old mouse is angry at the young mouse for proposing the plan -young mouse did not think the plan through before making the proposal -old mouse has proposed many possible solutions to the cat problem -young mouse will become the leader of the group as a result of his innovative plan

Young mouse did not think the plan through before making the proposal. This question tests your ability to infer. The young mouse proposed his plan very confidently, but when the old mouse questioned him, the whole group fell silent, showing that they were forced to rethink the young mouse's plan.

Theme

a central idea of a work

First person point of view

a character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself "I" and We"

Oxymoron

a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction ex: old news, jumboyh shrimp

Cinquian

a five line stanza First word is title and last word renames title ex: SPIDERS silent awesome jumping, spinning, freaking very scary spiders to me INSECTS

Tall tale

a humorously exaggerated story about impossible events

Moral

a lesson taught by a literary work

Example of primary source from WWII

a letter from solider to wife

logical fallacy

a mistake in reasoning

Legend

a narrative handed down from the past, containing historical elements and usually supernatural elements usual has an element of truth

Acrostic

a poem, word puzzle, or other composition in which certain letters in each line form a word or words. Ex: K-kind E-exceptional L- lovely S-silly E- Extraordinary A-annoying

Primary souce

an account of an event created by someone who took part in or witnessed the event

Phoneme Blending

combining phonemes (sounds) to make a word ex) m/a/t = [mat]

Writing

communicates ideas, opinions, experiences and beliefs

Phoneme Identification

finding common phonemes among different words What SOUND is the same in Cat, Cry, and Call "C"

Give students 3 tickets to participate in class, have them give you a ticket each time they respond. what is the benefit of this?

for dominant students to give other students a chance to speak

Summarize

give a brief statement of the main points of (something).

Personification

giving human characteristics to something that is not human Ex: The wild howled in the night

word families

group of words with common base work, woke, rework or make, cake, lake

Graphs

help student to analyze and interrupt info easily

Fantasy

highly imaginative writing that contains elements not found in real life

Intro Paragraph

hook, background information, and thesis

Pragmatics

how people use language socially- varies accounting to audience

analyzing text organization

how text is organized to understand authors purpose

Letter awareness

identification of and naming letters of the alphabet writing the letters

Subordinating Conjunctions

if, as, since, when, because (Start dependent clauses)

Morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

Bathos

insincere or overly sentimental quality of writing/speech intended to evoke pity

vocab words in tier 3

isotope, asphalt, economics

Central Idea

main idea

appeal to emotion

manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling argument

Concret poems

meaning is conveyed through a shape I LIKE TO LOOK AT THE BIG PYRAMIDS

Compound Nouns

nouns made up of two or more words Ex: brother in law, roller coaster

Sight words/high frequency words for K

on, in, at, I

jigsaw classroom

placing them in small, desegregated groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material and do well in the class

free verse poetry

poetry without regular patterns of rhyme or rhythm

En Dash

range of dates (-)

i before e except after c

receive, perceive, conceive, ceiling, receipt, conceited, etc.

Phoneme Categorization

recognize a word with a sound that does not match the sounds in other words "odd word out" Ex: Hat, Hop, Pound which one doesn't belong? Pound

Phoneme Deletion

recognize the word that remains when a phoneme is removed Ex: Hand without the "H" = AND

Allitertation

repetition of inital sounds in two or more words Ex: Peter, piper, picked a peck of picked peppers

Social and emotional domain

self-knowledge (self-esteem, metacognition, sexual identity, ethnic identity), moral reasoning, understanding and expression of emotions, self-regulation, temperament, understanding others, interpersonal skills, and friendships.

Phoneme Segmentation

separating phonemes into separate sounds Ex: how many sounds are in KEEP? K-EE-P 3 sounds

colon

shows relationship between 2 clauses

Morphological system

smallest meaningful units of languaged difference between the "cat" and "Cats" the one little letter "s" carries a lot of meaning

Phoneme

smallest unit of SOUND

Vygotsky

socio & cultural theory & zone proximal theory scaffolding

Third person point of view

someone on the outside is looking in and telling the story he/she see it unfold.

Homophones

sound exactly alike, but have different spellings and meanings ex: two/to their/there

Inductive Reasoning

specific to general

Morphology

study of the combination and creation of words

Semantic System

system focusing on vocabulary

Syntactic System

system of how words are combined into sentences (order & structure of words and phrases)

Onset

the initial consonant or consonant cluster of a word

Second person point of view

the narrator addresses the reader directly You", "Your," and "Yours"

third person limited

the narrator only knows the thoughts and feelings of one character

ryhme scheme

the ordered pattern of rhymes at the ends of the lines of a poem or verse.

Orthographic system

the spelling system of a language (visual memory)

Sight words for K:

the, he, a, to, in

Character Analysis

understanding the role of a character in a story via the character's actions, traits, relationships, and personality

Antecedent

word, phrase or clause to which a pronoun refers Ex: Marybeth (antecedent) is sitting. She(pronoun) is working hard. *You don't want to keep saying her name so you use the pronoun she instead*

Consonant

words in alphabet that aren't vowels

Homographs

words that are spelled the same but have different meanings

third person omniscient

writer is not in the story but knows and decribes all the character's thoughts and ideas

Poetry

writing a verse using imagery and rhythm

autobiography

writing about a person's life written by that person