Final Review: World History Questions

How did Lenin restore order to Russia?

- 1921: Lenin launches the NEP - has some capitalism, not completely communist but more socialist - NEP and peace restore economy shattered by war and revolution - 1928: Russian farms are more productive

What are some major similarities between the Korean and Vietnam wars?

- Both Korea and Vietnam were divided after World War II - Millions of people were killed in both countries - America failed to completely contain communism in both areas

What was the Propaganda used during the Cold War?

- Movies - Television - Literature - The Arts - Sport - Education

What were three main events of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

- Superpower Tension - Fidel Castro's Cuba - The Bay of Pigs(CIA)

What major events or concepts led to or caused the Cold War?

- The Soviet Union wanted to spread its ideology of communism worldwide, which alarmed the Americans who followed democracy. - The acquisition of atomic weapons by America caused fear in the Soviets. - Both countries feared an attack from each other adhering to mutual mass destruction. - The Soviet Union's action of taking control over Eastern Europe was a major factor for US suspicions. - The US President had a personal dislike of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. - America was annoyed by the Soviet Union's actions in the part of Germany it had occupied. - The Soviets feared that America would use Western Europe as a base to attack it.

What were the Causes and Effects of the Great Depression?

-Overproduction -Laissez Faire policies that left the economy unregulated -Fraud -Over speculation on the stock market -Decline in foreign trade

Cold War

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Democracy

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Enlightenment

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French Revolution & Napoleon

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Imperialism

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Modern Era

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Pre WWII, Russian Rev and Great Depression

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WWI

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WWII

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As a result of globalization, what has occurred for both developed and developing nations?

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Known as the Mahatma, or "Great Soul" of the Indian independence movement, who was Congress Party leader that was assassinated in 1948 by a Hindu extremist. (California Academic Standard 10.10.2)

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Two thirds of the world's ___ is found in ____.

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What did Alexander III do to promote pogroms?

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What did the Persians do to combat the Imperialists taking their businesses?

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Who were the Big Four and where were they from?

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Why was it hypocritical ironic that the slave in Voltaire's Candide had lost his hand and leg?

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What are three of the major causes of the French Revolution? (any order)

1. International: struggle for hegemony and Empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state 2. Political conflict: conflict between the Monarchy and the nobility over the "reform" of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy. 3. The Enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in Montequieu's Spirit of the Laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in Rousseau's Social Contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the Literary Underground of "Grub Street;" the broadening influence of public opinion. 4. Social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie 5. Ineffective ruler: Louis XVI 6. Economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages

What were the causes of the French Revolution?

1. International: struggle for hegemony and Empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state 2. Political conflict: conflict between the Monarchy and the nobility over the "reform" of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy. 3. The Enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in Montequieu's Spirit of the Laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in Rousseau's Social Contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the Literary Underground of "Grub Street;" the broadening influence of public opinion. 4. Social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie 5. Ineffective ruler: Louis XVI 6. Economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages.

What were the Causes of WWI? (4 long term and 1 short term)

1. Mutual Defense Alliances Over time, countries throughout Europe made mutual defense agreements that would pull them into battle. These treaties meant that if one country was attacked, allied countries were bound to defend them. Before World War 1, the following alliances existed: Russia and Serbia Germany and Austria-Hungary France and Russia Britain and France and Belgium Japan and Britain 2. Imperialism Imperialism is when a country increases their power and wealth by bringing additional territories under their control. Before World War 1, Africa and parts of Asia were points of contention amongst the European countries. This was especially true because of the raw materials these areas could provide. The increasing competition and desire for greater empires led to an increase in confrontation that helped push the world into World War I. 3. Militarism As the world entered the 20th century, an arms race had begun. By 1914, Germany had the greatest increase in military buildup. Great Britain and Germany both greatly increased their navies in this time period. Further, in Germany and Russia particularly, the military establishment began to have a greater influence on public policy. This increase in militarism helped push the countries involved into war. 4. Immediate Cause: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand The immediate cause of World War I that made the aforementioned items come into play (alliances, imperialism, militarism, nationalism) was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. In June 1914, a Serbian-nationalist terrorist group called the Black Hand sent groups to assassinate the Archduke. Their first attempt failed when a driver avoided a grenade thrown at their car. However, later that day a Serbian nationalist named Gavrilo Princip assassinated him and his wife while they were in Sarajevo, Bosnia which was part of Austria-Hungary. This was in protest to Austria-Hungary having control of this region. Serbia wanted to take over Bosnia and Herzegovina. This assassination led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia. When Russia began to mobilize due to its alliance with Serbia, Germany declared war on Russia. Thus began the expansion of the war to include all those involved in the mutual defense alliances. 5. Nationalism Much of the origin of the war was based on the desire of the Slavic peoples in Bosnia and Herzegovina to no longer be part of Austria Hungary but instead be part of Serbia. In this way, nationalism led directly to the War. But in a more general way, the nationalism of the various countries throughout Europe contributed not only to the beginning but the extension of the war in Europe. Each country tried to prove their dominance and power.

Name four causes/motives for Imperialism.

1.) Economic - motives included the desire to make money, to expand and control foreign trade, to create new markets for products, to acquire raw materials and cheap labor, to compete for investments and resources, and to export industrial technology and transportation methods. 2.) Political- motives were based on a nation's desire to gain power, to compete with other European countries, to expand territory, to exercise military force, to gain prestige by winning colonies, and to boost national pride and security. 3.) Religious- motives included the desire to spread Christianity, to protect European missionaries in other lands, to spread European values and moral beliefs, to educate peoples of other cultures, and to end slave trade in Africa. 4.) Exploratory- motives were based on the desire to explore "unknown" or uncharted territory, to conduct scientific research, to conduct medical searches for the causes and treatment of diseases, to go on an adventure, and to investigate "unknown" lands and cultures.

What did the Anti-federalists demand be added to the Constitution?

A Bill of Rights.

What is the difference between a Colony, Protectorate, Sphere of Influence and an Economic Imperialism?

A Territory is an integral possession of the couhtry, with aspects of self-government but with the executive appointed by the central government. In US history, Territories were expected to become States whenevr they were deemed to have sufficient population. A Protectorate is a sovereign country under the protection of another country. Usuallly this entails not only guaranteeing the protectorate's territory against encroachment by other powers, but some degree of supervision of at least the Protectorate's foreign affairs so that it doesn't provoke a crisis. Some coutries have been "Protected" right out of existance, such as Hawaii. Others have undergone a period of "getting on their feet" and gone onto become fully independent countries, such as the Phillippines. The League of Nations granted "Mandates" which operated much as protectorates, with the legal fiction that the League could withdraw or reassign the Mandate as the League deemed appropriate. A "Sphere of Influence" is a region where one country has a predominate influence, sometimes enforced by military intervention, over the countries in that region. Usually this resulted in a majority of the international trade of that sphere going to the predominant country. There is no legal status to a sphere, other than diplomatic agreement with other outside countries as to which country would predominate where. A colony, strictly speaking, is a possession of another country where it settles its citizens. A colony may or may not have local rule, depending upon its size. However "colony" came to be used for any almost any territory which was not represented in the home country's legislature, with government officials largely sent out from the home country.

What is a Multinational corporation?

A multinational corporation is a business that has its facilities and other assets in at least one country other than its home country. Such companies have offices and/or factories in different countries and usually have a centralized head office where they co-ordinate global management.

What is Habeas Corpus?

A writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention.

How were people's views of the Age of Enlightenment ideas changing? Which people had the most effect on this age of uncertainty?

Advances and changes were being made in technology, medical fields, and scientific discoveries. Major people who were part of this were: Albert Einstein, Sigmund, Salvador, Duke Ellington, etc.

What happened at the USA home front to the Japanese?

After the December 7, 1941, Japanese attack on the American naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the U.S. was thrust into World War II (1939-45), and everyday life across the country was dramatically altered. Food, gas and clothing were rationed. Communities conducted scrap metal drives. To help build the armaments necessary to win the war, women found employment as electricians, welders and riveters in defense plants. Japanese Americans had their rights as citizens stripped from them. People in the U.S. grew increasingly dependent on radio reports for news of the fighting overseas. And, while popular entertainment served to demonize the nation's enemies, it also was viewed as an escapist outlet that allowed Americans brief respites from war worries.

What was General MacArthur's strategy in the Pacific?

Although MacArthur was not the only one responsible for this, the main strategy used by the US in the Pacific was one of "island-hopping." The idea here was that not every island held by the Japanese had to be attacked and conquered. Certain islands (or places on huge islands like New Guinea) could be attacked while those areas "behind" them could be left to "die on the vine."

Who were the main super powers during the cold war and what were they trying to spread?

America and the Soviet Union were the superpowers and America tried to stop the spread of Communism while the Soviet Union wanted it.

After the war was over in the Pacific, what kind of agreement did USA and Japan carry out?

America re-wrote their constitution.

How many Jews were killed under Nazi rule?

Approximately 6 million.

What groups of people were flying on planes in the twenties and thirties?

At first only the rich were able to afford air travel.Still, everyone enjoyed the exploits of the aviation pioneers, including those of Amelia Earhart.

What was the big boom that started off the Cold War?

At the Yalta Conference Stalin promised the allies that the USSR would respect the rights of the people in liberated countries to elect their own post war governments. Then, at the end of the war, Stalin broke that promise and forcefully installed Communist governments in the East European countries they occupied.

Who were the third world nations during the cold war and who were they cooperating with?

Austria, Ireland and Switzerland, Africa, Latin America, and Asia were third world nations because they did not cooperate with anyone to avoid all problems.

What is the difference between Mozart and Bach in styles of music?

Bach was Baroque and Mozart was Classical.

Why do you think the Germans went along with the Nazi persecution of the Jews?

Because Hitler was a powerful speaker and manipulator who easily won over people who wanted to please him. Most of the German population didn't know about the extermination of the Jews (or they say they didn't) but were scared of the consequences of speaking out as everybody.

Who are these people and what was their contribute shins to the age of Enlightenment? John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Beccaria and Mary Wallstonecraft.

Beccaria: An Italian politician who ventured into philosophy to protest the horrible injustices that he observed in various European judicial systems. Beccaria's book On Crimes and Punishments (1764) exposed these practices and led to the abolition of many. Hobbes: A philosopher and political theorist whose 1651 treatise Leviathan effectively kicked off the English Enlightenment. The controversial Leviathan detailed Hobbes's theory that all humans are inherently self-driven and evil and that the best form of government is thus a single, all-powerful monarch to keep everything in order. Locke: An English political theorist who focused on the structure of governments. Locke believed that men are all rational and capable people but must compromise some of their beliefs in the interest of forming a government for the people. In his famous Two Treatises of Government (1690), he championed the idea of a representative government that would best serve all constituents. Montesquieu: The foremost French political thinker of the Enlightenment, whose most influential book, The Spirit of Laws, expanded John Locke's political study and incorporated the ideas of a division of state and separation of powers. Montesquieu's work also ventured into sociology: he spent a considerable amount of time researching various cultures and their climates, ultimately deducing that climate is a major factor in determining the type of government a given country should have. Rousseau: An eclectic Swiss-French thinker who brought his own approach to the Enlightenment, believing that man was at his best when unshackled by the conventions of society. Rousseau's epic The Social Contract (1762) conceived of a system of direct democracy in which all citizens contribute to an overarching "general will" that serves everyone at once. Later in his life, Rousseau released Confessions (1789), which brought a previously unheard-of degree of personal disclosure to the genre of autobiography. The frank personal revelations and emotional discussions were a major cause for the shift toward Romanticism. Voltaire: A French writer and the primary satirist of the Enlightenment, who criticized religion and leading philosophies of the time. Voltaire's numerous plays and essays frequently advocated freedom from the ploys of religion, while Candide (1759), the most notable of his works, conveyed his criticisms of optimism and superstition into a neat package. Wollstonecraft: An English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights. During her brief career, she wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book.

What did Bismark do to create turmoil in Europe?

Bismarck developed an alliance with Austria and together they seized parts of Denmark, Bismark then invented an excuse to attack Austria (1866) causing the Austro-Prussian War, this war resulted in a victory for Prussia allowing Bismarck to turn the German Confederation into a Prussian Confederation, but he did not try to conquer Austria because it was a risky move that might lead to a fatal war for Prussia.

Who was Duke Ellington?

Born in Washington, D.C., Ellington was based in New York City from the mid-1920's onward, and gained a national profile through his orchestra's appearances at the Cotton Club. In the 1930's, his orchestra toured in Europe. Though widely considered to have been a pivotal figure in the history of jazz, Ellington himself embraced the phrase "beyond category" as a "liberating principle", and referred his music to the more general category of "American Music", rather than to a musical genre such as "jazz."

Why did Austria and Prussia go to war against revolutionary France?

By 1792, European Monarchs were eyeing France with suspicion. They had seen the overthrow of Louis XVI, by the French people, and worried that revolutionary fervor would spread to their countries. However, the monarchs were too suspecting of each other to unite against France. While elsewhere in Europe caution was being displayed, in France the public opinion was for war. Reactionaries and the monarchy wanted war because they thought that the new government would be easily defeated by foreign powers. This would pave the way for a return to the old regime, with Louis at the head of government. Revolutionaries wanted war because they thought war would unify the country, and had a genuine desire to spread the ideas of the Revolution to all of Europe. On April 20, 1792, the Legislative Assembly (France's governing body, formed in 1791) declared war on Austria. Although the French fared poorly at first, the armies became more successful as the war progressed.

What changes were being made to the automobile?

Cars were now sleek and brightly polished, complete with headlights and chrome-plated bumpers. At first, cars were only owned by the rich, but eventually they were made affordable for the middle class.

What was the significance of William of Normandy invading England?

Claiming his right to the English throne, William, duke of Normandy, invades England at Pevensey on Britain's southeast coast. His subsequent defeat of King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings marked the beginning of a new era in British history.

What is the main word or concept that best describes the Cold War?

Communism v. Capitalism

Put the Following into the correct chronological order : Reign of Terror, Napoleon, Estates General, Declaration of Rights of Man.

Convening of the Estates General, formation of the National Assembly, the Tennis Court Oath, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. ???

What is the difference between Direct and Indirect Control for Management Methods of Imperializing countries?

Direct control of a colony would involve the country ruling a colony to appoint government officials to rule said colony. There are still African rulers, but only to help. The ruling government will take over, and improve the colonies laws, and legislation, to lean the power even further to themselves. To an extent, a divide and rule strategy. Major countries that practice direct control are: France, Germany, and Portugal, as well as Belgium. Indirect control is highly practiced by the British. This strategy has Britain ruling with an iron fist, oppressing the countries to rule for Britain, and supply a majority of its army and defenses, however still allow Britain to rule.

What was Winston Churchill's policy for Britain during WWII?

During the 1920s and 1930s, Churchill bounced from government job to government job, and in 1924 he rejoined the Conservatives. Especially after the Nazis came to power in 1933, Churchill spent a great deal of time warning his countrymen about the perils of German nationalism, but Britons were weary of war and reluctant to get involved in international affairs again. Likewise, the British government ignored Churchill's warnings and did all it could to stay out of Hitler's way. In 1938, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain even signed an agreement giving Germany a chunk of Czechoslovakia-"throwing a small state to the wolves," Churchill scolded-in exchange for a promise of peace. A year later, however, Hitler broke his promise and invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war. Chamberlain was pushed out of office, and Winston Churchill took his place as prime minister in May 1940.

How were art, education and explorers affected by the Renaissance?

During the Renaissance was the rebirth of Europe. People had come up with new ideas and they renewed old works of are, monuments, and had the rediscovery of forgotten Greek and Latin manuscripts.

Why would it be improper to call the original 13 colonies "united"?

During the years 1740 to 1770 the tension between England and the 13 colonies grew into a full scale war. Suffering from unjust taxation and tyrannical rule, the colonists tried to change and influence the English policy through repeated petitioning and boycotts. After failing to influence England through peaceful measures, war was the colonists' only option. The 13 colonies were therefore justified in starting a revolt against England. According to England however the colonists were not justified in waging war. England was the mother country and the colonists paid the lowest taxes in the world. Being that the colonists benefited from the French and Indian war, colonial help in paying back the debt was expected. The 13 colonies unnecessarily resorted to violence and propaganda in which a minority of Patriots influenced other colonists to believe in a "New England" problem. Despite England's reasons as to why the 13 colonies were wrong to declare war, the colonists were justified in waging war. The colonists in the Declaration of Independence clearly stated their grievances and case against England, declaring to the world the reasons that caused them to separate and fight to become the United States of America. The colonies were in fact, not united.

List and describe the five ideas of the philosophies.

Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Spinoza. The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, Adam Smith, Mary Wallstonecraft, and Immanuel Kant.

Joseph II of Austria did an important action of enlightened thought and behavior that Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia would not. What was it?

Enlightened despotism, also called benevolent despotism, a form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment.

How was appeasement a big mistake for Britain and France to take with Hitler?

Eventually, Hitler admitted that if Britain or France stood up against him, he would of backed off.

What type of government did Francisco Franco lead in Spain?

Fascist Dictatorship.

What were the "basic" rights it protected?

First Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of assembly Right to petition the government Second Right to bear arms Third Protection against housing soldiers in civilian homes Fourth Protection against unreasonable search and seizure Protection against the issuing of warrants without probable cause Fifth Protection against: trial without indictment, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, property seizure Sixth Right to a speedy trial Right to be informed of charges Right to be confronted by witnesses Right to call witnesses Right to a legal counsel Seventh Right to trial by jury Eighth Protection against: excessive bail, excessive fines, cruel and unusual punishment Ninth Rights granted in the Constitution shall not infringe on other rights. Tenth Powers not granted to the Federal Government in the Constitution belong to the states or the people.

Who was Frank Lloyd Wright and what was his new concept?

Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures and completed 532.

What was Freud's interpretation of dreams?

Freud believed that the unconscious mind drives how people think and act. In Freud's view, unconscious forces such as suppressed memories, desires, and impulses shape behavior.

What was the "root" of Gandhi's movement of nonviolent non-cooperation?

Gandhi saw violence pejoratively and also identified two formsof violence; Passive and Physical, as we saw earlier. The practice of passive violence is a daily affair, consciously and unconsciously. It is again the fuel that ignites the fire of physical violence. Gandhi understands violence from its Sanskrit root, "himsa", meaning injury. In the midst of hyper violence, Gandhi teaches that the one who possess nonviolence is blessed. Blessed is the man who can perceive the law of ahimsa (nonviolence) in the midst of the raging fire of himsa all around him. We bow in reverence to such a man by his example. The more adverse the circumstances around him, the intenser grows his longing for deliverance from the bondage of flesh which is a vehicle of himsa...3Gandhi objects to violence because it perpetuates hatred. When it appears to do 'good', the good is only temporary and cannot do any good in the long run. A true nonviolence activist accepts violence on himself without inflicting it on another. This is heroism, and will be discussed in another section. When Gandhi says that in the course of fighting for human rights, one should accept violence and self-suffering, he does not applaud cowardice. Cowardice for him is "the greatest violence, certainly, far greater than bloodshed and the like that generally go under the name of violence." 4For Gandhi, perpetrators of violence (whom he referred to as criminals), are products of social disintegration. Gandhi feels that violence is not a natural tendency of humans. It is a learned experience. There is need for a perfect weapon to combat violence and this is nonviolence.Gandhi understood nonviolence from its Sanskrit root "Ahimsa". Ahimsa is just translated to mean nonviolence in English, but it implies more than just avoidance of physical violence. Ahimsa implies total nonviolence, no physical violence, and no passive violence. Gandhi translates Ahimsa as love. This is explained by Arun Gandhi in an interview thus; "He (Gandhi) said ahimsa means love. Because if you have love towards somebody, and you respect that person, then you are not going to do any harm to that person." 5 For Gandhi, nonviolence is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. It is mightier than any weapon of mass destruction. It is superior to brute force. It is a living force of power and no one has been or will ever be able to measure its limits or it's extend.Gandhi's nonviolence is the search for truth. Truth is the most fundamental aspect in Gandhi's Philosophy of nonviolence. His whole life has been "experiments of truth". It was in this course of his pursuit of truth that Gandhi discovered nonviolence, which he further explained in his Autobiography thus "Ahimsa is the basis of the search for truth. I am realizing that this search is vain, unless it is founded on ahimsa as the basis." 6 Truth and nonviolence are as old as the hills.For nonviolence to be strong and effective, it must begin with the mind, without which it will be nonviolence of the weak and cowardly. A coward is a person who lacks courage when facing a dangerous and unpleasant situation and tries to avoid it. A man cannot practice ahimsa and at the same time be a coward. True nonviolence is dissociated from fear. Gandhi feels that possession of arms is not only cowardice but also lack of fearlessness or courage. Gandhi stressed this when he says; "I can imagine a fully armed man to be at heart a coward. Possession of arms implies an element of fear, if not cowardice but true nonviolence is impossibility without the possession of unadulterated fearlessness." 7 In the face of violence and injustice, Gandhi considers violent resistance preferable to cowardly submission. There is hope that a violent man may someday be nonviolent, but there is no room for a coward to develop fearlessness.

Why did Hitler sign a non-aggression pact with Stalin?

German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, also called Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, German-Soviet Treaty of Nonaggression, Hitler-Stalin Pact, Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact [Credit: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.](August 23, 1939), nonaggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union that was concluded only a few days before the beginning of World War II and which divided eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence.

Who was America fighting against in the Revolution?

Great Britain

Rome took the ___ culture and improved immensely upon it in political, artistic, and sociological structure.

Greek.

Who was Mao, what was he trying to spread and who was helping him do it?

He tried to spread communism with the support of the Soviet Union and peasants.

What were the three big mistakes that Napoleon made that inevitably led to his downfall? (any order)

His invasion of Spain and Portugal called the Peninsular War involved a vast Army to be stationed there against guerrilla activities. His invasion of Russia began too late in the year and without adequate consideration of the long supply route and winter weather. His attack against the Duke of Wellington at Waterloo required a defeat of the British before the arrival of the Prussian Army onto the battlefield and should have been begun earlier in the day.

In what way was the Enlightenment a cause of the American and French Revolutions?

In any case, to say that Enlightenment ideas "caused" these Revolutions goes rather too far. To say it "helped cause" ... not quite sure of that either. For one thing, there were many OTHER ideas as well as political, economic and social situations that played a LARGER role in producing these upheavals. True, some Enlightenment ideas helped give SHAPE to arguments used to push and shape these Revolutions -- and PERHAPS they would not have happened apart from those specific ideas, but I'm not so sure about that either. For example, Americans were not simply responding to abstract ideas about what government should be like. Rather, their OWN experience of enjoying a large measure of self-government since the founding of these colonies (due to a growing English "Constitutional" tradition that came BEFORE the Enlightenment) and feeling that suddenly this was all being taken away was a HUGE factor in producing the American Revolution. So, for instance, in one of the earliest official explanations of their views, the FIRST Continental Congress, in its "Declarations and Resolves" (Oct 1774) mentions "natural rights" (to life, liberty and property) -- in language based on John Locke (specifically, his 1692 "Second Treatise on Government", perhaps the ONE Enlightenment work most of them knew much about). But much MORE of that document appeals to the covenants, charters and historical 'rights of ENGLISHMEN' they had enjoyed to this time. ALL of the "concrete" rights (e.g., to trial by jury, representation) and complaints are based on these matters -- and on EARLIER English struggles (esp the English Civil War, and the Glorious Revolution of 1689), which preceded Locke. (In fact, Locke's treatise was written in part to explain and justify those earlier events)... And even Locke's ideas in opposition to the "divine right of kings" (in favor of government "by the consent of the governed") were not original. Puritan and Whig writers had argued for these earlier in the century, and the Puritans of New England were arranging 'covenants' and 'compacts' in the 1620s and 30s. (The first great argument against divine right of kings, in the 1650s, was "Lex Rex" ["the LAW is king"] by the Scotch Puritan pastor Samuel Rutherford.) A good read through the English "Bill of Rights" of 1689 shows strong connections to later U.S. bills of rights AND to the very structure and main argument of the Declaration of Independence (listing their rights as Englishmen and how the king had VIOLATED them, leading to their refusing to any longer acknowledge his authority) -- yet that was NOT considered an "Enlightenment" document. As a result, the rhetoric and part of the WAY of arguing in their political pamphlets and official documents (e.g. Declaration of Independence) did draw on Locke, but OTHER factors were at least as important. The other major "Enlightenment" idea that influenced the founders' was Montesquieu's notion of "separation of powers". This did not directly affect the Revolution, but it DID influence the way several state governments and eventually the U.S. government under the Constitution (1789) were organized. (Most of those who shaped these arrangements may have known nothing of Montesquieu, et.al. On this specific matter perhaps the biggest influence on the colonists was the advocacy and arguments made by John Adams.) As for the French Revolution -- again, ideas played their part. But certainly economic hardships, political struggles between the various estates, etc. were a major part in getting that all STARTED. THEN, once the upheaval had begun, there were some who tried to steer and shape it based on ideas from the political philosophical writings of "Enlightenment" thinkers (including French writers like Voltaire who were influenced by Locke).

What are the specific details of the 14 point plan?

In this January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms, President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I. The details of the speech were based on reports generated by "The Inquiry," a group of about 150 political and social scientists organized by Wilson's adviser and long-time friend, Col. Edward M House. Their job was to study Allied and American policy in virtually every region of the globe and analyze economic, social, and political facts likely to come up in discussions during the peace conference. The team began its work in secret and in the end produced and collected nearly 2,000 separate reports and documents plus at least 1,200 maps.

Who are the major cold war leaders of Iran, Cuba, Nicaragua, Vietnam, Korea, China (2), America (4) and Soviet Union (4)?

Iran: Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi Cuba: Fidel Castro Nicaragua: Anastasio Somoza Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh Korea: Kim Il-Sung China: Mao Zedong & Jiang Jieshi America: John F. Kennedy & Douglas MacArthur Soviet Union: Leonid Brezhnev, Khrushchev, Joseph Stalin, & Yuri Andropov

What was the effect of the war on aviation/planes?

It became a vital part of the warfare.

Did the Schlieffen Plan work? Why or why not?

It failed. The plan relied upon rapid movement. The resistance of the Belgians and the BEF prevented this. Russia mobilised its troops quicker than expected. Within 10 days the Russians had invaded Germany, which meant that the Germans had to switch troops away from western Europe to hold up the Russian invasion.

How was the French Revolution an example of why democracies sometimes fail?

It is an example of why AUTOCRACIES fail. France was an absolute Monarchy and was run by Louis XVI and the minority of the aristocracy that lived in total opulence while the people lived in abject poverty to the point of starvation.

What did the détente replace?

It replaced widespread popular protests wracked the United States during the Vietnam War. The turmoil did not end with U.S. withdrawal because it tried to heal its internal wounds, the United States backed away from its policy of direct confrontation with the Soviet Union. Détente, a policy of lessening Cold War tensions, replaced brinkmanship under Richard M. Nixon.

Why was Russia and Austria not a good pair for an Alliance with Germany?

It was a bad balance in power.

Where did Jazz come from and who was playing it?

It was developed by musicians, mainly African-Americans, in New Orleans, Memphis, and Chicago.

What was the Sudetenland what was its significance?

It was important because Hitler planned on manifesting the Third German Empire there. After annexing Austria, he turned to Czechoslovakia and decided to invade.

What were the three problems of king James' monarchy?

James I succeeded the last Tudor monarch, Elizabeth I, in 1603. James at the time of Elizabeth's death was king of Scotland. He was also the nearest blood relative to Elizabeth. James was a Stuart - so Tudor England died on March 24th 1603 while the accession of James ushered in the era of the Stuarts. In Scotland, James never had full control of the country. Scotland was seen as ungovernable in parts - governed solely by the clans. James was proclaimed king of Scotland in 1567 - aged 1 - after the enforced abdication of his mother, Mary, Queen of Scots. His education was Puritan based and he was pushed very hard by his teachers George Buchanan and Peter Young. However, James became fluent in Latin and French and competent in Italian. In his early years, James developed a great desire for knowledge but it also gave him an over inflated idea as to his own worth as an academic. He believed that he was capable of out-arguing almost anyone. It was a character defect that was to bring him into conflict with the English Parliament and it was his inability to accept that others might be right that was to provoke many strong reactions in London.

Give an example of a baroque composer.

Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, and Antonio Vivaldi.

What were the order of events that led to Stalin coming to power?

Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign. Born into poverty, Stalin became involved in revolutionary politics, as well as criminal activities, as a young man. After Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) died, Stalin outmaneuvered his rivals for control of the party. Once in power, he collectivized farming and had potential enemies executed or sent to forced labor camps. Stalin aligned with the United States and Britain in World War II (1939-1945) but afterward engaged in an increasingly tense relationship with the West known as the Cold War (1946-1991). After his death, the Soviets initiated a de-Stalinization process.

What is the difference between the views of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes?

Locke believed that human nature allowed people to be selfish. This is apparent with the introduction of currency. In a natural state all people were equal and independent, and everyone had a natural right to defend his "Life, health, Liberty, or Possessions". Hobbes believed that the only true and correct form of government was the absolute monarchy. He argued this most forcefully in his landmark work, Leviathan. This belief stemmed from the central tenet of Hobbes' natural philosophy that human beings are, at their core, selfish creatures.

What type of warfare was going on in the Battle of Britain?

Luftwaffe

Who is LBJ and what was his policy during the Cold War?

Lyndon B. Johnson, publicly, he was determined not to lose the war. As a result, in 1968 there were 500,000 American troops in South Vietnam and no end in sight to the conflict. After an extensive re-examination, President Johnson decided to disengage from a struggle lacking U.S. domestic support (he also followed the wishes of JFK).

What did king John do in the early 13th century to influence the creation of the Magna Carta?

Magna Carta (Latin for "the Great Charter"), also called Magna Carta Libertatum (Latin for "the Great Charter of the Liberties"), is a charter agreed by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215.[a] First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury to make peace between the unpopular King and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons. Neither side stood behind their commitments, and the charter was annulled by Pope Innocent III, leading to the First Barons' War. After John's death, the regency government of his young son, Henry III, reissued the document in 1216, stripped of some of its more radical content, in an unsuccessful bid to build political support for their cause. At the end of the war in 1217, it formed part of the peace treaty agreed at Lambeth, where the document acquired the name Magna Carta, to distinguish it from the smaller Charter of the Forest which was issued at the same time. Short of funds, Henry reissued the charter again in 1225 in exchange for a grant of new taxes; his son, Edward I, repeated the exercise in 1297, this time confirming it as part of England's statute law.

Who was the dominant personality or leader at the Congress of Vienna, where was he from and what did he accomplish?

Mainly, the four major powers of Europe (Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain) made most of the big decisions. Austria was represented by Prince von Metternich, the Austrian minister of state who was also acting president of the Congress. The Russians sent Alexander I, the emperor of Russia. The main delegate from Prussia was Prince Karl August von Hardenberg, and Great Britain was represented by Lord Castlereagh, and later Arthur Wellesley, the first duke of Wellingtom. This group of major powers decided that France, Spain, and the smaller powers would have no say in important decisions; however, the French diplomat, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, was successful in allowing France to have an equal voice in the negotiations. Talleyrand became the deciding vote in many of the decisions.

What are the reasons for popular public heroes becoming so popular?

Many people were desperate and wanted a solution to their problems. If someone suggested an idea and it appealed to them, then that person/candidate would have their support immediately.

Why did USA attack the Taliban in October, 2001? How did this decision effect us today?

Many supporters of the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan argue that even if the military campaign has turned into a quagmire, the initial attack was a just and necessary response to 9/11. Perhaps President Obama provided the best summary of this position in a speech at West Point. Obama said: We did not ask for this fight. On September 11, 2001, nineteen men hijacked four airplanes and used them to murder nearly 3,000 people. They struck at our military and economic nerve centers. They took the lives of innocent men, women and children without regard to their faith or race or station.... As we know, these men belonged to al Qaeda a group of extremists who have distorted and defiled Islam.... After the Taliban refused to turn over Osama bin Laden — we sent our troops into Afghanistan.

How did the war change the lives of women?

Many women found their job prospects restricted to domestic service. Yet, as men departed for the front, women were called upon to replace them in a wide range of workplaces - and did so in their thousands. Nearly 200,000 were employed in government departments, half a million became clerical workers in private offices, a quarter of a million worked the land, and many more worked in munitions factories. By 1918, the gap between male and female wages had narrowed, and some women were to be given the vote. The suffrage movement had little success before the war, and the militancy commonly attributed to the Suffragettes had been halted so as not to undermine the war effort. But during the war, the fight for women's suffrage was getting closer. Whether that was a direct result of women's contribution to the war effort we may never know, but there's no doubt that women's place in society would never be the same again.

What were the 2 economic systems of the cold war and who was using them?

Marshall Plan and Czechoslovak coup d'état. The plan's aim was to rebuild the democratic and economic systems of Europe and to counter perceived threats to Europe's balance of power, such as communist parties seizing control through revolutions or elections.

What kind of government was a czar?

Monarchy.

What was the significant outcomes that affected France in a positive way from Napoleon's rule?

Napoleon impacted both Europe and the world in a number of ways. When thinking about Napoleon's impact, we have to realize that he did not necessarily intend to have the impacts that he did. Instead, much of his impact came about inadvertently or even in response to his actions. One of the biggest impacts that Napoleon had was that he caused a major backlash against his ideas and against the prospect that a single country could dominate Europe. After Napoleon's fall, the leaders of the countries of Europe got together at the Congress of Vienna. They changed the borders of the various countries of Europe in hopes of creating a large number of countries with relatively similar levels of power. This would make it harder for any one country to dominate Europe again. Another reaction to Napoleon was the move towards more conservative governments in most of Europe. The leaders of the European countries were worried that the ideas of the French Revolution would spread to their own countries. Therefore, they enacted laws and set up systems that made it harder for liberal ideas to take hold in Europe. This led to such things as the failed revolution in Germany in 1848. Another major impact that Napoleon had came about when people actually followed his ideas. Perhaps the most important of these was nationalism. Napoleon relied on and promoted the idea that French people should feel proud of their country and should feel connected to it. He used this nationalism to help create his huge and dedicated military force. This influenced people in other countries, leading to the rise of nationalism in those countries. The forces of nationalism helped to bring about, for example, the later unifications of Italy and Germany. Napoleon also introduced the idea of liberalism and the laws of the Napoleonic Code to many European countries. The ideas of liberalism inspired many people to want to change their countries' systems (for example, in the German revolution mentioned above). The Napoleonic Code improved the legal systems of many European countries. Around the world, Napoleon had less of a direct impact. He did indirectly impact the Americas in important ways. When his armies conquered Spain and Portugal, they disrupted those countries' ability to rule their colonies in Central and South America. This helped cause the wars of liberation in those areas in the 1800s. In addition, Napoleon sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States, thus making the US much larger and eventually much more powerful. The nationalism that Napoleon fostered also had its impact in other countries of the world, eventually leading many colonized countries to rebel against their colonial rulers. Napoleon did not affect Europe and the world in the ways that he probably intended. Even so, he did have a significant impact on Europe and on the world as a whole.

What was wrong with Hitler's decision to invade Russia? Who else from history struggled with a Russian invasion?

Napoleon; they were not prepared for the harsh winters.

Who were "the big four" of the scientific revolution? Who said that he got to where he was by "standing on the shoulders of giants"? What did he mean?

Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Isaac Newton Johannes Kepler The best-known use of this phrase was by Isaac Newton in a letter to his rival Robert Hooke, in 1676: "What Descartes did was a good step. You have added much several ways, and especially in taking the colours of thin plates into philosophical consideration. If I have seen a little further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants." Standing on the shoulders of giants. Newton didn't originate it though. The 12th century theologian and author John of Salisbury used a version of the phrase in a treatise on logic called Metalogicon, written in Latin in 1159. Translations of this difficult book are quite variable but the gist of what Salisbury said is: "We are like dwarfs sitting on the shoulders of giants. We see more, and things that are more distant, than they did, not because our sight is superior or because we are taller than they, but because they raise us up, and by their great stature add to ours." The phrase may even pre-date John of Salisbury, who was known to have adapted and refined the work of others.

How does nonviolent non-cooperation affect the imperialists' humanity?

Nonviolent resistance (NVR or nonviolent action) is the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, without using violence. This type of action highlights the desires of an individual or group that feels that something needs to change to improve the current condition of the resisting person or group. It is largely but wrongly taken as synonymous with civil resistance. Each of these terms ("nonviolent resistance" and "civil resistance") has its distinct merits and also quite different connotations and commitments, which are briefly explored in the entry on civil resistance. The modern form of non-violent resistance was popularised and proven to be effective by the Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi in his efforts to gain independence from the British.

How many People were killed at Nagasaki and Hiroshima?

On Aug. 6, 1945, during World War II, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. About 140,000 people were killed or died within months when the American B-29 "Enola Gay" bombed Hiroshima on Aug. 6, 1945. Three days later, about 80,000 people died after the United States also bombed Nagasaki.

What were three of Hitler's main goals from Mein Kampf?

One, to create the master race of "Aryans", and claiming the non-Aryans, such as Jews, Slavs, and Gypsies, were inferior. Secondly, the Treaty of Versailles was an outrage to Hitler, and he vowed he would recover German lands. Lastly, to restore Germany to its former glory and expanding the German Empire.

What was Martin Luther's complaint with the Church?

Papal supremacy & infallibility (aka the Pope) Indulgences (money for sins) Pope forgiving sins. Only Jesus can forgive sins. I think it was the lack of respect for laity and their need to grow in faith, by having services in Latin. Secrecy and bureaucracy of the church. Transubstantiation (the problematic nature of the belief in the actuality of the flesh of Jesus as part of Communion)

Why was Plato's suggestion that "wise should rule" significant?

Plato set forth his vision of a perfectly governed society. He wanted a society governed not by the richest and most powerful but the wisest, who he would call the philosopher-kings.

Where was Stalin invading during the start of WWII?

Poland

Describe the positive and negative effects of modernizing.

Positives: 1) The production brought rise to future technologies. 2) Standards of education began to increase. Negatives: 1) Standards of living were low or non-existent, therefore bringing many illnesses amongst the population. Also, child labor laws were not in effect, so infant mortality increased. 2) Agricultural families lost land, wealth, credibility, and were forced to move into unfamiliar industries.

How did the enlightenment ideas spread?

Printing Press, Salons, Informal gatherings for the exchange of ideas (writers, artists, philosophers), Women dominated salon's, Middle class citizens could meet with the nobility of an equal footing to discuss and spread Enlightenment Ideas.

Give an example of a neo classical composer.

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Franz Liszt, and Richard Strauss.

What were the reasons for Russia's withdrawal from the war?

Russian soldiers stopped obeying officers' orders and during the summer of 1917, Russian soldiers deserted in droves. The soldiers returned home to support the October revolution, which took Russia out of the war.

Who was Salvador Dali?

Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, 1st Marqués de Dalí de Pubol, known as Salvador Dalí, was a prominent Spanish Catalan surrealist painter born in Figueres, Spain.

What were people doing at home to prepare for war?

Saving food. . . .

Give three similarities among the regions we discussed in class.

Some similarities are that they believed their god(s) had high morals and they both had written laws.

Who did the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks study and follow? What was the type of government that he invented?

Stalin. Lenin. ??? The Russian Social Democratic Party was divided into two sections which ultimately became separate parties - the "Mensheviks" (a word meaning "minority") and the "Bolsheviks" (meaning "majority") .The Mensheviks believed that Russia must pass through the normal stage of capitalist development and democratic government. The Bolsheviks urged the need for illegal organisation and activities, and as early as 1905 believed that the conquest of power in Russia might precede and inspire revolution in the advanced countries of Western Europe. Both sections of the Party put forward a programme of reforms as their immediate demand.

What were the causes for USA to enter the war?

Submarine Warfare and the Lusitania There were unauthorized German submarines along the US East coast. Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in the spring of 1917 provided the final straw for US politicians, and America declared war. The first and foremost answer would be the sinking of the Lusitania, an British cruise/transport ship, bound for Britain from New York. The German U-boat ring sought to sink all supply ships headed for Britain in order to starve the island. It sank the Lusitania as part of its efforts. 1195 people died, including 128 Americans. The Lusitania's sinking was the biggest influence on the American decision to enter the war. German submarine warfare (the Lusitania is included in this) sunk many ships over several years. Had it not been for the Lusitania, the US would have stayed out of the War. Economics Some say the "bankers" were involved. The U.S. had huge economic investments with the British and French. If they were to lose, then they would not be able to pay the U.S. debt back (amounting to about two billion dollars while Germany only borrowed a mere 27 million). If Allies could not pay back all the loans made to them by the American bankers, the US's economy could collapse. France and England were financing their war with US loans. In addition, they were buying massive amounts of arms from the US on credit. The US wanted to make sure that it got paid back. Germany also purchased arms, but in a much more limited fashion. Politics Propaganda from both sides influenced the American decision. Woodrow Wilson did not want to go to war but when Teddy Roosevelt decided to run for another term, Wilson felt threatened and announced that there would be a preparedness program and possibly that the country would go to war. By entering the war, the US got to flex its muscles on the world stage and establish itself as a world power. After both sides of the Mexican civil war demanded that our troops leave and public opinion badly swayed against US intervention in Mexico, Wilson had no choice but to withdraw. By having the threat of Germany helping Mexico fight back against him, Wilson knew he had to take action. He couldn't go back into Mexico because the American people would not allow it. He really had no beef with Germany, he just wanted to save face before Mexico could fight back. Ideology President Wilson wanted to make the world safe for democracy ("Wilson's War Address to Congress"). It was partly for idealistic reasons (propaganda was not seen as an evil until after the Great War). The occupation of Belgium and the sinking of the Lusitania changed a lot people's minds in the US about Germany. There was more to it than just the submarine warfare and the sinking of the Lusitania although those were the formal and legalistic reasons for declaring war. I think that over time a moral sense had developed that Britain and France were fighting the good fight for freedom against a genuine evil. If that sense had not existed I think the US would have let the Lusitania pass. As it was, it was nearly two years after she was sunk that we finally did declare war. Zimmerman Telegram Other points influenced entrance to the war, but the Zimmerman Telegram (sometimes called the "Zimmerman note" or "Zimmerman telegraph") finally pushed the US to war. The Zimmerman Telegram was sent from the German foreign secretary to the German Ambassador to Mexico. It stated the following: On the first of February, 1917, submarine warfare will be reinstated unrestrictively. The US has to stay neutral. Germany proposes an alliance with Mexico on the following basis: If the US goes to war, Mexico must fight on the home front in an financially supported alliance with Germany; If Mexico agrees to fight, they will reconquer New Mexico, Texas and Arizona. The telegraph was intercepted by British Intelligence and transmitted to the American government by the Brits. This infuriated Americans. It was the same sort of alliance that plunged Europe into war.

What did Shay's rebellion reveal to the new US government?

The Articles of Confederation were inadequate and we needed a stronger Federal Government.

What new technology aided Britain during the Battle of Britain?

The Battle of Britain was an important battle in World War II. After Germany and Hitler had conquered most of Europe, including France, the only major country left to fight them was Great Britain. Germany wanted to invade Great Britain, but first they needed to destroy Great Britain's Royal Air Force. The Battle of Britain was when Germany bombed Great Britain in order to try and destroy their air force and prepare for invasion.

What was the Dawe's Plan? How did it affect the German economy? How did it affect Hitler?

The Dawes Plan provided for a $200 million loan from American banks to stabilize German currency and strengthen its economy. Put into effect in 1924, the Dawes Plan helped slow inflation. As the German economy began to recover, it attracted more loans and investments from the U.S..

What was the long-term cause of the French Revolution?

The Enlightenment The Enlightenment was a movement in Europe towards 'rational' understandings of the mechanisms of every aspect of human civilization. Politically, as explored by writers like John Locke, this meant challenging the narrative that governments ruled by divine mandate, and instead beginning to construct a notion that governments ruled by consent of the people. Locke argued that if a government failed to protect its people's basic rights -- to Life, Liberty, and Property[1. and also health, but that one usually gets left out.] -- then the people are morally entitled to overthrow that government, and install a new one. The American Revolution In an effort to gain European support, the American independence movement used the language of Enlightenment-style revolution in the propaganda they sent out across Europe. Consequently, the success of America's war for independence lent a narrative of legitimacy to the idea of an Enlightenment-style revolution. Also, the French support of the American war for independence contributed to significant war debt, which according to the whiteboard isn't important until section Class Injustice French society at this point had begun to drift into the capitalist style of stratification: the people who controlled the production and sale of goods were becoming significantly more powerful. But according to the pre-industrial class structure, which was still the formal system of organization in French politics, those capitalist upper-class were still members of the less-privileged Third Estate, after the First and Second Estates -- the Church and the Nobility. The newly powerful members of the Third Estate chafed against the institutions that gave special privileges to the First and Second Estates, whose pre-industrial advantages had become less and less valuable. Poor Leadership Louis XV, the king prior to the revolution, had been largely irresponsible, and took advantage of the prosperity of France at the time to enjoy kingship and leave the consequences to Louis XVI -- who inherited a nation severely in debt and without any particular mechanism for repaying it. While he may have been somewhat sympathetic to the revolutionary cause and the needs of the Third Estate, he wasn't very good at making use of his political power, so his governance consisted mainly of the inertia of the status quo.

How did the American Revolution affect the French Revolution?

The French were inspired by Americans protesting and rebelling against the British Monarchy, fighting for life and liberty. At this time, i believe, the French King had been using too much executive power and not helping the lower class. They French also came up with the motto "life, liberty, and brotherhood", which was very similar to the motto of the American partiotic group " The Sons of Liberty".

What was the significance of the Gibson and Flapper girls of the 20's?

The Gibson Girl, popularized through drawings by Charles Dane Gibson, was the first national standard of American feminine beauty. Then something happened, WWI. As young men went off to die in muddy fields, women were left behind to enter the work force. So women, who had found an independence both in the work force and socially during the war, were not forced by returning men to give up their jobs or their new found security. Within time, this created the Flapper. The flapper was not caged and sculpted. The flapper was free and independent and outspoken. She was everything the Gibson Girl was not.

What were some of the things that Stalin referred to himself as?

The Great Purge.

Why was it significant that Indians were fighting in WWI?

The Indian Army during World War I contributed a large number of divisions and independent brigades to the European, Mediterranean and the Middle East theatres of war in World War I. Over one million Indian troops served overseas, of whom 62,000 died and another 67,000 were wounded. In total at least 74,187 Indian soldiers died during the war. In World War I the Indian Army fought against the German Empire in German East Africa and on the Western Front. At the First Battle of Ypres, Khudadad Khan became the first Indian to be awarded a Victoria Cross. Indian divisions were also sent to Egypt, Gallipoli and nearly 700,000 served in Mesopotamia against the Ottoman Empire.[1] While some divisions were sent overseas others had to remain in India guarding the North West Frontier and on internal security and training duties. Field-Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck, Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army from 1942 asserted that the British "couldn't have come through both wars [World War I and II] if they hadn't had the Indian Army."

Who? What? Why? When? - THE PHONY WAR

The Phoney War was an eight-month period at the start of World War II, during which there were no major military land operations on the Western Front. It began with the declaration of war by the western Allies (the United Kingdom and France) against Nazi Germany on 3 September 1939, following the German invasion of Poland, and ended with the German attack on France and the Low Countries on 10 May 1940. Even though Poland was overrun in about five weeks in the German and Soviet Invasion of Poland beginning on 1 September 1939, the Western Allies did nothing. War had been declared by each side, but no Western power committed to launching a significant land offensive, notwithstanding the terms of the Anglo-Polish and Franco-Polish military alliances which obliged the United Kingdom and France to assist Poland. The quiet of the Phoney War was punctuated by a few Allied actions. In the Saar Offensive in September, the French attacked Germany with the intention of assisting Poland, but it fizzled out within days and they withdrew. In November, the Soviets attacked Finland in the Winter War, resulting in much debate in France and Britain about an offensive to help Finland, but the forces finally assembled for this campaign were delayed until it ended in March. The Allied discussions about a Scandinavian campaign caused concern in Germany and resulted in the German invasion of Denmark and Norway in April, and the Allied troops previously assembled for Finland were redirected to Norway instead. Fighting there continued until June when the Allies evacuated, ceding Norway to Germany in response to the German invasion of France.

Who did the Ottoman's call upon to aid them against Russia? Why was the Ottoman Empire so valuable?

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox coalition led by the Russian Empire and composed of Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro. Fought in the Balkans and in the Caucasus, it originated in emerging 19th-century Balkan nationalism. Additional factors included Russian hopes of recovering territorial losses suffered during the Crimean War, re-establishing itself in the Black Sea and supporting the political movement attempting to free Balkan nations from the Ottoman Empire. As a result of the war, Russia succeeded in claiming several provinces in the Caucasus, namely Kars and Batumi, and also annexed the Budjak region. The principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, each of whom had had de facto sovereignty for some time, formally proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Empire. After almost five centuries of Ottoman domination (1396-1878), the Bulgarian state was re-established as the Principality of Bulgaria, covering the land between the Danube River and the Balkan Mountains (except Northern Dobrudja which was given to Romania), as well as the region of Sofia, which became the new state's capital. The Congress of Berlin also allowed Austria-Hungary to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina and Great Britain to take over Cyprus. When the Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine empire (they took Constantinople in 1453 AD), it blocked the way to the eastern riches (silk road, spice road, etc...) so the European powers needed to find am alternative way to the riches of the far east. That's why Christopher Columbus set sail westward in an attempt to reach India. The Ottoman empire was a "muslim" empire so the Christian west had to maintain a vigil against any sudden westward expansion from the Turks.

What was the reason for the Salt March? How far did they march?

The Salt March, which took place from March to April 1930 in India, was an act of civil disobedience led by Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) to protest British rule in India. During the march, thousands of Indians followed Gandhi from his religious retreat near Ahmedabad to the Arabian Sea coast, a distance of some 240 miles. The march resulted in the arrest of nearly 60,000 people, including Gandhi himself. India finally was granted its independence in 1947.

Who won the Spanish Civil war? Who were the key players?

The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) broke out when the Spanish army in Morocco when a few of the most in-fluent generals of the Spanish Army, led by General Francisco Franco, rose up against the democratically elected Republican government, presided over by Manuel Azaña.

Why did the colonist throw all that perfectly good tea into the ocean in Boston?

The Tea Party was the culmination of a resistance movement throughout British America against the Tea Act, which had been passed by the British Parliament in 1773. Colonists objected to the Tea Act because they believed that it violated their rights as Englishmen to "No taxation without representation," that is, be taxed only by their own elected representatives and not by a British parliament in which they were not represented. Protesters had successfully prevented the unloading of taxed tea in three other colonies, but in Boston, embattled Royal Governor Thomas Hutchinson refused to allow the tea to be returned to Britain.

How did the Treaty of Versailles deal with Germany?

The Treaty of Versailles was received very badly within Germany. The nation had been blamed entirely for the first world war and had been forced to pay compensation to the allies under the war guilt clause of the treaty.

What are the most significant effects of WWI?

The US had a big economy growth due to the fact the war was not played there and they supplied soldiers. But it would lead to the Great Depression because of people getting loans and not paying them back mainly because of overproduction. Another effect was that Germany had a weak and falling government because of the war. Everyone blamed Germany for it and people were in need of a leader so that is when Hitler started coming into place and lead to World War 2.

What was wrong with the first Constitution? How did America fix the problem?

The amendments did not protect the rights of everyone so they added amendments to protect them.

All people represented by the Third Estate in pre-revolutionary France were in what social status?

The common citizens.

What common idea exists in the Magna Carta, the Declaration of Independence, and the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen?

The enlightenment and basic human rights.

Who was Federich Nietzche and what was his philosophy?

The existentialists were influenced by the German philosopher Federich Nietzche. In the 1880's, Nietzche wrote that Western ideas such as reason, democracy, and progress had stifled people's creativity and actions.

What form of government did England establish during the Glorious Revolution?

The form of government England established during the glorious revolution was a constitutional monarchy. which means the powers of the ruler are restricted by the constitution and the laws of the country.

What to events or circumstances led to the spread of enlightenment ideas?

The growth of a print culture and literary market - newspapers etc, the multiplier effect. The rise of coffee houses, clubs, social gatherings. The voice of the street (a plebeian public/society/culture). The breakdown of absolutist politics.

Why were movies so popular in the 30s?

The king of Hollywood's silent screen was the English born Charlie Chaplin, a comic genius best known for his portrayal of the lonely little tramp bewildered by life. In the late 1920's, the addition of sound transformed movies.

Why was the Battle of the Marne so important?

The most important consequence of the Battle of the Marne was that the French and British forces were able to prevent the German plan for a swift and decisive victory. However, the German Army was not beaten and its successful retreat ended all hope of a short war.

What groups of people started to own cars?

The rich people.

What did John Locke consider to be people's natural rights, and how did he say these rights should be protected?

The right to life, liberty, and property; protected by the governments.

What was the main cause for people to colonize the world?

There were many reasons why people colonized North America. One of the main reasons is that the New World presented people with an opportunity to earn a decent living and perhaps even to become wealthy. During the time of colonization, profitable jobs were scarce in England, and land was very difficult to obtain because it was expensive. By moving to one of the colonies, an individual had a better chance to earn a living than if they remained in England. Once in the New World many settlers earned a living by becoming farmers, hunters, and businessmen. Some of these settlers became indentured servants as well. Another reason that people traveled to the New World was to acquire land. Most settlers were given free land or land at low cost. Land not only gave settlers feelings of independence, it also provided them with status and allowed them certain rights in the community, including voting. Religion was another reason that people came to the New World. Some settlers wished to have the chance to worship freely while others came to America to escape religious persecutions. Some of these groups were the Puritans, Quakers, Roman Catholics, Huguenots, and Jews. In the bigger picture, kings and queens were interested in creating colonies because colonies contributed to the political, economic and military superiority of a country. As the English, Dutch, Spanish, and French strove for economic and political superiority, their quest took them into newly discovered lands. The equation Land = Power = Money was at play in this quest, and these lands became important staging areas for the military might of these European powers.

NATO and the Warsaw Pact are both what?

They are both defensive military alliances.

What were the resulting deep changes in Japan?

They became a Constitutional Monarchy and they were demilitarized.

Why did Napoleon chose not to invade England?

They had the best Navy.

The enlightened despots did adapt to some of the ways of the enlightenment but would not give up___.

They typically instituted administrative reform, religious toleration, and economic development but did not propose reforms that would undermine their sovereignty or disrupt the social order.

Why did Napoleon's invasion of Russia fail?

They were not prepared for the cold winter.

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and who influenced him the most out of the enlightenment thinkers?

Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, John Adams, Robert R. Livingston. John Locke, an Enlightenment thinker, highly influenced the Declaration of Independence. He mentioned that he believed there were natural rights that all people had, life, liberty and property. The Founding Fathers added that in the Declaration of Independence (Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness ) Another idea Locke had was that if a ruler was opressing his people, the people had the right to rebel. For Jefferson to write the Declaration it was considered treason, but he wrote in the Declarationt hat since their ruler was being oppressive.

What was Yamamoto's objective at Pearl Harbor?

To crush US morale and destroy US aircraft carriers before we could stop the Japanese from taking over the Pacific.

When Britain and USA met to discuss US entering the war, what was the military objective they valued the most?

To have the largest military.

What was life like in Trench Warfare? How did they make progress?

Trench life involved long periods of boredom mixed with brief periods of terror. The threat of death kept soldiers constantly on edge, while poor living conditions and a lack of sleep wore away at their health and stamina. They made little progress.

How did the war change the economy?

USA has a war-economy. Economic growth and development in USA has always resulted from maintaining a war footing. This has been true since the invasion of Mexico in 1845, the Civil War, the Plains Indian Wars, the Spanish-American War and then the Great War of 1914-18 [which the USA joined towards the end; in April 1917.] After each of these wars, the US economy boomed and international policy grew to encompass areas of the world outside the original constitutional USA.

What was the difference between the Eastern Front and the Western Front?

When most people think about World War I, the Western Front is usually what they imagine. There, in Belgium and France, the war settled into a profoundly bloody and futile stalemate, with both sides attempting to bleed the other side dry. Generally speaking, the Eastern Front never settled into the pattern of trench warfare that characterized the Western Front. This is not to say, however, that the war was any less brutal. Massive clashes between armies, often with frightful casualties, were typical of the Eastern Front. One example was the Battle of Tannenberg, where German forces annihilated a massive Russian army in August of 1914. Unlike the Western Front, where such bloodletting was largely indecisive, and the war became largely one of attrition, the East saw several large and decisive battles as Russian thrusts into East Prussia and later into the Austro-Hungarian Empire were bloodily repulsed. What the two fronts did have in common was that the German military bore the brunt of the fighting for the Central Powers, just as it did in the West. Austria proved incapable of resisting Russian offensives without heavy German support, and of course the Germans almost singlehandedly were responsible for the defense of their frontier in East Prussia, mentioned above. By late 1916, however, Russia had sacrificed so heavily that it struggled to bear the continued war effort. The Bolshevik Revolution saw a Russian withdrawal from the conflict.

What did Kaiser Wilhelm do to make Britain nervous?

Wilhelm's upbringing was strict and authoritarian. He was educated first at the Kassel Gymnasium and then at the University of Bonn. Wilhelm became emperor of Germany in 1888 following the death of Frederick II. At the time of his accession Otto von Bismarck was still German Chancellor; however he was effectively dismissed from office by Wilhelm II two years later. The elderly Bismarck proved unable - or unwilling - to manipulate the new Kaiser as he had his predecessor. Wilhelm was an overtly militaristic man, and believed fervently in increasing the strength of Germany's armed forces. In particular he was keen to develop a German navy the equal of Britain's Royal Navy, encouraged by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz; the latter desire prompted the Liberal administration of the 1900's to finance rearmament of the Royal Navy.

What was the final straw that caused a full-scale war in Europe?

World War I was caused by a combination of several factors but above all, it was caused by the tensions between the European powers and crisis of the balance-of-power system that divided Europe into two camps. While one camp, joining Great Britain, France and Russia (Triple Entente) strove to preserve the fragile balance between the European great powers, the second camp that formed around German Empire, Austria-Hungary and Italy (Central Powers) was challenging it. Discussed below are specific events that led to one of the most devastating military conflicts in history. Franco-Prussian War The war between France and Prussia (the future German Empire) that lasted from 1870 to 1871 ended with a humiliating defeat for France. It lost the regions of Alsace and Lorraine, and was forced to pay a huge indemnity to Prussia. The Franco-Prussian War led to creation of a powerful German Empire with a military and industrial potential to further disrupt the European balance of power on the one hand and widespread resentment and desire for revenge among the French (revanchism) on the other. Accession of Wilhelm II to the German Throne With the accession of Wilhelm II to the German throne in 1888, the German foreign policy became more bellicose. The new German Emperor dismissed the skillful Otto von Bismarck as Chancellor. He also refused to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia that maintained the fragile peace between Russia and Austria-Hungary as well as kept France isolated. That way Wilhelm II helped create an alliance between France and Russia (formed in 1892) that became the basis for the future Triple Entente. Russo-Japanese War Russo-Japanese rivalry over Manchuria and Korea reached its height with the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). The outcome of the war against the Japanese was a major blow for the Russians who lost almost entire Baltic and Pacific fleet. The defeat also provoked a serious political crisis that led to the Russian Revolution of 1905. But the Russo-Japanese War also made an end to the Russian ambitions in the Far East and as a result, the Tsarist government focused its attention to Europe, in the first place to the Balkans. This intensified the old rivalry with Austria-Hungary that also had a great interest in the Balkans. Entente Cordiale German militarism and especially the buildup of naval power convinced Great Britain that Germany may soon establish itself as a dominant power on the Continent. In order to create a counterweight to the German Empire, the British decided to enter into an alliance with France that came to be known as Entente Cordiale. In 1907, Britain also entered into an alliance with Russia that was already in alliance with France. This formed the Triple Entente which in turn became the core of the Allies during World War I. Moroccan Crises The Moroccan Crises - the Tangler Crisis (1905-1906) and Agadir Crisis (1911) - brought the European powers on the brink of war. Both crises were provoked by the Germans with an aim to cause tensions between France and Britain that just concluded an alliance. The result, however, was right the opposite. Instead of 'softening' Britain and bring it closer to the Central Powers, the Moroccan Crises further reinforced the Entente Cordiale and increased the British hostility towards Germany. Bosnian Annexation Crisis In 1908, Austria-Hungary decided to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina that was formally an integral part of the Ottoman Empire. The annexation of the provinces that were occupied by the Dual Monarchy since 1878 was bitterly opposed by Serbia that was closely related to the provinces both ethically and geographically. Serbia was supported by the Tsarist government and the crisis persisted into 1909. Russia failed to win as firm support from France or Britain as Vienna enjoyed from Germany and accepted the annexation of the provinces. Serbia was forced to back down and the crisis ended. But it permanently damaged the relationship between Russia and Serbia on the one hand and Austria-Hungary on the other. The annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina caused embitteredness in Serbia, while the way it was carried out humiliated the Russian government that could not afford a similar humiliation during the 1914 July Crisis. Italo-Turkish War The Italo-Turkish War that took place between 1911 and 1912 did not pose any major threat to peace in Europe. But the Turkish defeat revealed the weakness of the Ottoman army and disagreement between the European powers about the so-called Eastern Questions - the fate of the decaying Ottoman Empire. The war between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire was also a strong incentive for the Balkan League which would capture the Balkan peninsula from the Turks independently from the great powers. Balkan Wars In 1912, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro and Bulgaria formed the Balkan League, a military alliance against the Ottoman Empire. Within a few months, the Balkan allies stripped the Ottoman Empire of its possessions in the Balkans and divided the conquered territory among themselves. In June, Bulgaria turned against its allies of Serbia and Greece due to a dispute over partition of Macedonia. But the Bulgarians were defeated within a month and forced to give up their claims in Macedonia. The success of the Balkan League shocked most European powers including the Russian allies of France and Great Britain. But it especially disturbed Austria-Hungary that strongly opposed a strong Serbian state. Vienna saw Serbia both as a rival in the Balkans and as a direct threat because it feared that its small Balkan neighbor may become the core of a future South-Slavic state. The Balkan Wars made Austro-Hungarian statesmen even more determined to take concrete action to prevent further strengthening of Serbia. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria On June 28, 1914, a group of conspirators from the revolutionary movement called Mlada Bosna ('Young Bosnia') carried out the assassination of the Austro-Hungarian heir presumptive, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife while they were visiting Sarajevo. Since the assassin, Gavrilo Princip and his 5 accomplices were Bosnian Serbs, the Dual Monarchy accused Serbia to stand behind the assassination. The event triggered the course of events that directly led to the outbreak of World War I but it did not cause it. Austria-Hungary was determined to eliminate the 'Serbian threat' before the assassination of its heir presumptive and it only needed an excuse to declare war on its Balkan neighbor. July Ultimatum On July 23, Austria-Hungary presented an ultimatum to Serbia. Vienna, however, intentionally imposed impossible demands to Serbia in order to be able to declare war on its neighbor for 'orchestrating' the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. A few days later, the Austro-Hungarian troops invaded Serbia and started the devastating World War I.

Why did the European rulers denounce the French Revolution?

a)Many were related to the King or Queen of France. b)They were afraid it would encourage their own subjects to revolt. c)Revolutionaries took longer than they expected to overthrow the king. d) They thought it would undermine the power of the Church.