Final Review

Hertz is a measure of ________. frequency loudness pitch purity

frequency

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills. fine gross moving physical

gross

Which of the following exemplifies the sense of audition? hearing a song on the radio petting a cat smelling lilacs tasting warm bread covered in pumpkin butter

hearing a song on the radio

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias. egocentric hindsight stereotypical transient

hindsight

Which of the following is a criticism of the Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf research on language? It only applied to preindustrial societies. It was not empirical. It was overly empirical. It was sexist.

It was not empirical.

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes. absent artificial ideal simple

artificial

Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________. automatic concepts diverse stereotypes

automatic

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over. babbling baby talk lexicon phoneme

babbling

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? amygdala cerebellum hippocampus primary cortex

cerebellum

Encoding information occurs through ________. automatic processing and effortful processing automatic storing and effortful retrieving processing and storing storing and retrieving

Encoding information occurs through ________.

Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________. kinesthesia nociception olfaction thermoception

Kinesthesia

According to Albert Bandura, ________. Fear is a conditioned response. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say. Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels. kinesthesia nociception preconception thermoception

Nociception

How does the term Gestalt relate to the psychological study of perception? Gestalt psychology was popular in the 20th century, but it has been replaced by psycholinguistics. Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt. Perception is a Gestalt branch of psychology, meaning the brain is studied apart from the body. Sensation requires the use of Gestalt psychology; perception requires the use of gerund psychology

Perception is a Gestalt branch of psychology, meaning the brain is studied apart from the body.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response. The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery." The word "extinguished" should be changed to the word "acquired." The word "response" should be changed to the word "stimulus." The word "spontaneous" should be changed to the word "planned."

The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery."

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment? cones fovea lens rods

cones

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

The following sentence misuses the word accept: "I'll take all the cupcakes accept the one with cream cheese icing." Which part of language involves knowing the proper use of the word accept? concept grammar lexicon prototype

lexicon

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________. distinguish the fat content of food feel pain maintain balance and body posture regulate body temperature

maintain balance and body posture

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts. idea paradigm prototype schema

schema

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus). conditioned response conditioned stimulus unconditioned response unconditional stimulus

unconditioned response

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater? cones fovea iris rods

rods

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? effortful procedural recall sensory

sensory

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable. Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule? Julie knows she will get a trampoline if she accumulates enough allowance money Nikita takes her dog for a walk every day at 8 a.m. Viviane plays scratch-off lottery tickets Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________. accommodation assimilation exclusion inclusion

accommodation

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents after dreaming they were on television after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus? afterimage preimage fovea monocular

afterimage

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? arousal theory engram hypothesis equipotentiality hypothesis flashbulb theory

arousal theory

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived. attention friendship habit mood

attention

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior? baby seeking food by rooting and suckling believing that nudity is wrong teacher demonstrating algebra to students toddler who is toilet training

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? bodily kinesthetic intrapersonal logical-mathematical spatial

bodily kinesthetic

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The step of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long-term memory, is called memory consolidation. change the word "conscious" to the word "unconscious" change the word "long" to the word "short" change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal" change the word "repetition" to the word "recognition"

change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal"

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. chunking elaborative rehearsal mnemonic device persistence

chunking

The continuous development approach views development as a ________. biological imperative cumulative process series of accidents unique progress

cumulative process

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this? avoidant disorganized resistant secure

disorganized

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have? dysfunction dysgraphia dyslexia dysthymia

dyslexia

Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where. distortion forgetting imposition intrusion

forgetting

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? generativity vs. stagnation identity vs. confusion isolation vs. intimacy trust vs. mistrust

identity vs. confusion

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? autonomy vs. shame/guilt identity vs. confusion industry vs. inferiority trust vs. mistrust

industry vs. inferiority

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons? conditions instincts operants reflexes

instincts

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? autonomy vs. shame/guilt industry vs. inferiority intimacy vs. isolation trust vs. mistrust

intimacy vs. isolation

Schemata are a(an) ________. example of the brain's ability to form prototypes means of sublimating frustration method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently source of emotional content for the brain

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response neutral response and a conditioned response neutral stimulus and a neutral response neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________. one standard deviation above the mean one standard deviation below the mean two standard deviations above the mean 15 points above the average

one standard deviation above the mean

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? authoritarian authoritative Freudian permissive

permissive

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period. assessments case studies naturalistic observations surveys

surveys

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood? changes in the workforce changing cultural expectations taking longer to complete a college degree younger average age for marriage

younger average age for marriage