Fine Arts Survey A - Basic Techniques (Topic Test #2)

Define the following terms: - tint - tone - shading

- Tint is adding white to a color to make it lighter. - Tone refers to the light, color, and shade of an object. - Shading shows a change from light to dark in an object by darkening areas that would have a shadow.

Explain the difference between cross-hatching and impasto in creating a sense of texture. Why would an artist select one over the other?

Cross-hatching is a technique used to create a sense of density through overlapping lines, and impasto is a technique used to create a sense of depth through thickly applied paint, often so one can see the brush strokes. An artist might select cross-hatching over impasto to create various values or degrees of lightness and darkness. An artist might select impasto over cross-hatching to emphasize depth or dimension to a painting.

Explain what you see in the image on the left, verses the image on the right. What a person sees when looking at the above two pictures depends on what concept?

Most people see either a vaselike object, or two faces. You may see one image in one picture, and the second image in the other, or you may see the same image in both, just one is black and one is white. It all depends on the concept of perception.

Explain the differences between shade, shading, and shadow.

Shade refers to when an artist darkens a color by adding black. Shading is the act of showing a change from light to dark in an object by darkening areas that would have a shadow. Shadow is the area of dark created when an object blocks light.

Throughout history, how have cultures used texture to create unique works of art? What types of mediums have been most commonly used?

Throughout history, how have cultures used texture to create unique works of art? What types of mediums have been most commonly used?

True or False: The painting above is by Diego Rivera.

True

Impasto is ______________ a. thickly applied paint that lets us see brushstrokes. b. the degree to which the surface of an object seems to have a particular feel. c. the light, color, and shade of an object. d. any graduation of light and shadow that produces a hazy effect.

a. thickly applied paint that lets us see brushstrokes.

Define the following terms: - space - depth - mass

- Space is the distance or area between, around, above, below, and within objects. - Depth is the apparent distance from front to back in a piece of artwork. - Mass is the effect or degree of bulk, density, or weight a 3dimensional form.

Creating a rubbing will help you understand how texture is an effective skill for artists. List the steps you would take to create a rubbing.

1) Place a sheet of drawing paper over an object 2) Secure it with tape to hold into place if necessary. 3) Using the side of a pencil or crayon, do a rubbing over the surface. 4) Press down hard enough to see an image appear.

Define color and explain how color is used in the above picture titled Self-portrait with Flowers by Frida Kahlo?

Color is what the eye sees when light is reflected off a surface. This painting by Frida Kahlo uses color to convey mood. The colors are bright in the painting conveying a festive mood.

Define the following terms and use each in a sentence related to the topic. - curvilinear - form

Curvilinear: Lines that gradually change direction. Sentence: In his piece entitled, Tahitian Landscape, Paul Gauguin used diagonal and curvilinear lines to move our vision through the piece and helps reinforce the calmness of the mood. Form: The organization, placement or relationship of the basic elements in art, so as to produce a coherent, aesthetically pleasing image. Form gives height, width, and overall depth to artwork. Sentence: Also known as composition, the form of a work of art is significant to the other visual elements.

Explain the difference between freeform shapes and geometric shapes. Provide one example of how the artist, Roy Liechtenstein, has used each of these artist elements in the piece below entitled, Modern Painting with Clef.

Freeform shapes can be closed or open, and have no defined name or qualities. Geometric shapes are close shapes, with a specific name and distinct qualities. In Modern Painting with Clef, Liechtenstein used geometric shapes, such as triangles, rectangles, and semi-circles. He also made various freeform shapes using different types of lines to cut through geometric shapes, and create new shapes.

Where has the artist used texture in their piece of art? Is it effective?

He wears a gold laurel-wreath crown, a delicate lace collar, a red velvet cape with ermine lining and a wide ermine collar, and elaborately embroidered shoes in gold. Beneath his throne is thick carpet containing the image of an eagle, which was the symbol of ancient Rome. We recognize and can imagine the feel of these materials because of that artist's skill in creating illusions of texture. The artist used his skills with texture to convey his imperial power.

Look closely at the painting above, entitled, El Vendedor de Alcatraces, by Diego Rivera. How did Rivera use the six visual elements to create this masterpiece? Provide one example for each visual element.

Horizontal line of the tie/scarf; the vertical lines in the basket and with the flowers; the diagonal lines of the shawl; the curvilinear lines of the flowers and that of the woman; etc. Color: the darkness in the background to draw the eyes to the flowers and woman; the contrast in light between the woman and the flowers; etc. Texture: the shadowing on the basket, shawl, and flowers make them appear real if we could touch them; etc. Space: the grandness of the flowers; the small portions of the woman; the man standing behind the basket, the way the flowers appear overtop the woman's head and body; etc. Shape: the shape of the basket, the flowers, the flower centers, the body of the women, etc. Form: the depth created by the man behind the woman and the flowers; the height and presence of the flowers; the meekness and serenity of the woman; the way the eyes seems to start at the woman and then go up and cascade along the flower; etc.

Explain the difference between actual texture and implied texture. In art, where is actual texture most often found, and where is implied texture found?

If we were to touch an artwork, and it felt how it looked like it would feel, then it would have actual texture (real texture). If we were to touch an artwork, and its texture was different from what it appeared to the eye, then it would be considered to have implied texture (the illusion of texture). Actual texture occurs in both relief and in the round sculptures. Implied texture is found in most other forms of visual art (ex: painting, drawing, pastel, etc.).

The above piece is a lithograph by M.C. Escher. How has Escher used the concept of space effectively?

In the mirrored ball, the objects are varying sizes, which allows certain objects or subjects (ex: man) to appear closer and others farther away (window), creating depth and form. The artist also made some objects curved (ex: bookshelf and ceiling) and receding, in order to show the curvilinear lines of sphere of the mirror. The hand holding the ball, with its two fingers in the forefront, and its others behind, add to the 3-dimensional appearance.

Define line and describe the different types of lines used, including their benefits.

Line is defined as a path through space. Horizontal lines create a path from side to side, and provide the horizon for a two-dimensional piece of art. Vertical lines create a path up and down, and provide strength and permanence to a piece. Diagonal lines slant and help create a sense of motion. Curvilinear lines, or curved lines, slowly change direction. Spirals and circles begin with a curvilinear line. Zigzag lines are connected, usually diagonal lines, and can travel horizontally or vertically.

Above is a piece by Michelangelo, called The Holy Family. Explain the term modeling in art and why Michelangelo was considered a master of modeling.

Modeling is the act of using value to create the illusion of depth using shadow and shade. Michelangelo was a master of modeling in his paintings because of his skills as a sculptor. He understood how shapes looked and felt in three dimensions and was able to put this to work in paintings such as The Holy Family.

Define the terms overlapping and foreshortening. How has Andrea Mantegna used these two concepts to create the painting above entitled, The Lamentation over the Dead Christ?

Overlapping is when one part of a shape or form is placed in front of another, Foreshortening is a technique that make a form appear to move back in space. In Mantegna's piece, The Lamentation over the Dead Christ, he used overlapping to provide the depth to the room, and to show the image of Christ on top of the bed. By using foreshortening, the artist was able to make the body of Christ lay horizontal, and therefore receding into the background. This technique also allowed the other figures on the left to be positioned specifically by his waist, while his chest and head appear behind the figures. Mantegna created great depth using these techniques.

Explain the difference between positive space and negative space.

Positive space is the area the objects in a work of art occupy. Negative space is the empty space between the shapes or forms.

Define the term sfumato. Name the above fresco and its artist. Explain how the artist how the artist used sfumato in his/her piece.

Sfumato is an Italian term for graduations of light and shadow to produce a hazy effect. This painting is by Correggio called, Assumption of the Virgin. Inspired by Leonardo da Vinci's spotlighting effects of illumination of sfumato, Correggio used sfumato to create a dreamlike effect in his fresco. The light at the top appears to filter down through the clouds among the shadows and figures. Although the objects are defined and recognizable, there is still an overall haze and blend across the entire image.

Define symbolic expression. Why are visual elements of art important to symbolic expression?

Symbolic expression is the act of representing an idea or message through the use of symbols. Visual elements are vital to symbolic expression because they allow an artist to create symbolism and incorporate creativity, which would otherwise be difficult or impossible.

Define the term tactility. Look at the sculpture shown above, how would you describe its tactility?

Tactility is the degree to which the surface of an object seems to have a particular feel. The sculpture's facial features, head, and hair/scarf appear smooth to the touch, while underneath the hair/scarf looks rough.

Identify and define the technique used by the artist to create the above portrait.

The artist has used crosshatching to create this piece. Crosshatching is a shading technique where a set of lines overlaps another set to give the illusion of various values.

What are the visual elements of art?

The visual elements of art include, line, color, texture, space, shape, and form.

Identify this structure. How did the architect use line when creating this structure?

This is Saint Peter's Basilica, located in the Vatican. The architect used vertical lines to emphasize the strength and permanence of the building and horizontal caps on the columns to keep the façade from escaping into the heavens and to help contain it as a piece of art.

Name the artist and painting above. How has the artist used space effectively?

This painting is by Géricault called, The Raft of the Medusa. The artist has effectively used space by first creating a triangular shape with the raft and bodies of the men acting as the base. Everything in the painting then leads up to the man waving the flag (center, top-right). We also see shade and shadow among the people and the sails, which gives it depth and also helps to again direct our eyes. There is also an element of sfumato used by the artist in the sea and the ocean, in order to emphasize the raft in the forefront, and to create a sense of mystery and fear.

Identify the painting above and the artist who painted it. How has the artist specifically used texture in this piece?

This painting is entitled, The Shoes of van Gogh, by Vincent van Gogh. The artist used texture to create the illusion of depth by the use of light and dark. By varying the intensity by using a combination of brushstrokes, van Gogh created the illusion of texture.

Name the piece above and its painter. How has the artist used symbolic expression in this painting? Include 3 examples/descriptions.

This piece is by Vincent van Gogh, called Starry Night. Van Gogh used created a horizon using horizontal lines; the cypress tree and mountains are vertical and almost seem to reach for the sky; the stars are interacting as one with the entire seen below, becoming a part of nature and the environment; both cypress trees are in the foreground so that our view point shifts and their symbolic expression is that of a different nature than the other objects seen in the painting; the house are smaller purposely, so that they are not viewed as important compared to the nature elements; the only building that is accentuated is the church, which symbolizes a spiritual connection with nature.

Name the work of art above and its artist. Which visual element of art did the artist rely on the most to create this piece ? Explain your answer.

This piece is called Study of a Women's Back, by Henri Matisse. The artist relied mostly on line to create this piece. Almost all art begins with line, which leads to the artist incorporating other visual elements. Although the piece does have other visual elements in their rawest forms, Matisse choose not to develop these, and instead concentrate on line.

Look at the sculpture above. Does it most likely have implied texture or actual texture? What texture(s) does it appear to have? Include the name of the sculpture and artist in your response.

This sculpture is called the Horse, by Debra Butterfield. The sculpture has actual texture because the texture we see is what we will most like feel like. Students responses of texture may vary, but will most likely include the following terms/textures: roughness of the wood/sticks, roundness of the sticks and the parts of the horse, and sharpness of the sticks.

_____________ gradually change direction, while ____________ create a sense of motion. a. (1) curvilinear lines; (2) diagonal lines b. (1) texture; (2) horizontal lines c. (1) diagonal lines; (2) freeform shapes d. (1) curvilinear lines; (2) color

a. (1) curvilinear lines; (2) diagonal lines

Above is an image of Paul Gauguin's Tahitian Landscape. Which of the following is not true about this piece? a. Gauguin relied on geometric shapes to create mood and energy in his piece. b. The artist's use of diagonal and curvilinear lines helps move the eye through the piece. c. The mixture of different lines combine to create a mood that is calm and inviting. d. The colors, although bright, are blended to create a natural flow through the entire piece.

a. Gauguin relied on geometric shapes to create mood and energy in his piece.

_____________ is the area of dark created when an object blocks light. a. Shadow b. Shade c. Sfumato d. Depth

a. Shadow

Depth is the ________________ a. apparent distance from front to back in a piece of artwork. b. distance or area between, around, above, below, and within objects. c. degree to which the surface of an object seems to have a particular feel. d. area of dark created when an object blocks light

a. apparent distance from front to back in a piece of artwork.

The painting above is called The Holy Family, by ______(1)_______, who is considered a master of ______(2)_______. a. (1) Géricault; (2) impasto b. (1) Michelangelo; (2) modeling c. (1) Turner; (2) shade and shadow d. (1) Correggio; (2) sfumato

b. (1) Michelangelo; (2) modeling

If you place a sheet of drawing paper over an object, securing it with tape to hold it in place, and color with the side of a pencil or crayon over the surface, what will you create? a. A 3-dimensional replica of the object. b. A picture that has an implied texture of the actual texture of the object. c. An example of impasto. d. An image which has actual texture and implied texture.

b. A picture that has an implied texture of the actual texture of the object.

Who created the piece of art above entitled, Study of a Woman's Back? a. Pierre-Auguste Renoir b. Henri Matisse c. Marcel Duchamp d. Georges Seurat

b. Henri Matisse

How has texture proved essential to many cultural art forms? a. It has allowed cultures to provide realistic imagery to future generations. b. It has been used to depict a message or a feeling. c. It provides mood and foreshadowing that would otherwise be lost. d. It has led to the creation of new art mediums.

b. It has been used to depict a message or a feeling.

The Luncheon of the Boating Party (above) is a wonderful example of how many impressionist and post-impressionist used the visual elements of art. Which artist created this piece? a. Henri Matisse b. Pierre-Auguste Renoir c. Paul Gauguin d. Vincent van Gogh

b. Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Artists use foreshortening and overlapping to create ___________ in a work of art. a. movement b. depth c. realism d. mass

b. depth

In the above painting by Salvador Dalí, entitled Persistence of Memory, which of the following objects do not occupy positive space? a. the clocks b. the ground c. the tree trunk d. the cliff

b. the ground

___________ is the use of value to create the illusion of depth. a. Shadowing b. Foreshortening c. Modeling d. Sfumato

c. Modeling

In art, what is overlapping? a. Joining several diagonal lines moving in different directions. b. Technique used to make a form appear to move back in space. c. Placing part of one shape or form in front of another. d. The use of value to create the illusion of depth.

c. Placing part of one shape or form in front of another.

In Van Gogh's Starry Night, he incorporated symbolic expression, using the visual elements of art, through all of the following actions, except which? a. The stars appear to interact with nature and the environment below, rather than being above it as they often appear in various other pieces of art. b. The houses are painted small and seem to almost blend into the ground. c. The artist has created the piece so that the negative space overpowers the positive space. d. The cedar trees and mountains seem to be reaching for the sky.

c. The artist has created the piece so that the negative space overpowers the positive space.

Examine this piece of art by Jean-Auguste-Dominque Ingres, entitled, Napoleon on his Imperial Throne. All of the following examples display Ingres' use of texture, except which? a. The lace of Napoleon's collar. b. The red velvet cape with ermine lining. c. The shine glaring off Napoleon's face. d. The thickness of the carpet.

c. The shine glaring off Napoleon's face.

Line is defined as a ______________________ a. a geometric shape that is open and moves from one point to another. b. a slowly curving path along a plane. c. a path through space. d. The distance or area between, around, above, below, and within objects.

c. a path through space.

Through Vincent van Gogh's use of varying brushstrokes in the above painting, he exemplifies what technique of texture? a. relief b. tactility c. impasto d. tone

c. impasto

This painting by Correggio, Assumption of the Virgin, is an example of the art technique which involves the graduation of light and shadow to produce a hazy effect. What is the term used for this technique? a. modeling b. blending c. sfumato d. lithograph

c. sfumato

The two most important components in creating implied texture are _______________. a. depth and space b. tint and tone c. shadow and light d. tactility and shadowing

c. shadow and light

The degree to which the surface of an object seems to have a particular feel is referred to as an object's _____________. a. tone b. depth c. tactility d. texture

c. tactility

Choose the words to fill in the blank, which best complete the sentence. Cross-hatching provides an illusion of various ______(1)_______, while impasto provides an illusion of ______(2)_______. a.(1) depths; (2) tone b. (1) distances; (2) definition c. (1) shadows; (2) light d. (1) values; (2) depth

d. (1) values; (2) depth

Who sculpted the above work of art entitled, Mademoiselle Pogany. a. Vincent van Gogh b. Deborah Butterfield c. Pablo Picasso d. Constanin Brancusi

d. Constanin Brancusi

The art of using and understanding space involves _______________ a. varying the size of objects or subjects, so that some are smaller than others and the illusion of depth is created. b. showing a change from light to dark in an object by darkening areas that would have a shadow. c. placing part of one shape or form in front of another. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Which of the following is not a visual element of art? a. color b. texture c. shape d. angle

d. angle

In order to create space, Escher created space by ____________________ a. varying the sizes of the objects to create and illusion of depth. b. curving the forms of certain objects, such as the bookshelf and ceiling, in order to create the 3-dimensional sphere of the mirror. c. leading the eye to a primary focal point (the man), and the rounding everything out. d. including all of the above aspects.

d. including all of the above aspects.

The way people view and understand an object or subject depends primarily on ___________. a. reality b. modeling c. distance d. perception

d. perception

Objects in a composition occupy ____________. a. negative space b. the forefront c. symbolic form d. positive space

d. positive space

In this piece entitled Modern Painting with Clef, by Roy Lichtenstein, which visual element of art was most used by the artist? a. color b. texture c. dimension d. shape

d. shape