finals (exam quanti)

A chi square distribution with n degrees of freedom is equal to a gamma distribution with a = n / 2 and b = 0.5 (or β = 2).

True

A chi-square (X2) statistic is used to investigate whether distributions of categorical variables differ from one another.

True

A potential source of confusion in working out what statistics to use in analysing data is whether your data allows for parametric or non-parametric statistics.

True

A problem with the correlated groups design is that counterbalancing is not always possible.

True

Contingency tables and degrees of freedom are key elements of the chi-square test

True

Correlation analysis can study a wide range of variables and their interrelations.

True

If most points depict a dispersed descending line this would suggest there would be a weak positive relationship

True

If there is correlation found, depending upon the numerical values measured, this can be either positive or negative.

True

Parametric tests are those that make assumptions about the parameters of the population distribution from which the sample is drawn.

True

Parametric tests usually have more statistical power than their non-parametric equivalents.

True

Statisticians assume a cause effect relationship and say that one or more independent, controlled variables (the factors) cause the significant difference of one or more characteristics

True

The Chi Square statistic compares the tallies or counts of categorical responses between two (or more) independent groups.

True

The Chi Square statistic is commonly used for testing relationships between categorical variables.

True

It may also be called a data item

Variable

It is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution if the value of a scaling term in the test statistic were known.

c. T-Test

You carried out an ANOVA on a preliminary sample of data. You then collected additional data from the same groups; the difference being that the sample sizes for each group were increased by a factor of 10, and the within-group variability has decreased substantially. Which of the following statements is NOT correct.

c. The degrees of freedom associated with the treatment term has increased

What is the null hypothesis in chi-square test?

c. The rows and columns are not associated

If your results say that the p value is < 0.001 what can you conclude?

c. There was a significant result and this would have only arose 1/100 through chance

Which of these statements reflect a null hypothesis?

c. There will be no relationship between caffeine consumption and performance

It is the simplest form of analyzing data. "Uni" means "one", so in other words your data has only one variable.

c. Univariate Analysis

How can you deal with low expected values?

c. You can increase your sample size or combine categories

What is the meaning of ANOVA?

d. Analysis of Variance

It is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher.

d. Convenience Sampling

It is a software encompasses a broad range of applications which involve the use of a combination of digital maps and geo referenced data.

d. GIS Program

It uses a random sample of data taken from a population to describe and make inferences about the population

d. Inferential Statistics

What name is given to data which is on a continuous scale with a neutral zero?

d. Interval data

It is not meant to imply that such models completely lack parameters but that the number and nature of the parameters are flexible and not fixed in advance.

d. Non Parametric Test

It is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected.

d. Non Probability Sampling

It is that no relationship exists on the categorical variables in the population.

d. Null Hypothesis

It is an observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a random sample from a population.

d. Outliers

What is the conventional level of significance typically adopted in psychology?

d. P < 0.05

It is one of the measures of correlation which quantifies the strength as well as the direction of such relationship

d. Pearson's product-moment correlation

It is used to measure the strength of a linear association between two variables, where the value r = 1 means a perfect positive correlation and the value r = -1 means a perfect negative correlation.

d. Pearson's product-moment correlation

This method of sampling is a non-probability sampling technique wherein the assembled sample has the same proportions of individuals as the entire population with respect to known characteristics, traits or focused phenomenon.

d. Quota Sampling

It is a type of plot or mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for typically two variables for a set of data.

d. Scatter Plots

This method is a non probability sampling technique where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances.

d. Snowball Sampling

How do statistics inform the reader of the central message?

d. Summarizing and creating meaning from aggregated data

It assesses whether an association exists between the two variables by comparing the observed pattern of responses in the cells to the pattern that would be expected if the variables were truly independent of each other

d. Test of Independence

Suppose the critical region for a certain test of the null hypothesis is of the form F> 9.48773 and the computed value of F from the data is 1.86. Then:

d. The significance level is given by the area to the right of 9.48773 under the appropriate F distribution.

Why must you review the materials produced using statistics?

d. To draw conclusions and attempt to answer the researcher's question/hypothesis

A nice thing about the correlated groups design is that it can still be done even if there are an uneven number of observations in the groups.

False

A small confidence interval is bad because few values are contained within it.

False

Confidence interval estimation for a population standard deviation of a normal distribution from a sample standard deviation.

False

If you are using interval or ratio scales you use non-parametric statistics.

False

In a correlated groups design, each person participates in either the control or experimental condition.

False

It is not possible to have a significant test statistic in a study where the effect is slight.

False

Non-parametric tests include chi-square, Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney test.

False

Parametric statistical procedures are less powerful because they use less information in their calculation.

False

The non-parametric test is the hypothesis test which provides generalizations for making statements about the mean of the parent population.

False

The only difference between the z and single sample t-test are the size of the samples.

False

When reporting a Pearson's product-moment in APA format, you would use x.

False

You cannot use a Pearson's correlation to understand whether there is an association between exam performance and time spent revising

False

Significance testing is based on which of the following principles?

Falsification

In this, the hypotheses are not about population parameters

b. Non Parametric Test

It is the most helpful for exploratory stages of studies such as a pilot survey.

b. Non Probability Sampling

These are important in statistics and are often used in the natural and social sciences to represent real-valued random variables whose distributions are not known.

b. Normal Distribution

It is the probability of finding the observed, or more extreme, results when the null hypothesis (H0) of a study question is true - the definition of 'extreme' depends on how the hypothesis is being tested.

b. P-Value

Statistical Significance, or the probability of finding statistical significance is also known as

b. P-Value

It is a measure of the strength of a linear association between two variables and is denoted by r.

b. Pearson's product-moment coefficient

It is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a Student's t-distribution under the null hypothesis.

b. T-Test

It is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the means of two groups

b. T-Test

Suppose the critical region for a certain test of the null hypothesis is of the form F> 9.48773 and the computed value of F from the data is 1.86. Then:

b. The significance level is given by the area to the right of 9.48773 under the appropriate F distribution.

The null hypothesis for the chi-square goodness-of-fit test states that the distribution of

b. sample means is equal to expectation based on fe.

The number of rows in which total variance in a one way ANOVA partitioned is..

c. 2

If there is a probability of 5% in how many cases would a result arise solely due to chance?

c. 5/100

It is used to understand the nature of relationships between two individual variables.

c. Correlation Analysis

Measurement has how many levels?

c. Four

It is an accurate representation of the distribution of numerical data.

c. Histograms

It basically refers to categorically discrete data such as name of your school, type of car you drive or name of a book.

c. Nominal

What type of data do you need for a chi-square test?

c. Nominal

By which other name is the chi-square goodness of fit test known?

c. One-sample chi-square

If p-value is less than the level of significance, what would be the decision?

c. Reject the null hypothesis, accept the alternative hypothesis

It is a popular test; it is the test to use when conducting experiments

ANOVA

In one-way ANOVA, which of the following is used within the F-ratio as a measurement of the variance of individual observations?

SSE

It is the act of taking a portion, or sample, of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or a sound recording in a different song or piece

Sampling

If FDATA = 5, the result is statistically significant

Sometimes

What is the simplest case in presenting Chi-Square?

a. 2x2 Contingency Table

The number of rows in which total variance in a two way ANOVA partitioned is..

a. 4

It is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the central position within that set of data.

a. Central Tendency

It is any statistical hypothesis test where the sampling distribution of the test statistic is a chi-squared distribution when the null hypothesis is true.

a. Chi-Square

This particular type of analysis is useful when a researcher wants to establish if there are possible connectionsbetween variables.

a. Correlation Analysis

It is a measurement where the difference between two values is meaningful.

a. Interval

It is the value separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample (a population or a probability distribution).

a. Median

The data entry for the _____________ test will only require the use of one column.

a. One-sample chi-square

Which of the following is an appropriate null hypothesis for this study?

a. Open classrooms affect problem-solving skill

It is the process of strictly defining variables into measurable factors. The process defines fuzzy concepts and allows them to be measured, empirically and quantitatively.

a. Operationalization

It is the selection of a subset (a statistical sample) of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.

a. Sampling

What is the purpose of a goodness-of-fit test?

a. To assesses whether the central tendency, variability and distribution of sample is different from that of the population

Which type of statistical test should the researcher do?

a. one sample t-test

What is the value of the standard error of the mean?

b. .714

It isa table that illustrates the relationship between two variables by displaying the distribution of one variable across the categories of a second variable

b. Bivariate Table

It is a method of statistical evaluation used to study the strength of a relationship between two, numerically measured, continuous variables (e.g. height and weight).

b. Correlation Analysis

It is a summary statistic that quantitatively describes or summarizes features of a collection of information, while descriptive statistics in the mass noun sense is the process of using and analyzing those statistics

b. Descriptive Statistics

It is any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted

b. It is a while subject of study

The critical values for t will always be ______________ the critical values for z:

b. More than extreme

To use a t-test the dependent variable must have

b. Nominal or Ordinal Data