FINAL PYSCH

Madison encounters a snake on her walk home. After her initial fright, her breathing and heart slow down and she begins to feel calm again. Which division of the nervous system helped calm Madison down? A. Parasympathetic nervous system B. Central nervous system C. Somatic nervous system D. Autonomic nervous system E. Peripheral nervous system

A

A high school student wants to research how a new curriculum affects academic outcomes of students. After the first semester, she gathers data from twenty freshman and twenty seniors. What type of study is she conducting? A. Longitudinal study. B. Cross-sectional study. C. Case study. D. Randomized controlled trial. E. Meta-analysis.

B

The 5-HTTLPR gene accounts for about 30-40% of depression cases, but what else does the research indicate increases the likelihood of developing depression later in life? A. Abnormal hormone levels. B. Conditioned proactive behaviors. C. Hallucinations and delusions. D. Compulsions. E. Experiences of childhood abuse and neglect.

E

John believes that Mr. Jones is a poor teacher because he remembers each time that Mr. Jones was unable to answer a question but does not recall the times that Mr. Jones did a good job. John's thinking is being distorted by what phenomenon? A. The framing effect. B. Confirmation bias. C. Overconfidence. D. Functional fixedness. E. Divergent thinking.

B

Karissa is​ making notecards for her upcoming exam. What is this study technique an example of? A. Automatic processing. B. Effortful processing. C. Phonetic encoding. D. Echoic memory. E. State-dependent memory.

B

The brain's ability to restructure its neural networks to maximize functioning after an injury is known as A. aphasia. B. hemispheric specialization. C. neuroanatomy. D. upside-down representation. E. neuroplasticity.

E

A drug that is an antagonist for the neurotransmitter serotonin is MOST likely to A. depress mood. B. cause forgetfulness. C. cause seizures. D. cause headaches. E. limit muscle control.

A

Which of the following correlation coefficients shows the strongest negative correlation? A. 0 B. +0.59 C. -0.01 D. -0.98 E. +1.00

D

A CT scan measures the structure of the brain with a series of A. electric pulses. B. x-rays. C. magnetic images. D. computer files. E. positron emissions.

B

On Monday, Niti saw foxes running around the classroom while she was taking a test. On Wednesday, she believed she was a fox and started running around the classroom. How would psychologists classify her symptoms? A. Seeing foxes would be a delusion; believing that you are a fox would be a hallucination. B. Seeing foxes would be a hallucination; believing that you are a fox would be a delusion. C. Seeing foxes would be a compulsion; believing that you are a fox would be an obsession. D. Seeing foxes would be an obsession; believing that you are a fox would be a compulsion. E. Seeing foxes would be an example of catatonia; believing that you are a fox would be a hallucination.

B

When a neuron is capable of firing, it is said to have reached its A. Depolarization B. Refractory period C. Resting potential D. Threshold E. All-or-none response

D

Which combination of neurological imaging techniques contains two methods that utilize magnetic imaging? A. MRI and PET B. PET and EEG C. fMRI and EEG D. MRI and fMRI E. X-ray and PET

D

A person's risk of developing schizophrenia dramatically increases if they A. developed the flu during infancy. B. had uncaring parents. C. had been previously diagnosed with a personality disorder. D. have a parent or sibling with the disorder. E. display a lack of conscience or remorse.

D

Which of the following is considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia? A. Apathy B. Flat affect C. Poverty of speech D. Hallucinations E. Inattention to social information

D

Tom is an unethical businessman. He knowingly overcharges his customers for services and regularly adds items to invoices that he does not deliver. After being arrested for fraud, he tells his attorney that it was the customer's fault they were overcharged and shows no remorse for his wrongdoing. According to the DSM-V, which disorder is Tom most likely suffering from? A. Schizophrenia B. Obsessive-compulsive disorder C. Paranoid personality disorder D. Avoidant personality disorder E. Antisocial personality disorder

E

Julian suffered a major brain injury. As a result, she has difficulty making new declarative memories. What part of her brain was most likely injured? A. Hippocampus. B. Hypothalamus. C. Basal Ganglia. D. Cerebellum. E. Corpus Callosum.

A

Our common understanding of how short-term memory works indicates that: A. It has a limited capacity. B. It has an unlimited capacity. C. It lasts indefinitely. D. It is not processed consciously. E. It is resistant to interference.

A

While exploring an interest in split-brain research with cats, Roger Sperry learned that symptoms of epilepsy could be alleviated by doing which of the following? A. Severing the corpus callosum. B. Performing an orbitofrontal lobotomy. C. Removing the ventromedial hypothalamus. D. Deep cranial stimulation. E. Connecting an electrode to the brain's 'reward pathways'.

A

While this neurotransmitter is vital for movement in the muscles of the body, in the brain it affects memory and learning. For this reason, a lack of this neurotransmitter is strongly associated with Alzheimers Disease. This neurotransmitter is known as A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. Serotonin D. Oxytocin E. GABA

A

Researchers found that monkeys with an anxious temperament have brains that use more glucose in regions related to fear, memory, and expectations of rewards and punishments. Which type of neural measure was MOST likely used to gather this information? A. Electroencephalogram (EEG). B. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). C. Positron emission tomography (PET). D. Magnetoencephalography (MEG). E. Computed tomography (CT).

C

While walking through the living room at night, Danielle steps on her little brother's toy car. Danielle feels pain in her foot because her sensory neurons generated a(n) A. Refractory Period B. All-or-none response C. Action potential D. Threshold E. Reuptake

C

During adolescence, many secondary sex characteristics develop in a person. Which of the following is NOT considered a secondary sex characteristic? A. Body Hair B. Breast Development In Females C. Deeper voice in males D. Sex organs (ovaries and testicles) E. Enlargement of the larynx (Adam's Apple)

D

The function of myelin in the nervous system is to A. receive an electrical signal from other neurons B. Deliver signals via neurotransmitters to other neurons C. Provide support and nutrients for neurons D. Speed up the rate of transmission within a neuron E. Connect and hold a neuron together

D

The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is MOST likely to A. avoid the issue of functional fixedness. B. involve greater reliance on language skills. C. yield more accurate solutions to problems. D. save time in arriving at solutions to problems. E. minimize the overconfidence phenomenon.

D

Damage to the occipital lobe is MOST likely to result in A. blindness. B. hearing loss. C. loss of balance. D. cessation of vital functions. E. personality changes.

A

Dr. Mitchem has created a new drug for treating attention deficit disorder. He believes that patients who take his drug are able to focus for longer periods of time. He knows the drug will go through several rounds of medical testing before it becomes available to purchase. What must Dr. Mitchem do to allow for a smooth replication of his study? A. Operationally define the dosage that will be given as well what specific behaviors the researcher expects to see if patients are more focused. B. In the experiment, neither the experimenter nor the participant knows who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group. C. Select every fifth person who enters the research facility to receive the placebo drug. D. Control for confounding variables. E. Define attention deficit disorder as the inability to remain focused on one subject for more than a 10-minute interval.

A

During the spring baseball season, concession stand attendants notice a negative correlation between the home team's score and total sales of food. This means: A. the more runs scored by the home team, the lower the total sale of food. B. the more runs scored by the home team, the higher the total sale of food. C. the number of runs scored by the home team has no effect on concession sales. D. the concession stand makes more money when the home team wins. E. fans are too disappointed to buy food when the home team is losing.

A

Elisa believes that students who start their day with a cup of coffee do better in their first-period class. She conducts an experiment to prove or disprove her point. Which of the following is the independent variable in this experiment? A. Whether students drank a cup of coffee or not. B. The students' grades in their first-period class. C. The sex of the students participating in the study. D. The age of the students participating in the study. E. The students' overall academic performance in all classes.

A

Evolutionary psychologists are MOST likely to study A. why so many more people have phobias of spiders and snakes than guns and electricity. B. which neurotransmitter is responsible for aggression. C. how a person's physical environment affects their personality. D. how the use of the representativeness heuristic contributes to stereotypes. E. which part of the brain is most active during a pain response.

A

Han needs to speak to his bank manager. As he walks into the bank, he sees a woman in a suit talking to the security guard. He waits to speak to her, assuming she is the manager. When Han introduces himself, she explains she is the niece of the security guard and she is not an employee of the bank. Han likely mistook the woman for the manager because he used which of the following problem-solving strategies? A. Heuristic. B. Algorithm. C. Insight. D. Incubation. E. Rehearsal.

A

Michael and his friends decide to find out if light affects the appetites of their goldfish. After measuring the amount of food eaten by the fish as a baseline, they each purchase a different color light bulb for their fish tanks, except for Michael. He is not going to change the lighting in his fish tank. Why is this a good idea? A. Michael's fish will be the control group for the experiment. B. Michael's fish will be the experimental group for the experiment. C. The amount of food consumed by Michael's fish will be the dependent variable. D. The amount of food consumed by Michael's fish will be the independent variable. E. Michael rightly hypothesizes that lighting will not affect the fish.

A

Minnie is the star pitcher on her baseball team. One day, Minnie falls off of a ladder and hits her head. There were no immediate signs of physical injury. However, Minnie is no longer able to pitch successfully. Minnie most likely suffered damage to her A. cerebellum. B. hippocampus. C. pituitary gland. D. amygdala. E. sensory cortex.

A

Noam Chomsky believed which of the following about language? A. Children are born with the ability to acquire language. B. Children must be talked to often in order to acquire language. C. Children learn language through reinforcement. D. Children learn language faster if they watch others speak. E. The learning of language depends on the environment of the child

A

Some large corporations use phone numbers like 1-800-JOHNLAW or 1-555-NEWBOAT to make it easier for customers to remember their telephone numbers. These telephone numbers are examples of which of the following mnemonic devices? A. Chunking B. Method of loci C. Rehearsal D. Serial position effect E. Acronyms

A

A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver, "Can you please a ride to the airport me give?" This visitor has apparently not yet mastered which component of the English language? A. Phonemes. B. Syntax. C. Semantics. D. Morphemes. E. Telegraphic speech.

B

A college student participates in a voluntary research study, during which she is shown pictures. The student has electrodes affixed to her scalp to provide data on her brain activity. This technique is called A. computerized tomography (CT) B. electroencephalogram (EEG) C. positron-emission tomography (PET) D. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) E. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

B

A real estate agent boasts: "The average household income in this neighborhood is $100,000/year so that means that you will live around only affluent people." What measure of central tendency is the real estate agent using to represent the set of household incomes? A. Range B. Mean C. Median D. Correlation E. Differential

B

After selecting a randomly-generated password for her student e-mail account, Jill was able to remember her password long enough to enter it correctly and access the information she needed. After she logged out of her account, she was unable to remember her newly created password. In this case, the password was stored in which type of memory? A. Echoic memory. B. Short-Term memory. C. Flashbulb memory. D. Long-Term memory. E. Implicit memory.

B

Anton wants to know if there is a relationship between someone's age and their preferred political party. Which of the following research methods would best help Anton answer this question? A. Experimental B. Correlational C. Descriptive D. Case study E. Naturalistic observation

B

At the age of 10, Jim won his little league championship game by hitting a game-winning home run in the very last inning. He and his teammates were overwhelmed with excitement to be champions. Now, 40 years later as an adult, Jim can recall every detail of that game. Which of the following terms best characterizes Jim's memory of his victory? A. Long-Term Memory. B. Flashbulb memory. C. Explicit memory. D. Implicit memory. E. Iconic memory.

B

Fadi is having trouble remembering how to play the new song his piano teacher assigned him. He keeps confusing the new song with the songs he learned last month. Which of the following best explains Fadi's forgetfulness? A. Retroactive interference B. Proactive interference C. Repression D. Anterograde amnesia E. Retrograde amnesia

B

Hakeem remembers how to get from his dorm room to the Center for Psychological Learning after the second week on campus. What is this is an example of? A. Effortful processing. B. Automatic processing. C. Analogies. D. Short-term memory. E. Serial position effect.

B

In a classic case of amnesia, Clive Wearing retained the ability to play piano, but lost the ability to form new long term explicit memories. This amnesia was most likely caused by damage to his: A. Hypothalamus B. Hippocampus C. Cerebellum D. Limbic System E Frontal Lobe E. Frontal lobe

B

In an attempt to be hip, your grandmother tries to breakdance, resulting in a broken hip. Your ability to know the difference between the two meanings of "hip" relates BEST to the concept of A. syntax. B. semantics. C. a critical period. D. telegraphic speech. E. linguistic determinism.

B

Juan was on the way to the bathroom in the middle of the night when he heard a loud crashing noise coming from downstairs. As a result, Juan's heart sped up and he began to sweat. Which nervous system division is responsible for causing Juan's reaction to the sound? A. Parasympathetic Nervous System B. Sympathetic System C. Central Nervous System D. Peripheral Nervous System E. Autonomic Nervous System

B

Medications that treat multiple sclerosis work by slowing the degeneration of which of the following parts of the neuron? A. Dendrite B. Myelin sheath C. Axon D. Nodes of Ranvier E. Soma

B

Most experiments involve just a sample of an entire population. Researchers are able to generalize their findings by making use of A. random assignment. B. random selection. C. descriptive statistics. D. correlational studies. E. longitudinal studies.

B

Of the following choices, which coefficient indicates the smallest correlation between two variables? A. -0.66 B. -0.05 C. 0.09 D. 0.33 E. 0.75

B

After going all season without getting in the game, Billy's coach called his number to come to bat in the last inning of the last game of the season. Billy was so nervous he could hardly hold on to his bat. Billy's endocrine system is MOST likely producing larger amounts of what hormones leading to his excitement? A. Insulin. B. Thyroxin. C. Epinephrine. D. Steroids. E. Melatonin.

C

How does communication take place between neurons? A. The electrical impulse moves across the synapse from axon to dendrite. B. The electrical impulse in the axon causes depolarization of the dendrite in the receiving cell. C. The electrical impulse in the axon triggers the release of chemicals that stimulate the dendrite in the receiving cell. D. Transmission of the neural impulse is facilitated between cells by the myelin sheath.

C

Jack and Jill watch a presidential debate together. Before the debate, Jack prefers Candidate A, and Jill likes Candidate B. After the debate, Jack and Jill are both certain that their candidate won the debate, citing instances where they did well, and minimizing times they did poorly. Which concept BEST explains their differing perceptions of the debate? A. Availability heuristic B. Representativeness heuristic C. Confirmation bias D. Overconfidence E. Intuition

C

Jason's brother returned from war suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Brain imaging showed increased amygdala reactivity and smaller hippocampal volume. What will likely happen with Jason's brother due to the brain's plasticity? A. He will be emotionally reactive. B. He will suffer short term memory loss. C. He will recover with the help of antidepressants and cognitive therapy. D. He will recover if he has electroconvulsive therapy. E. He will have a permanent change in personality.

C

Jimena wants to make sure she is able to recall the term "hypothalamus" for her next psychology test. In order to do that, she learns the functions of the hypothalamus in the body and connects this information to what she knows about other body parts. Jimena is increasing the chances of remembering the hypothalamus by utilizing A. shallow processing. B. maintenance rehearsal. C. elaborative rehearsal. D. self-reference effect. E. acoustic encoding.

C

John is 6'3" and very muscular. Even though he works as a flight attendant, John is often mistaken for a professional football player due to his appearance. People's mistaken assumptions about his vocation are BEST explained by A. the framing effect. B. divergent thinking. C. the representativeness heuristic. D. intrinsic motivation. E. a mental set.

C

Julie's sister suffered a stroke. Brain imaging showed decreased activity in Wernicke's area and increased activity in the occipital lobe. Because of the brain's plasticity, what will Julie's sister be likely to do in the future? A. Be emotionally reactive. B. Suffer short-term​ memory loss. C. Have enhanced vision because of a decrease in language comprehension. D. Recover her speech with electroconvulsive therapy. E. Have a permanent change in personality.

C

Memory for automatic activities like tying one's shoe or riding a bike is known as A. explicit memory. B. working memory. C. procedural memory. D. eidetic memory. E. semantic memory.

C

Nathan throws away a set of glass jars and then immediately goes to the store to find a container in which to store his loose change. Which concept MOST clearly illustrates Nathan's failure to recognize that he could have used the jars he threw out rather than buying new ones? A. Confirmation bias. B. Availability heuristic. C. Functional fixedness. D.. Representative heuristic. E. Overconfidence.

C

Rama frequently complains to Suzy about her parents. Suzy notices that Rama repeats the same stories and that each time, Rama's stories change and become more elaborate. She has occasionally pointed out Rama's increasing exaggerations, but Rama swears she is remembering accurately. Which term BEST explains what is happening with Rama's stories? A. Negative transfer. B. Proactive interference. C. Reconstructive memory. D. Cognitive decay. E. Elaboration.

C

Reuptake is defined as A. The rapid depolarization of a neuron that occurs when ions flow in and out. B. The process through which the neural activity of a receptor is promoted. C. The process through which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the cell. D. The state a neuron is in before it reaches its threshold and fires. E. The period after neuron fires when it cannot release signals

C

Split-brain, a condition caused by the partial or complete severing of the corpus callosum, was notably studied by A. Paul Broca. B. Carl Wernicke. C. Michael Gazzaniga. D. Theodor Schwann. E. James McGaugh.

C

Which of the following is TRUE about the work of Paul Broca? A. He studied split-brain patients and was among the first to describe the lateralization of the brain. B. He discovered a region in the auditory cortex necessary for language comprehension. C. He discovered that the left hemisphere of the brain is important for the production of speech. D. He performed the famous "he*art" studies in split-brain patients to better understand the roles of the left and right hemispheres in language. E. He proposed the theory of natural selection.

C

A researcher wants to find out how well high school attendance predicts student academic performance. Which type of research method should he or she use to determine the answer to this question? A. Case study. B. Experiment. C. Observational study. D. Correlational study. E. Double-blind study.

D

Arousal of the sympathetic nervous system leads to which of the following? A. Constriction of the pupils B. Lower blood pressure C. Arousal of the immune system D. Increase in perspiration E.Better fine motor control

D

Every student in fourth grade at Watson Elementary took a Big Five Personality test the first week of school. Principal Albert recorded the agreeableness score for each child along with the number of referrals for misconduct. He thinks that rating high on the agreeableness scale might predict better behavior from students. What type of graph should he choose to best represent his data? A. Histogram B. Frequency Distribution C. Box Plot D. Scatterplot E. Time Plot

D

Ms. Jones sold more raffle tickets when she told potential buyers they had a 10% chance of winning a prize than when she told them they had a 90% chance of not winning. Which of the following concepts does this example demonstrate? A. Representativeness heuristic B. Belief perseverance C. Confirmation Bias D. Framing effect E. Availability heuristic

D

Researchers removed part of a rat's brain so that the two hemispheres of the rat's brain can no longer communicate with each other. Which part of the rat's brain did the researchers take out? A. Hippocampus B. Hypothalamus C. Amygdala D. Corpus callosum E. Reticular formation

D

Sherry is shopping for beef at her local organic market and is choosing between three packages. One package of ground beef is labeled as 95% fat-free, another is labeled as 95/5, and the third is labeled as containing only 5% fat. She chooses the package labeled 95% fat-free. What psychological principle led to Sherry making this decision? A. Confirmation bias B. Representative bias C. Convergent thinking D. Framing effect E. Mental set

D

Students with better school attendance show better grades in school. It is easy to assume that attendance leads to better performance in school, but just as likely, both factors are driven by a third factor. Which of the following statements support this idea? A. The two factors occur together by chance. B. Correlation does not equal causation. C. Students who do better in school are more likely to want to attend school. D. Some students are more motivated to do well in school, leading to better attendance and better grades. E. Students have to be present in class to learn the material leading to good grades.

D

Susan was recently involved in an accident. While she has the ability to understand what those around her are saying, she is unable to respond verbally. Susan may have suffered damage to her A. Wernicke's area. B. cerebellum. C. hypothalamus. D. Broca's area. E. prefrontal cortex.

D

Which of the following illustrates an algorithm? A. Walking straight to the back of the grocery store because that is usually where they keep the milk B. Using online reviews to determine if a restaurant has good food C. Getting dinner at a buffet because it is the first restaurant that comes to mind when your friend asks where you want to eat D. Walking up and down every aisle until you find a gallon of milk at the grocery store E. A store sells more ground beef when they market it as '93% fat-free' instead of '7% fat'

D

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for relaying information from the brain to the muscles so they can walk across the room and pick something up? A. Parasympathetic nervous B. Sympathetic nervous system C. Central nervous system D. Somatic nervous system E. Autonomic nervous system

D

Rachel moves in with Joey. Within days of moving in, Joey's refrigerator stops working. Joey believes that it is Rachel's fault that the refrigerator stopped working because she just moved in. Joey's assumption that Rachel's arrival is related to the refrigerator breaking is an example of A. confirmation bias. B. self-fulfilling prophecy. C. placebo effect. D. hindsight bias. E. illusory correlation.

E

Which of the following BEST defines neuroplasticity? A. The feel of healthy human brain tissue. B. The ability of the brain to transfer information from one hemisphere to the other. C. The way a brain gets larger as a child grows. D. The wide variety of functions performed by the human brain. E. The ability of brain tissue to take on new functions.

E

Which gland is responsible for secreting hormones that stimulate other glands? A. Pineal B. Pancreas C. Pituitary D. Adrenal E. Thyroid

C

How many phonemes does the word "candy" have? A. 4 B. 2 C. 1 D. 5 E. Cannot be determined.

D

Ajax had a fight with their parents, left the house, and disappeared. Ajax was found 6 months later in a hospital with no memory of their identity. Ajax's symptoms can be explained by which of the following disorders? A. Dissociative identity disorder B. Schizophrenia C. Bipolar disorder D. Depression E. Antisocial personality disorder

A

Ciara thinks she will fail her road test and never get her license even though she has completed all her driving hours and her instructor says she is a good driver. Which of the following explains Ciara's behavior from the cognitive approach? A. Her irrational thoughts cause her to doubt her ability, even though she has evidence to the contrary. B. She has a weak superego and is controlled by her id, so she fails to follow the rules of the road. C. She is projecting a lack of self-efficacy onto her mother's driving. D. She is raised in a culture that promotes the stereotype that women are bad drivers. E. Her sympathetic nervous system activates every time she starts the car.

A

When it comes to problem-solving, which of the following is TRUE about algorithms? A. Using algorithms is usually a quicker way of solving problems. B. Algorithms are a less accurate way of solving problems. C. The accurate use of algorithms will ensure a correct result. D. Algorithms is another way of saying trial-and-error. E. An algorithm is the best example of a concept.

C

Which of the following reflects the order and direction of a neural impulse within a cell? A. Dendrite to cell body of axon B. Cell body to dendrite to axon C. Dendrite to axon to cell body D. Axon to cell body to dendrite E. Axon to dendrite to cell body

A

After seeing two cars collide, Emily pulled over to make sure no one was hurt and stayed on the scene until help arrived. When the police arrived, they asked her questions about what she witnessed. According to Elizabeth Loftus's research, which of the following questions could cause Emily to succumb to the misinformation effect? A. How fast were the vehicles traveling before the accident occurred? B. In what direction were the cars traveling? C. How many vehicles were involved in the accident? D. Can you tell me what you witnessed? E. How fast were the cars traveling when the first car crashed into the other?

E

At a concert, Joan is listening to the words of her favorite song and watching her favorite band perform. Which two lobes of her brain are active during these activities? A. Occipital and frontal. B. Temporal and frontal. C. Frontal and parietal. D. Occipital and parietal. E. Occipital and temporal.

E

Clara suffered a traumatic brain injury less than a year ago. Prior to the injury, she would become anxious each time she was near a spider. However, since the injury, Clara, no longer becomes anxious when she encounters a spider. Which area of her brain was MOST likely affected by the injury? A. Hippocampus. B. Thalamus. C. Hypothalamus. D. Medulla oblongata. E. Amygdala.

E

Hannah receives a text that a close friend has been in a serious accident. Which neurotransmitter will her body immediately release after reading the text? A. Epinephrine B. Serotonin C. Testosterone D. Lymphocytes E. Estrogen

A

Ivanna and Charlie are expecting their first child. At the ultrasound, Ivanna was told that there was a thirty percent chance the child could have Down syndrome. Ivanna was anxious after hearing the news until her husband told her there was a seventy percent chance that the child would not have Down syndrome. What might Ivanna's change in perception be attributed to? A. Confirmation bias. B. Overconfidence. C. The framing effect. D. Functional fixedness. E. Mental set.

C

Eleven-month-old Gabby says things like "go", "bye," and "up" when talking to her family. Gabby is MOST likely in which language development stage? A. Telegraphic. B. Two-word. C. Overgeneralization. D. One-word. E. Babbling.

D

A researcher is studying the impact of sugar consumption on mood. Which of the following research methods would allow the researcher to conclude that there is a causal relationship between the two variables? A. Naturalistic observation. B. Survey. C. Correlation study. D. Case study. E. Experiment.

E

After a child with severe epilepsy has a brain hemisphere surgically removed, which of the following is MOST likely to occur? A. Epilepsy symptoms, such as seizures, will worsen. B. The child is likely to experience severe deficits in gross motor functions. C. It is unlikely that the child will develop cognitively after the surgery. D. Social relations will become extremely difficult for the child. E. Long-term impact on cognitive and other abilities will be minimal.

E

Artificial lightning at night affects the body's production of what hormone that helps one fall asleep? A. Insulin B. Thryroxin C. Epinephrine D. Steroids E. Melatonin

E

Muzafer Sherif studied group dynamics and the role of conflict and cooperation with a group of campers. The counselors were all members of the research team, unbeknownst to the campers. If this experiment were to be repeated, in order to follow the ethical guidelines dictated by the American Psychological Association (APA), before the study commenced, each parent or guardian would need to need to know the nature of the research and express a willingness for their children to participate. This is known as A. right to privacy. B. anonymity. C. debriefing. D. confidentiality. E. informed consent.

E

The ability to find multiple solutions to problems is called A. convergent thinking. B. intelligence. C. heuristic. D. algorithm. E. divergent thinking.

E

Which of the following cognitive psychologists saw children going through the same stages of grammar at approximately the same age as evidence of innate language organization? A. William James. B. Wolfgang Köhler. C. B.F. Skinner. D. Howard Gardner. E. Noam Chomsky.

E

Sarah volunteered for a flu study to earn extra spending money in college. Upon arriving at the study site, the researchers told her that after contracting the flu she will receive a pill which could be a placebo or real medication. She could not find out whether she had received real medicine or not until debriefing at the conclusion of the study. This study was A. unethical because she was deceived. B. a blind study to prevent participant bias. C. invalid because participants were not randomly selected. D. correlational research. E. a descriptive research.

B

Serenity wants to see whether students who take classes in the morning perform better on the same written exam than those who take the same class in the afternoon. To conduct her research, she asks one teacher who teaches the same course with a similar number of students in both the morning and afternoon to provide data concerning her students' performance on the same unit test. After analyzing her data, she concludes that students who take courses in the morning do better than those that take courses in the afternoon. Which of the following might be a confounding variable affecting Serenity's research? A. The assessment given by the teacher. B. The intellectual abilities of the students in the particular classes. C. The teacher of the class. D. The number of students in the class. E. The test scores on the assessment.

B

Which of the following is a symptom of schizophrenia? A. Suicidal thoughts. B. Disorganized thinking. C. Feelings of guilt. D. Alternating between feelings of hopelessness and mania. E. Recurring thoughts and compulsions.

B

Which of the following statements BEST represents the current stance on the debate between nature and nurture? A. Regarding human traits, we are stuck with what we are born with. B. Nurture works within the constraints of nature. C. With work, nurture can overcome almost any trait affected by nature. D. We understand how much of a role nature and nurture play in determining most human traits. E. We have very little idea of how much of a role nature and nuture play in most human traits.

B

Wolfgang Köhler's experiment involving Sultan, a chimpanzee who was given two hollow bamboo sticks to retrieve a banana beyond his reach, led to the conclusion that the ability to reach a sudden solution can be described using which of the following terms? A. Incubation. B. Insight. C. Mental set. D. Functional fixedness. E. Cognitive dissonance.

B

In the context of the legal system, to declare someone insane is to determine that the person A. has been diagnosed with a psychotic disorder. B. is a danger to themselves. C. should not be held responsible for a crime due to a psychological disorder. D. is a danger to other people. E. is currently being treated for a mental illness.

C

Katrina has problems coordinating her movement and keeping her balance. Which part of her brain is NOT functioning properly? A. Hippocampus. B. Amygdala. C. Cerebellum. D. Cerebrum. E. Frontal lobe.

C

Memory dysfunction and altered perceptions of identity are MOST characteristic of which diagnostic category of psychological disorders? A. Anxiety. B. Mood. C. Dissociative. D. Neurodevelopmental. E. Somatic.

C

Sarah suffers from delusions and hallucinations. After her last few visits to the grocery store, she reported to her family that the tomatoes talked to her. She claims they told her the house is being spied on by the government, and they must keep all of the lights off at night. She has become extremely paranoid and difficult to deal with. She rarely sleeps and refuses to listen or go to the doctor. Based on the DSM-5, which of the following disorders would BEST explain Sarah's behavior? A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. B. Specific phobia. C. Schizophrenia. D. Antisocial personality disorder. E. General anxiety disorder.

C

Which of the following demonstrates how aging can be influenced by heredity? A. Telomeres, the ends of chromosomes, shorten as we age, but this process can be slowed through exercise. B. Low stress and better eating habits predict better health in older adults. C. Identical twins are more likely to have a similar lifespan compared to fraternal twins. D People with close supporters, such as friends or family, are more likely to live longer. E. As we age, crystallized intelligence increases while fluid intelligence decreases.

C

After several weeks of feeling tired and lethargic, Terry experienced three weeks of intense energy during which he worked late into the night on his novel. While he was highly productive, he was easily angered, lashing out at anyone that offered criticism of his work. He was supremely confident that his novel was going to make him rich and famous. Terry is MOST clearly demonstrating the symptoms of which disorder? A. Schizophrenia. B. Agoraphobia. C. Antisocial personality disorder. D. Bipolar disorder. E. Dissociative identity disorder.

D

Katya's grandfather tells her about when he first witnessed a man walk on the moon. He recalls the names of the astronauts, who the news broadcaster was, and the channel that aired the spacewalk. Katya's grandfather's recollections are examples of A. iconic memory. B. implicit memory. C. echoic memory. D. semantic memory. E. short-term memory.

D

Clive is suffering anxiety and is unable to participate in normal daily activities. He decides to go to a therapist to help him resolve his issues so he can live normally in the future. The therapist directs Clive to explore his past to discover the source of his illness. What type of psychologist did Clive see? A. Humanistic. B. Developmental. C. Cognitive. D. Biological. E. Psychodynamic.

E

Corbin has a fear of water after watching his mother act fearfully at the pool and beach. Corbin's fear can be best explained by A. genetics. B. the hippocampus. C. classical conditioning. D. operant conditioning. E. social learning theory.

E

Franklin's short attention span has led to a decrease in his academic performance. In an interview with a psychologist, it was revealed that while his mother was pregnant with him, she was ill with a virus and he had a low birth weight. What clinical diagnosis might the doctor consider? A. Antisocial personality disorder. B. Major depressive disorder. C. Bipolar disorder. D. Dissociative disorder. E. Schizophrenia.

E

Harry's roommate is very concerned about his behavior. There are times when Harry uses a foreign accent, is aggressive, and says his name is Eddie. When questioned, Harry acts like he doesn't know what his roommate is talking about and denies any change in his behavior. Which of the following could explain Harry's behavior? A. Obsessive compulsive disorder B. Generalized anxiety disorder C. Post traumatic stress disorder D. Schizophrenia E. Dissociative identity disorder

E

Which of the following BEST conveys how someone with a pessimistic explanatory style would explain seeing a failing score on a psychology exam? A. "I failed because I am bad at psychology. I have a lot of work to do if I want to get better." B. "There must have been a scoring error. I am going to talk to the teacher tomorrow." C. "The teacher did not teach us a thing. That test was so unfair!" D. "I failed because I did not work hard enough. At least I have good grades in my other classes." E. "I failed because I am bad at psychology. I am not sure why I even bother to study. I shouldn't even bother applying to college."

E

Which of the following disorders' causes are thought to be most strongly connected to biological factors and least connected to environmental factors? A. Major depressive disorder B. Agoraphobia C. Anorexia nervosa D. Bulimia nervosa E. Schizophrenia

E

Which of the following is the BEST example of a psychological disorder? A. A brain tumor. B. Behavior that makes others feel uncomfortable. C. The inability to read. D. A physical abnormality. E. Maladaptive, atypical behavior.

E

Eli has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His doctor believes his condition has a biological root that is tied to a specific neurotransmitter in the brain. Which of the following is responsible for the symptoms associated with schizophrenia? A. An oversupply of the neurotransmitter dopamine. B. An undersupply of the neurotransmitter dopamine. C. An undersupply of the neurotransmitter serotonin. D. An oversupply of the neurotransmitter glutamate. E. An undersupply of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (aCh).

A

Five-year-old Charlie did not start speaking until he was almost three. He has limited communication skills and repetitive speech patterns. Charlie does not like being touched and prefers to play alone instead of with others. When Charlie becomes over-aroused or frustrated, he tends to resort to specific behaviors, such as flapping his arms. Charlie is MOST likely to be diagnosed with which of the following? A. Autism spectrum disorder. B. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). C. Dyslexia. D. Tourette syndrome. E. Attention-deficit disorder (ADD).

A

Heritability of IQ is generally thought to be somewhere between 40% and 60%. This indicates that A. the difference in IQ scores between two individuals is likely between 40% and 60% due to genetic factors. B. the difference in mean IQ scores between two populations is likely between 40% and 60% due to genetic factors. C. an individual's IQ is about half due to genetics and half due to environmental factors. D. IQ is mostly determined by genetic factors. E. IQ is mostly determined by environmental factors.

A

Jennifer believes she can control other people's thoughts. She has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Which symptom of schizophrenia is Jennifer exhibiting? A. A delusion. B. A hallucination. C. Disorganized speech. D. Catatonia. E. A compulsion.

A

Sarah was the victim of an armed robbery at her work a year ago and still has flashbacks of the evening she was robbed. She is unable to get a good night's sleep and no longer wants to hang out with friends. Which of the following is Sarah MOST likely suffering from? A. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). B. Generalized anxiety disorder. C. Panic disorder. D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. E. Illness anxiety disorder.

A

What are phobias usually characterized by? A. A persistent, illogical fear of a specific object or environment that prevents a person from living normally. B. Consistent, excessive, and disproportionate worry that persists for six months or more. C. A continuous state of tension and activation of the autonomic nervous system. D. Prolonged periods of hopelessness, weariness, with frequent thoughts of death. E. Fluctuations between extremes in mood, energy, and activity levels.

A

Which of the following describes the major findings of recent twin studies? A. There are strong similarities between adult identical twins who had been separated at birth. B. Heritability is less important than researchers initially thought. C. Peer influence is more important than parental influence in the development of personality traits. D. A child's environment becomes more important as children grow into adults. E. Fraternal twins share just as many similarities as identical twins in adulthood.

A

According to the biological perspective, schizophrenia is the result of A. an overabundance of serotonin in the brain. B. an overabundance of dopamine in the brain. C. conditioning from one's environment. D. an unconscious battle between the Id and Ego. E. family trauma and alienation from society.

B

Cadence is below the recommended body weight for her height, but she still perceives herself as overweight and will often skip meals or eat as little as possible. Cadence is likely suffering from A. bulimia. B. anorexia nervosa. C. binge-eating disorder. D. anxiety. E. obesity.

B

During a manic period, how is a person likely to feel? A. Pessimistic. B. Optimistic. C. Ambivalent. D. Fearful. E. Catatonic

B

Elizabeth has been having trouble sleeping at night. She is always exhausted but does not seem to be able to fully relax at bedtime. She has become extremely irritable and has difficulty remaining focused on a task. Her husband says she seems to be in a state of constant worry. Elizabeth worries about her finances, even though there is more than enough money in the bank to pay her bills. She worries about her young adult children's future, even though both are very successful professionals. Elizabeth realizes there is a problem, but she cannot do anything to relax. At her husband's persistence, she has agreed to go to the doctor. Which popular DSM-5 disorder would BEST explain Elizabeth's condition? A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. B. Generalized anxiety disorder. C. Panic disorder. D. Social anxiety disorder. E. Post-traumatic stress disorder.

B

Felicia is in her senior year of high school. She has missed most of the senior activities scheduled throughout the year. She spends her time in her room, frequently not showering or getting up to eat meals. She blames herself for her discomfort around her friends and family. What is Felicia most likely suffering from? A. Agoraphobia. B. Major depressive disorder. C. Schizophrenia. D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. E. Dissociative disorder.

B

In order to BEST determine the role of genetics in human traits, psychologists make use of A. correlational studies. B. twin studies. C. longitudinal studies. D. cross-sectional studies. E. double-blind studies.

B

Jackson stepped on a bumble bee and was stung when he was four years old. Since that time, he has had a severe phobia of bees. Which theory BEST explains Jackson's phobia? A. Biological. B. Behavioral. C. Humanistic. D. Cognitive. E. Psychoanalytic.

B

One of the brain abnormalities that is said to cause an increase in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia is an excess of which receptors in the brain? A. Acetylcholine (ACh). B. Dopamine. C. Serotonin. D. Norepinephrine. E. Glutamate.

B

Sanjay is extremely worried about germs and getting sick. When in a crowded area, he constantly looks around to see if he can spot anyone that is ill. If he sees someone sneeze, he will immediately use hand sanitizer to clean his hands. He has started avoiding crowds and is suffering from peeling and cracking skin on his hands due to the overuse of hand sanitizer. Which of the following disorders BEST explains Sanjay's behavior? A. Specific phobia. B. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. C. Post-traumatic stress disorder. D. Major depressive disorder. E. Bipolar disorder.

B

Several months ago, Lucy was mugged by a man with a knife. Now she has regular nightmares about the incident and frequent flashbacks that force her to remember how she felt that day. Lucy may be suffering from A. obsessive-compulsive disorder. B. post-traumatic stress disorder. C. agoraphobia. D. bipolar disorder. E. schizophrenia.

B

Collin is an even-tempered, well-liked college junior. On a recent visit home, he is extremely agitated and quick tempered. He claims his roommates have installed surveillance cameras and are planning to hurt him. For protection, he stays awake at night. In the middle of the night, Collin's parents are awakened by loud screaming coming from Collin's room. They find him wide awake yelling at the chair. Out of fear for their son's safety they take him to the local emergency room. Which of the following psychological disorders is Collin MOST likely experiencing? A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. B. Bipolar disorder. C. Schizophrenia. D. Major depressive disorder. E. Generalized anxiety disorder.

C

Dr. Smith believes that his patient, Sarah, exhibits anxiety due to repressed anger and hostility towards her father who moved away when she was a young child. This belief is MOST in line with which theory of psychopathology? A. Biological. B. Behavioral. C. Psychodynamic. D. Social-cultural. E. Humanistic.

C

Elliott has been suffering headaches and diminished appetite and has been weepy for two weeks. She is finally feeling better, ​but now she feels as though she does not need to sleep and is agitated and constantly sweating. What could Elliott be suffering from? A. Dissociative disorder. B. Major depressive disorder. C. Bipolar disorder. D. Schizophrenia. E. Anxiety.

C

Silas was in a car accident six months ago. Since then, he has been anxious and irritable and has had trouble sleeping through the night because he wakes up to nightmares and flashbacks. Silas is most likely suffering from A. somatoform disorder. B. depression. C. hypochondriasis. D. post-traumatic stress disorder. E. dissociative identity disorder.

D

Alicia suffers from excessive, ongoing worry, an unrealistic view of problems, and feels "edgy" and irritable frequently. According to the DSM-5, what might she be experiencing symptoms of? A. Bipolar Disorder. B. Major Depressive Disorder. C. Schizophrenia. D. Generalized Anxiety Disorder. E. Somatic Symptom Disorder.

D

Brenda has been diagnosed with anxiety. She shared this information with her employer, who subsequently started reducing her hours and using a tone of voice that one would use with a child. What does this example illustrate? A. The value of psychoanalytic therapy. B. Flaws in the medical model of diagnosing psychological disorders. C. The value of DSM-5. D. The biasing power of diagnostic labels. E. The power of the biopsychosocial approach.D

D

Which of the following statements is true regarding mental illness and the legal system? A. Most mentally ill patients who commit crimes will be found not guilty by reason of insanity. B. The majority of people with mental illnesses will end up in a mental hospital or institution. C. If a person is found not guilty by reason of insanity, they do not have to serve time in any facility. D. Even when suffering from a severe mental illness, most mentally ill people are not a danger to others. E. A person found not guilty by reason of insanity must serve a set number of years in a mental facility.

D

After witnessing a plane crash, Gretchen resumed normal activities and was grateful for the life she was leading. However, several months later she started feeling panicky every time a plane flew overhead, and she refused to go to the airport. Gretchen most likely would be diagnosed with A. panic disorder. B. generalized anxiety disorder. C. bipolar disorder. D. obsessive-compulsive disorder. E. post-traumatic stress disorder.

E

Which part of a neuron helps INCREASE the transmission speed of neural impulses? A. Axon B. Myelin sheath C. Dendrites D. Soma E. Synapse

B

For a child to be born with PKU, both parents must carry the gene for the trait. Therefore, susceptibility to PKU is BEST described as A. autosomal. B. recessive. C. dominant. D. polygenic. E. co-dominant.

B

For the past few months, Phil has been overcome with anxiety. He constantly worries about work and his family, even though his job is great and he has no problems at home. He knows his feelings are irrational, but he cannot stop himself from always thinking about what could happen. He is not sleeping well at night, has difficulty concentrating, and has been having an irregular, racing heartbeat for the past few weeks. Based on the DSM-5, which condition BEST explains Phil's behavior? A. Generalized anxiety disorder. B. Specific phobia. C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. D. Panic disorder. E. Illness anxiety disorder.

A

David is preoccupied with unwanted repetitive thoughts and actions. He believes if he goes to school his father will get sick. With which of the following psychological disorders might David be diagnosed? A. Dissociative disorder. B. Generalized anxiety disorder. C. Bipolar disorder. D. Obsessive compulsive disorder. E. Somatic symptom disorder.

D

Which of the following is an example of the traditional psychoanalytic approach to treating depression? A. Dr. Yon prescribes Nathan an antidepressant called Paxil to help treat his depression symptoms. B. Nathan meets with a therapist for REBT to help him identify and change his negative thoughts. C. Nathan undergoes ECT, where a brief electrical shock is transmitted to his brain to induce a seizure. D. Nathan's psychiatrist uses free association to help determine the unconscious reason for his depression. E. Nathan sees a therapist for CBT to treat his depression by improving his confidence and self-esteem.

D

Which of the following statements BEST describes the implications that new discoveries in epigenetics and brain plasticity hold for the nature versus nurture debate in psychology? A. The structure of the brain is determined by genetic predispositions, therefore nature is more influential than nurture. B. Human beings have the unique capacity to adapt to environmental influence, therefore nurture is more influential than nature. C. Identical twins share both identical genotypes and identical phenotypes, therefore nature is more influential than nurture. D. The purpose of human behavior is to adapt to environmental challenges, therefore nurture is more important than nature. E. The expression of genetic predispositions and brain physiology are both influenced by environmental factors, therefore nature and nurture are interrelated.

E

A knee jerk reaction is triggered when stimulation of the ________ in the knee send a signal to the ________ in the spinal cord triggering a signal via ________ to kick the knee. A. Sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons B. Interneurons, motor neurons, sensory neurons C. Motor neurons, sensory neurons, interneurons D. Sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons E. Interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons

A

After an ice-skating accident, Prita has difficulty remembering upcoming deadlines, appointments, and names of people she just met. Prita is experiencing loss of A. explicit memory. B. implicit memory. C. procedural memory. D. Short-Term Memory. E. iconic memory.

A

A study that tests the same sample repeatedly at different intervals of time employs which type of design? A. Cross-sectional. B. Longitudinal. C. Experimental. D. Double-blind. E. Between-subjects.

B

One day on her way home from work, Nancy witnessed a suspect fleeing the scene of a bank robbery. Police asked her to come to the station where she picked the suspect out of a line-up. This is an example of A. recall. B. recognition. C. relearning. D. short-term memory. E. rehearsal

B

Pam has a big spelling test tomorrow. One of the more difficult words on her spelling list is "caterpillar". To help herself remember how to spell the word, she recites its spelling aloud 100 times between school and bedtime. Which of the following techniques is Pam using to remember her spelling word? A. Priming. B. Rehearsal. C. Spacing effect. D. Chunking. E. The serial position effect.

B

In a moment of danger, the autonomic nervous system activates the endocrine system to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Which part of the endocrine system releases these two hormones? A. Pituitary Gland B. Thyroid Gland C. Adrenal Gland D. Pancreas E. Hypothalamus

C

Rose needs to cut open a box, but she cannot find a knife to complete the task. Which of the following would MOST likely help her open the box? A. Confirmation bias. B. Divergent thinking. C. Functional fixedness. D. Framing. E. Prototype.

B

Which of the following statements BEST describes consciousness? A. The understanding that an individual has learned a skill. B. The ability to use top-down​ processing to interpret an event. C. The awareness of one's self and the surrounding environment. D. The dual processing ability of the two-track mind. E. The use of working memory to input sensory information into the brain.

C

A superintendent of a school district recently read an article that stated students who have a higher GPA report getting less sleep than their peers. Which of the following BEST explains these findings? A. A higher GPA causes students to get less sleep. B. GPA and sleep are positively correlated. C. GPA and sleep are negatively correlated. D. There is no correlation between GPA and sleep. E. Getting less sleep causes students to have a higher GPA.

C

Which of the following would be the best example of an availability heuristic? A. Johnny takes credit for his good grades in biology, but he claims his teacher did not cover the material when he fails a chemistry test. B. When someone breaks into the school, no one suspects Suzanne, the study body president and cheerleading captain. C. When Sally, who lives in a tornado-prone area, hears an alarm sounding in the distance, she assumes a tornado is on the way. D. Jon is interviewing babysitting candidates for his daughter and assumes the older, well-dressed lady will be better than the young man with tattoos. E. When a town's road flooded in a recent storm, the mayor was quoted saying he knew that was going to happen due to poor construction.

C

While short-term memory lasts for less than a minute, its duration may be extended through: A. Recall B. Recognition C. Rehearsal D. Attention E. Long Term Potentiation

C