Final
A fertilized egg is called a(n) A) zygote. B) fetus. C) infant. D) ovum.
A
A soldier who commits acts of violence against others because his or her superior instructed him or her to do so is an example of A) obedience. B) conformity. C) cognitive dissonance. D) groupthink.
A
A student's class always met in room 100. However, when that student took the final exam, the class met in room 317. The student experienced memory problems at the final exam. What could account for the student's memory problems? A) context-dependent memory B) state-dependent memory C) priming D) motivated forgetting
A
A woman is concerned that if she does poorly on a math exam, she will confirm the stereotype that women are not good at math. What is likely to happen and why? A) She will do poorly on the exam because of stereotype threat. B) She will do well on the exam because of stereotype threat. C) She will do poorly on the exam because of the self-fulfilling prophecy. D) She will do well on the exam because of the self-fulfilling prophecy.
A
Abigail has been studying for her chemistry test by reading over her notes. She has started skimming over them more as time goes on telling herself "oh, I know this." Why might this strategy be problematic for Abigail? A) She is testing recognition not recall. B) She is testing recall not recognition. C) She is relying on her visuospatial sketchpad. D) This will not be a problem for Abigail.
A
After studying a psychological concept for some time, Vatana still has not been able to grasp the concept. However, while she is driving to work, she has an "ah-ha!" moment and the concept finally makes complete sense to her. Vatana has experienced A) insight learning. B) latent learning. C) observational learning. D) operant conditioning.
A
If a parent instructs a child to do something because "I said so," this would be an example of a(n) _____ parenting style. A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) neglectful D) indulgent
A
In which area of psychology would a researcher interested in how individuals persist to attain a difficult goal (like graduating from college) most likely specialize? A) motivation and emotion B) physiological psychology C) social psychology D) community psychology
A
Making decisions about right and wrong based on punishments or rewards is consistent with which level of moral reasoning? A) preconventional B) conventional C) postconventional D) formal operational
A
Multiple sclerosis is caused by lesions on A) myelin tissue. B) dendrites. C) the cell body. D) the frontal cortex.
A
Object permanence happens in which of Piaget's stages? A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational
A
Renee is a social worker in an urban community mental health center. She has just seen a new client who has depression, which she codes on A) Axis I. B) Axis II. C) Axis III. D) Axis IV.
A
Researchers interested in health behavior postulate that people's decisions about their health are based on attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions. This is an example of A) a theory. B) a hypothesis. C) a correlational research design. D) naturalistic observation.
A
Robert had a serious car accident while Mozart was playing on his stereo. Now, every time Robert hears a Mozart song, he feels frightened and panicked. What is the unconditioned stimulus? A) the car accident B) Robert's fear and anxiety C) music by Mozart D) driving a car
A
Smells can often bring up emotional memories because the neural pathways for smell go through A) the limbic system. B) the occipital lobe. C) the parietal lobe. D) the reticular formation.
A
Statistical significance refers to A) the probability that a research finding happened by chance. B) the mean. C) the measure of central tendency. D) the measure of dispersion.
A
Synaesthesia refers to A) one sense inducing an experience in another sense. B) the process by which visual stimuli is transmitted to the visual cortex. C) seeing the color green after staring at the color red. D) the frequency and pitch of sound waves.
A
The lobe of the cerebral cortex that responds to visual stimuli is the A) occipital lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) frontal lobe.
A
The primacy effect is thought to occur because A) items stay in working memory longer. B) items were presented more recently. C) of long-term potentiation. D) items are less rehearsed.
A
The researcher most associated with functionalism is A) William James. B) Wilhelm Wundt. C) Charles Darwin. D) E. B. Titchener.
A
The somatosensory cortex is located in which area of the brain? A) parietal lobe B) hypothalamus C) frontal lobe D) reticular formation
A
Tom is surprised to find that not all of his friends think about affirmative action in the same way he does. Tom's surprise can be explained by A) the false consensus effect. B) self-serving bias. C) heuristics. D) the fundamental attribution error.
A
Tyrone is supportive of same-sex marriage. However, the political candidate for whom he plans to vote opposes same-sex marriage. Tyrone is likely experiencing A) cognitive dissonance. B) the self-fulfilling prophecy. C) the bystander effect. D) conformity.
A
Wanda didn't study for her chemistry test and ended up getting a D. She decides to study really hard for the next test but still gets a D. When her friend asks her how her studying is going for the third test, Wanda says, "It doesn't matter if I study or not, I always get the same grade so I'm not going to bother." Wanda's attitude is best explained by A) insight learning. B) purposive behaviors. C) learned helplessness. D) negative punishment.
A
Which of the following is a disadvantage of descriptive research? A) it does not lead to information about causality B) it opens itself to ethical issues C) it has higher instances of the placebo effect than correlational research D) it cannot overcome the third variable problem
A
Which of the following is false? A) suicide is the leading cause of death in U.S. adolescents B) depressed individuals are likely to attempt suicide more than once C) suicide runs in families D) Iran has a relatively low suicide rate
A
Which of the following statements is correct? A) Classical conditioning focuses on involuntary responses, whereas operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors. B) Classical conditioning is involved with negative outcomes, whereas operant conditioning is involved with positive outcomes. C) Extinction occurs in classical conditioning, but not in operant conditioning. D) Shaping occurs in classical conditioning, but not in operant conditioning.
A
Which of the following statements is correct? A) Sound waves reach the pinna first, then the eardrum, then the oval window. B) Sound waves reach the cochlea first, then the eardrum, then the hammer. C) Sound waves reach the hammer first, then the cochlea, then the pinna. D) Sound waves reach the pinna first, then the cochlea, then the ear drum.
A
Which of the following would a sociocultural psychologist be likely to study? A) the impact of media messages on women's body image B) the way in which neurotransmitters are implicated in the development of eating disorders C) the impact of thinking patterns on weight management D) the benefits of exercise in preventing obesity
A
_____ refers to the degree to which an experimental design reflects the real-world issues it was meant to address. A) External validity B) Internal validity C) Experimenter bias D) Operational definition
A
A fetus can be exposed to a variety of harmful agents that may cause birth defects. These agents are referred to as A) fetal alcohol syndrome. B) teratogens. C) estrogens. D) androgens.
B
A person who believes that the television news anchor is talking to him is suffering from A) hallucinations. B) delusions. C) catatonia. D) negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
B
A person who cannot create new memories has A) retrograde amnesia. B) anterograde amnesia. C) problems with explicit memory. D) has problems with implicit memory.
B
A person who is hearing voices that are not there is experiencing A) delusions. B) hallucinations. C) mood disorder. D) schizophrenia.
B
A psychologist examines fathers and their children at a picnic. She observes the number of times fathers engage in cooperative play with their children. This study is an example of A) a laboratory study. B) naturalistic observation. C) an experiment. D) a survey study.
B
A psychologist who focused on the ways in which people's family background related to their current functioning would be associated with which psychological approach? A) the behavioral approach B) the psychodynamic approach C) the humanistic approach D) the cognitive approach
B
A research study that assesses participants in a laboratory setting in February, May, and August is an example of A) an naturalistic observation study. B) a longitudinal study. C) ecological validity. D) the third variable problem.
B
A researcher has designed a study to test the effects of different types of individual psychotherapy on people's levels of depression. She has randomly assigned people to one of three groups: a cognitive-behavioral treatment group, a psychodynamic treatment group, or a no-treatment control group. She then measures people's level of depression after the treatment. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) The treatment group is the dependent variable; depression is the independent variable. B) Depression is the dependent variable; the treatment group is the independent variable. C) Depression is the dependent variable; cognitive-behavioral treatment is the independent variable. D) Cognitive-behavioral treatment is the dependent variable; depression is the independent variable.
B
A school psychologist is interested in studying the effectiveness of a reading improvement program. He has randomly assigned participants to one of two groups. The first group receives training in phonics, whereas the second group is put on a waiting list and receives no training. What is the control group? A) the group that receives the phonics training B) the group that received no training C) the sample D) the population
B
According to the reminiscence bump, adults have greater recall for events in their _____ than from other decades. A) first birthday until their mid-teens B) teens and twenties C) thirties and forties D) fifties and sixties.
B
An employer who thinks that members of a specific group are inferior is an example of _____; the employer's refusing to hire members of that group is an example of _____. A) discrimination; prejudice B) prejudice; discrimination C) social comparison; stereotyping D) stereotyping; social comparison
B
Assuming that the reason a person is obese is because he or she has no willpower is an example of A) a self-fulfilling prophecy. B) the fundamental attribution error. C) a stereotype. D) stereotype threat.
B
Contingency in classical conditioning refers to A) the amount of time that passes between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. B) the frequency with which the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus occur together. C) the pairing of the conditioned response with the unconditioned response. D) the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
B
Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame occurs during which ages? A) the first year and a half of life B) ages one and a half through three C) ages three through five D) ages 6 through puberty
B
Horatio's mother has been nagging him for weeks to clean the garage. When he does so, his mother's nagging ceases. Horatio's mother's nagging was a A) positive reinforcement. B) negative reinforcement. C) positive punishment. D) negative punishment.
B
How are a schema and a script different? A) A schema focuses on episodic memory, whereas a script focuses on semantic memory. B) A script is a specific type of schema that focuses on events, whereas other types of schemas focus on a variety of experiences. C) A script is more accurate than a schema. D) A schema is related to encoding, whereas a script is related to retrieval.
B
How can causality be demonstrated? A) through correlation B) through an experiment C) through inferential statistics D) None of the answers are correct.
B
How should minority groups present their views so that they can persuade majority group members? A) normative influence B) information influence C) peripheral norms D) task-oriented cooperation
B
In high school, a student took German; however, she decided to take Russian in college. She finds that she is having trouble learning to speak Russian because she keeps using German words instead of Russian words. What type of problem is she experiencing? A) retroactive interference B) proactive interference C) decay D) transience
B
In order for a person to be classified as having major depressive disorder, he or she must experience a depressive episode that lasts at least A) one week. B) two weeks. C) one month. D) two months.
B
In the development of a human organism, when does the fetal period start? A) one month B) two months C) three months D) four months
B
Karen hasn't been eating or sleeping much lately. She has a general sense of hopelessness and low self-esteem. When she goes to work she finds herself struggling to concentrate and make important decisions. Karen seems to be suffering from A) schizophrenia. B) dysthymic disorder. C) major depressive disorder. D) generalized anxiety disorder.
B
Kelly is frustrated that her husband is not doing his share of the chores. Kelly seems to be lacking _____ in her relationship. A) investment B) equity C) equality D) commitment
B
Lionel has the most common form of color blindness. Which of his cone systems is most likely malfunctioning? A) yellow B) green C) black D) white
B
Love that is characterized by intense passion and infatuation is called A) affectionate love. B) romantic love. C) social exchange love. D) consensual love.
B
Mechanoreceptors are involved in all of the following EXCEPT A) touch. B) smell. C) equilibrium. D) hearing.
B
Nerves that carry information from other parts of the body to the brain are called A) neural networks. B) afferent nerves. C) efferent nerves. D) neurotransmitters.
B
Personality disorders are recorded on which DSM axis? A) I B) II C) III D) IV
B
Problems remembering something may be the result of not storing the information in memory in the first place. This phenomenon is called A) retrieval failure. B) encoding failure. C) interference. D) transience.
B
Smells can evoke vivid memories because the olfactory cortex links to the _____, which is associated with memory consolidation. A) amygdale B) hippocampus C) thalamus D) reticular formation
B
Someone who finds that he has traveled to a new town and has no memory of his old life is likely suffering from A) dissociative identity disorder. B) dissociative fugue. C) dissociative amnesia. D) multiple personality disorder.
B
Tamara normally feeds her cat canned cat food. She noticed that every time she uses her electric can opener, her cat comes to the kitchen. What is the conditioned stimulus? A) the cat food B) the sound of the electric can opener C) the cat coming to the kitchen D) Tamara
B
The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory includes A) attention, processing, and elaboration. B) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. C) the phonological loop, visuospatial working memory, and the central executive. D) episodic memory, semantic memory, and implicit
B
The absolute threshold is the level at which someone can detect a stimulus ____ percent of the time. A) 25 B) 50 C) 75 D) 100
B
The corpus callosum is responsible for A) verbal processing. B) relaying information between the right and left hemispheres. C) speech production. D) sleep.
B
The neurotransmitter most associated with love and bonding is A) serotonin. B) oxytocin. C) endorphins. D) norepinephrine.
B
The optic chiasm A) refers to the retina's blind spot. B) transmits visual information from the left side of the retina to the right lobe of the occipital cortex and vice versa. C) allows light to be bent such that the occipital cortex can perceive information both close and far away. D) is responsible for afterimages.
B
The purpose of myelin is to A) promote the release of presynaptic neurotransmitters. B) insulate axons to increase the speed of electrical impulses. C) open and close channels. D) create GABA.
B
The structures at the end of the axon are called A) dendrites. B) terminal buttons. C) cell bodies. D) synaptic gaps.
B
The term psychopathology refers to A) the study of psychology. B) study of psychological disorders. C) the distinction between psychologists and psychiatrists. D) the focus of counseling psychology.
B
The visible spectrum of light is A) between 100 and 400 nm. B) between 400 and 700 nm. C) between 700 and 1,000 nm. D) between 100 and 1,000 nm.
B
We are able to determine from where a sound is coming because of A) hair cells within the basilar membrane. B) timing and intensity. C) the number of times a neuron fires. D) All of the answers are correct.
B
What is the difference between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)? A) MRI examines oxygenated blood, whereas fMRI examines hydrogen atoms. B) MRI does not allow researchers to examine the brain in action, whereas fMRI does. C) MRI examines glucose levels, whereas fMRI examines hydrogen atoms. D) MRI provides a two-dimensional X-ray, whereas fMRI provides a three-dimensional X-ray.
B
What organization publishes the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders? A) American Psychological Association B) American Psychiatric Association C) American Medical Association D) National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
B
What type of training do clinical psychologists usually have? A) a medical degree, such as an MD. B) a doctoral degree, such as a PhD. C) a bachelor's degree, such as a BA. D) All of the answers are correct.
B
When a neuron is resting, the inside of the cell membrane is _____ and the outside of the cell membrane is _____. A) positive; negative B) negative; positive C) negative; negative D) positive; positive
B
Which brain structure has been shown to be related to learning through reinforcement? A) hippocampus B) nucleus accumbens C) occipital lobe D) thalamus
B
Which neurotransmitter has been shown to be most closely associated with reinforcement of behaviors? A) serotonin B) dopamine C) epinephrine D) acetylcholine
B
Which of the following areas of inquiry would likely be of interest to a positive psychologist? A) the ways in which genetic factors influence the development of depression B) the ways in which survivors of Hurricane Katrina made meaning of their experience C) the ways in which parenting style related to children's attachment D) the ways in which brain lesions affect personality
B
Which of the following is FALSE about people with OCD? A) they have more activity in their frontal cortex than normal individuals B) they show decreased activity in their thalamus than normal individuals C) they're amygdala is smaller than in normal individuals D) they have lower levels of serotonin than normal individuals
B
Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of psychology? A) science B) therapy C) behavior D) mental process
B
Which of the following statements is most correct? A) The fundamental attribution error is unrelated to stereotypes, whereas self-serving bias is related to stereotypes. B) The fundamental attribution error is focused on others, whereas self-serving bias is focused on the self. C) The fundamental attribution error attributes successes to internal causes, whereas self-serving bias attributes successes to external causes. D) The fundamental attribution error does not take into account all available information, whereas self-serving bias does.
B
Which of the following would be classified as a negative symptom of schizophrenia? A) visual hallucinations B) flat affect C) delusions D) loose associations
B
Which parenting style is associated with the best child outcomes? A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) neglectful D) indulgent
B
Which theory of aging states that our cells can only divide about 100 times, which is why humans can only live to about 120? A) free-radical theory B) cellular-clock theory C) telomeres theory D) life-expectancy theory
B
Which type of memory is retrieved unconsciously? A) explicit memory B) implicit memory C) semantic memory D) episodic memory
B
Why is it important to study positive psychology? A) Psychologists are only interested in the experiences of healthy persons. B) We get a fuller understanding of human experience by focusing on both positive and negative aspects of life. C) Negative experiences in people's lives tell us little about people's mental processes. D) Psychology has been too focused on the negative.
B
You have trained your dog to bark on command by giving her rawhides when she is successful. However, you quit giving her the rawhides when she barks and you find that eventually she will not bark on command. What has occurred? A) discrimination B) extinction C) counterconditioning D) secondary reinforcement
B
You may have had the experience of a newborn infant grasping your finger when you touch his or her hand. The newborn infant's grasping is an example of A) physical development. B) a reflex. C) a motor skill. D) habituation.
B
Your brain knows that you have stubbed your toe because A) dopamine transfers that information to the brain. B) afferent nerves transfer that information to the brain. C) glial cells transfer that information to the brain. D) myelin sheaths transfer that information to the brain.
B
A C student thinks of himself as above average on intelligence. This is an example of A) the fundamental attribution error. B) a self-fulfilling prophecy. C) a positive illusion. D) self-objectification.
C
A market-research firm calls you on the phone and asks you a series of questions about your attitudes toward exercise. The market-research firm is conducting a(n) A) experiment. B) laboratory study. C) survey. D) naturalistic observation.
C
A person's knowledge of the names of automobile parts is an example of A) fluid intelligence. B) preoperational thinking. C) crystallized intelligence. D) accommodation.
C
A researcher has found that students who sleep more in class get lower grades on their exams. This is an example of a(n) A) positive correlation. B) independent variable. C) negative correlation. D) dependent variable.
C
A sound wave's frequency translates into our perception of ____, whereas a sound wave's amplitude translates into our perception of _____. A) timbre; pitch B) pitch; timbre C) pitch; loudness D) loudness; pitch
C
A student is studying for a philosophy exam. She is trying to remember a list of philosophy concepts and associates each one with a personal event in her life. Which of the following is she employing? A) intermediate level processing B) imagery C) elaboration D) chunking
C
A supervisor comes into the workplace to check on her employees every hour and a half. An observer notices that the workers increase their work behavior about 10 minutes before the supervisor arrives and then decrease their work behavior after she leaves. On what type of reinforcement schedule are the workers? A) a fixed-ratio schedule B) a variable-ratio schedule C) a fixed-interval schedule D) a variable-interval schedule
C
An infant born between 38 and 42 weeks after conception is considered A) a preterm infant. B) a teratogen. C) a full-term infant. D) an embryon.
C
Broca's area plays an important role in _____, whereas Wernicke's area plays an important role in _____. A) motor function; sensation B) sensation; motor function C) speech production; speech comprehension D) speech comprehension; speech production
C
Cocaine and amphetamines mainly affect which neurotransmitters? A) serotonin B) acetylcholine C) dopamine D) GABA
C
Dogs are often used in airports to detect explosives materials and/or narcotics. Their trainers teach them to smell out a certain substance by rewarding them with treats for correctly identifying a substance. In what type of learning are the dogs engaging? A) classical conditioning B) observational learning C) operant conditioning D) negative reinforcement
C
During what ages does the concrete operational stage occur? A) birth to two years of age B) two to seven years of age C) seven to eleven years of age D) eleven to fifteen years of age
C
Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage of socioemotional development occurs during which period of life? A) childhood B) adolescence C) early adulthood D) middle adulthood E) late adulthood
C
How are generalized anxiety disorder and phobic disorder different? A) Generalized anxiety disorder is more severe than phobic disorder. B) Generalized anxiety disorder involves avoidance of specific situations, whereas phobic disorder does not. C) Generalized anxiety disorder involves anxiety about a large variety of things, whereas phobic disorder involves anxiety about a specific thing. D) Generalized anxiety involves fear of other people, whereas phobic disorder involves fear of dangerous places or objects.
C
How is natural selection related to psychology? A) Humans and animals are related. B) Survival is related to environmental conditions alone and not to genetics. C) Humans behave and think the way they do in part because it helped them survive. D) It is unrelated to psychology.
C
If a researcher is interested in the population of college students at a large state university, which of the following would provide him or her with a random sample? A) randomly approaching students in the student union B) randomly selecting three classrooms and including all the students in those classrooms in the sample C) randomly selecting students from a listing of every student in the university D) randomly selecting students from the incoming class
C
If you look at the color green for an extended period of time and then look away, you will see an afterimage of red. Which theory accounts for this phenomenon? A) trichromatic theory B) binding theory C) opponent-process theory D) parallel-processing theory
C
Individuals can be affected by stimuli that are presented to them so quickly that they are not able to consciously perceive the stimuli. This phenomenon is known as A) the difference threshold. B) the absolute threshold. C) subliminal perception. D) signal detection theory.
C
Jim believes think that capital punishment is wrong. After speaking with some like-minded co-workers, he feels even more convinced that his opinion is correct. This is an example of A) discrimination. B) self-serving bias. C) group polarization. D) groupthink.
C
Ken went to the emergency room because he was short of breath, had a rapid heartbeat, was sweating, and feared that he was having a heart attack and would die. When the physician examined Ken, she was unable to find anything physically wrong with him. When she questioned Ken further, he told her that these physical symptoms occurred right before he was to give an important presentation. Which of the following is a possible explanation for Ken's symptoms? A) obsessive-compulsive disorder. B) bipolar disorder. C) panic disorder. D) schizophrenia.
C
Memory is better when encoding happens at which level of processing? A) shallow level B) intermediate level C) deepest level D) elaboration level
C
On which axis of the DSM are medical disorders? A) I B) II C) III D) IV
C
One of the students in your class often asks questions of your professor. You see that the professor rolls her eyes each time the student asks a question. You find that you are reluctant to ask the professor a question. What have you experienced? A) classical conditioning B) operant learning C) observational learning D) negative reinforcement
C
Parkinson disease is associated with damage to the A) thalamus. B) hypothalamus. C) basal ganglia. D) reticular formation.
C
The classic Bobo doll study, where a child punched a doll after seeing an adult do the same, was a demonstration of A) classical conditioning. B) operant learning. C) observational learning. D) associative learning.
C
The eye bends light through the ____, which does the majority of the bending of the light, and the _____, which fine tunes the light. A) pupil; iris B) iris; pupil C) cornea; lens D) lens; cornea
C
The famous quote "don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes," usually attributed to William Prescott, refers to which structure of the eye? A) iris B) cornea C) sclera D) retina
C
The lobe of the cerebral cortex that responds to auditory stimuli is the A) occipital lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) frontal lobe.
C
The part of the eye onto which visual information is projected is the A) cornea. B) lens. C) retina. D) sclera.
C
The part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving information is the A) cell body. B) axon. C) dendrites. D) synapse.
C
Tori did well on her first exam in psychology. She congratulated herself for studying hard and being naturally gifted. When she failed her second exam, she became angry at the professor for creating an unfair test and for not explaining the concepts well. Tori's reactions are an example of A) stereotype threat. B) self-objectification. C) self-serving bias. D) cognitive dissonance.
C
Understanding that although the shape of an object may change, the mass of the object stays the same is an example of A) object permanence. B) a schema. C) conservation. D) accommodation.
C
Weber's law refers to A) strong smells becoming almost unnoticeable. B) the relationship between color perception and specific cone cells. C) two stimuli differing by the same percentage in order to be perceived as different. D) None of the answers are correct.
C
What does social psychological research have to say about decreasing within-group prejudice? A) Exposure to members of the outgroup results in decreased prejudice. B) Competitive activities between members of groups result in decreased prejudice. C) When groups work together to achieve a common goals, prejudice is decreased. D) Prejudice is deep-rooted and cannot be influenced by psychological intervention.
C
What is the difference between egoism and altruism? A) Egoism is the opposite of altruism. B) Egoism involves helping others with no expectation of help in return, whereas altruism involves helping others with the expectation of help in return. C) Egoism involves helping others with the expectation of help in return, whereas altruism involves helping others with no expectation of help in return. D) Egoism involves helping others to the smallest extent possible, whereas altruism involves helping others to a much greater extent.
C
What is the most widely practiced specialization in psychology? A) social psychology B) personality psychology C) counseling psychology D) cognitive psychology
C
What is the relationship between the mind and the body? A) The mind impacts the body. B) The body impacts the mind. C) The mind and body have reciprocal effects on each other. D) There is no relationship between the mind and the body.
C
What type of information is stored in the phonological loop? A) visual information B) auditory information C) speech-based information D) spatial information
C
When a child hears a loud noise, he cries. The family's dog often barks loudly. Each time the child sees the dog, he cries. What is the conditioned response? A) the dog B) the loud noise C) the crying D) the barking
C
When two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them will increase; this is called A) parallel distributed processing. B) semantic networking. C) long-term potentiation. D) the serial position effect.
C
When you are in danger, which part of the nervous system is responsible for your heart rate increasing? A) the central nervous system B) the peripheral nervous system C) the sympathetic nervous system D) the parasympathetic nervous system
C
Which approach would explain depression in terms of disordered thinking? A) the humanistic approach B) the evolutionary approach C) the cognitive approach D) the sociocultural approach
C
Which of the following areas of specialization would focus on the ways in which stress is related to cancer remission? A) cognitive psychology B) community psychology C) health psychology D) behavioral neuroscience
C
Which of the following does not fit with the others? A) bipolar disorder B) dysthymic disorder C) PTSD D) major depressive disorder
C
Which of the following is NOT an anxiety disorder? A) panic disorder B) obsessive-compulsive disorder C) bipolar disorder D) posttraumatic stress disorder
C
Which of the following is an advantage of laboratory studies? A) ecological validity B) lack of participant bias C) control of extraneous variables D) observation in a naturalistic setting
C
Which of the following is not one of the processes involved in observational learning? A) attention B) retention C) generalization D) reinforcement
C
Which of the following statements is most consistent with the biopsychosocial model? A) Mental illness is caused by brain abnormalities, neurochemical abnormalities, and genetic influences. B) Societal forces such as oppression and poverty drive the development of mental illness. C) Genetic heritage causes a predisposition to mental illness, but environmental and cognitive/emotional factors must be present for mental illness to develop. D) Mental illness does not exist, but is rather a normal reaction to an abnormal situation.
C
Which of the following statements is most correct? A) The biggest risk factor for depression is genetics. B) All areas of the brain of depressed persons are under-active. C) Depression is related to neurotransmitter deregulation, genetics, and cognitive processes. D) Women experience depression because estrogen, by its nature, is a depressant.
C
Which of the following will decrease the likelihood of deindividuation? A) large groups B) darkness C) saying a person's name D) costumes
C
Why is psychology considered a science? A) It focuses on internal mental processes. B) It classifies mental disorders. C) It focuses on observation, drawing conclusions, and prediction. D) It focuses on behavior.
C
Your memory of Civil War history is an example of what type of memory? A) working memory B) episodic memory C) semantic memory D) short-term memory
C
A double-blind study controls for A) experimenter bias. B) participant bias. C) location bias. D) experimenter and participant bias. E) All of the answers are correct.
D
A psychologist is attempting to understand why certain physical characteristics are rated as attractive. The psychologist explains that certain characteristics have been historically adaptive, and thus are considered attractive. This explanation is consistent with which of the following approaches? A) the sociocultural approach B) the humanistic approach C) the cognitive approach D) the evolutionary approach
D
A researcher interested in the way in which our sense of smell works would likely be associated with which of the following areas of specialization? A) cognitive psychology B) learning C) motivation and learning D) sensation and perception
D
A researcher is interested in the racial identity development of African American women. She asks 200 African American women about their racial identity. What is the population? A) the 200 African American women she interviewed B) all Americans C) all African Americans D) all African American women
D
A soldier who survived a bloody battle finds that she has recurrent nightmares, avoids her military friends, and jumps when she hears a loud noise. Of what disorder are these symptoms characteristic? A) major depressive disorder B) generalized anxiety disorder C) bipolar disorder D) posttraumatic stress disorder
D
After a movie has ended, an elderly man falls when walking down the steps of the crowded theater. There is an extremely long pause before anyone moves to help the man. This is an example of A) aggression. B) egoism. C) altruism. D) the bystander effects.
D
All of the following need to be considered when constructing a survey except A) people do not always know themselves well enough to answer the questions. B) people may answer in a way that makes them look good instead of honestly. C) making sure questions are clearly worded. D) generalizability of your one respondent to your overall population.
D
An experimenter is interested in determining if there are differences in happiness, life satisfaction, and optimism between people who have been given a self-help book to read versus those who have been given a sports article to read. What is the independent variable? A) happiness B) life satisfaction C) optimism D) reading material
D
An infant is repeatedly shown a picture of his mother's face and a picture of geometric shapes. Each time the infant tends to gaze at the picture of his mother's face. This finding is an example of A) habituation. B) reflex. C) egocentrism. D) preferential looking.
D
Before a study begins, the researcher tells his participants that he is interested in whether exposure to violent stimuli will result in less cooperation within a group. Which of the following should be a concern? A) participant bias B) experimenter bias C) ethics D) All of the answers are correct.
D
Conducting an in-depth interview of a single person with a rare illness is an example of A) a correlational design. B) an experiment. C) a survey. D) a case study.
D
Depth perception is possible because of A) binocular cues. B) monocular cues. C) texture of objects. D) All of the answers are correct.
D
During adolescence there are changes in the structure of the brain. Changes in which of the following brain structures are thought to be partially responsible for adolescent behavior? A) the hippocampus and the cerebellum B) the basal ganglia and the thalamus C) the reticular formation and the brain stem D) the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex
D
During the ages of 3 to 6 years, which area of the brain undergoes the most rapid growth? A) parietal B) temporal C) occipital D) frontal
D
From where did psychology emerge? A) the work of Wilhelm Wundt B) early philosophical thought C) the natural science D) All of the answers are correct.
D
Juan developed a fear of dogs after being attacked by one. His counselor helped him to overcome this fear by teaching him to relax in the presence of dogs. Eventually, he was no longer afraid of dogs. Which of the following processes occurred? A) extinction B) spontaneous recovery C) discrimination D) counterconditioning
D
Kim was offered a job and wanted to get a salary of $35,000 per year. When her soon-to-be employer asked her what salary she expected, she said $40,000. She was confident that she would not get that high of a salary but rather expected her employer to reject that figure for a figure closer to $35,000. What strategy is Kim using? A) cognitive dissonance strategy B) foot-in-the-door strategy C) elaboration-likelihood strategy D) door-in-the-face strategy
D
Matthew did poorly when trying out for his school's soccer team. To make himself feel better about his performance, he said to himself "at least I wasn't as bad as Brad." Matthew's self-talk is an example of A) self-serving bias. B) cognitive dissonance. C) the fundamental attribution error. D) social comparison.
D
Most people can keep _____ items in their short-term memory. A) 5 ± 2 B) 7 C) 8 D) 7 ± 2
D
On what topic would an environmental psychologist most likely do research? A) research on teaching and learning B) how to prevent mental health issues by identifying high-risk groups in the community C) how to pick a sympathetic jury D) how room arrangements influence behaviors
D
People tend to have difficulty naming the color in which a word is printed when the word itself refers to a different color. This finding is called A) Weber's law. B) the signal detection theory. C) sensory adaptation. D) the Stroop effect.
D
Research has suggested engaging in all of the following activities to protect your senses except A) reading by light that is three times brighter than the rest of the room light. B) avoiding high-fat food. C) turning off an iPod whose volume is at 90 percent after 90 minutes. D) avoid spicy food.
D
Robert developed a conditioned response of fear and anxiety to hearing music by Mozart. If he were to have the same response to any classical music, it would be called A) acquisition. B) counterconditioning. C) spontaneous recovery. D) generalization.
D
Taste aversion can be explained by A) classical conditioning. B) operant conditioning. C) observational learning. D) preparedness.
D
The lobe of the cerebral cortex associated with personality is the A) occipital lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) frontal lobe.
D
The part of the brain that acts as a central relay station is the A) reticular formation. B) limbic system. C) hippocampus. D) thalamus.
D
The term diathesis refers to A) the process by which individuals dissociate. B) the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. C) the cycling between depressive and manic episodes in bipolar disorder. D) a physical predisposition to a mental illness.
D
When a neuron is depolarized, the inside of the cell membrane is ____ and the outside of the cell membrane is ____. A) positive; negative B) negative; positive C) negative; negative D) positive; positive
D
When a teenager gets poor grades, his father takes away his cell phone. This consequence is a A) positive reinforcement. B) negative reinforcement. C) positive punishment. D) negative punishment.
D
Where do most psychologists work? A) in hospitals B) private practice C) human resource departments in corporations D) academic settings like universities
D
Which of the following affect our perception? A) the stimuli B) individual physiological differences C) culture D) All of the answers are correct.
D
Which of the following is helpful in reducing prejudice? A) competition B) us/them thinking C) use of heuristics D) task-oriented cooperation
D
Which of the following is known as "the master gland"? A) adrenal gland B) thyroid C) parathyroid D) pituitary gland
D
Which of the following should be adhered to in conducting ethical research? A) informed consent B) debriefing C) confidentiality D) All of the answers are correct.
D
Which of the following socioemotional development stages occurs in adolescence? A) intimacy versus isolation B) generativity versus stagnation C) initiative versus guilt D) identity versus identity confusion
D
Which of the following theorists is most closely associated with a theory of cognitive development? A) Erikson B) Kohlberg C) Kohut D) Piaget
D
Which theory of long-term memory organization focuses on interconnected nodes that either excite or inhibit one another? A) hierarchies B) semantic networks C) schemas D) connectionist networks
D
Your ability to use the mouse on computer is an example of what type of memory? A) episodic memory B) explicit memory C) priming D) procedural memory
D
_____ allow ions to enter the neural cell. A) Myelin sheaths B) Neurotransmitters C) Dendrites D) Ion channels
D
_____ refers to a person's memories about himself or herself, whereas _____ refers to a person's memories about the world. A) Working memory; short-term memory B) Explicit memory; implicit memory C) Encoding; retention D) Episodic memory; semantic memory
D