Fire - CE
Convection
The transfer of heat from direct contact.
The unburned area between the main fire and any fingers.
Creeping Fire
A fire that burns with a low flame and spreads slowly.
Solution
A mixture of two or more products.
Green
Area that is unburned.
Hydraulics
A branch of applied science and mechanics dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids as they move through pipes and channels.
NFPA 704
A system used to visually identify potential hazards on fixed facilities, such as refineries, storage facilities, industrial sites, and retail stores. It can also be displayed on some non-bulk containers for certain materials. This is a voluntary standard, but some local building and fire codes require this marking to be displayed.
Flux-cored Arc Welding
A type of MIG welding. A wire is passed through a gun that creates an arc to a grounded workpiece, creating a weld puddle, welding the base materials together. Does not use a shielding gas; instead, the wire contains a flux in its core that burns and creates gas as the process continues. As the weld cools, it will have a coating on the outside that can be chipped away.
Flaming Front
AKA: the fire front, is the part of a fire within which continuous flaming combustion is taking place. Most of the time, this is the leading edge of the fire perimeter. However, in surface fires, the flaming front may be mainly smoldering combustion. Behind this zone, combustion is primarily glowing or involves the burning out of larger fuels (fuels greater than about 3 in. in diameter). Light fuels typically have a shallow front, whereas heavy fuels have a deeper front.
OSHA 1910.1200
All manufacturers, importers, and distributors are required by _________ Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) to provide SDS to communicate the hazards of hazardous chemical products.
Secondary Collapse
Collapse that occurs after the initial collapse of a structure secondary to weather conditions, earthquakes, or movement of internal structures.
Shoring
Construction materials such as timber, screw jacks, hydraulic jacks, and/or pneumatic jacks, that are used in the process of supporting a structure in order to prevent collapse.
Smoldering Fire
Fire is one that burns without a flame and is barely spreading.
Running Fire
Fire that spreads rapidly with a well-defined head.
Pyrophoric Gas
Gas that ignites in air without the introduction of an ignition source. Silane is a common example, used in manufacturing electronics.
Tempered Glass
Glass that has been chemically or thermally treated to increase its strength and become more break-resistant than regular glass. Safer than regular glass because it crumbles into chunks rather than jagged shards.
Corrosive Gas
Hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are examples of:
NFPA 1975
Standard on Station/Work Uniforms for Emergency Services
Upslope ; Downslope
In hilly or mountainous terrain, heating generally causes ___________ winds; cooling causes ____________ winds.
Vapor Density
In relation to normal atmospheric air (weight). Air has a ______ ______ of 1. Any product with a ______ _______ less than 1 will rise. Any product with a ________ ______ greater than 1 will settle in low-lying areas.
Black Smoke
Indicates high heat under high pressure that is low in oxygen. It tells firefighters that the situation may be difficult for those entering the building, and may be unsurvivable for occupants.
Light colored smoke
Indicates more oxygen, and heat under less pressure, with a higher possibility of survivability.
NFPA 1584
Standard on the Rehabilitation Process for Members During Emergency Operations and Training Exercises
Air Bill
Located in the cockpit of an aircraft, with the pilot.
Dangerous Cargo Manifest
Located in the wheelhouse of a water vessel.
Direct Source Emitter
Object that provides the most thermal energy and is easily visualized via thermal imaging.
Gas Metal Arc Welding
Often called wire welding. It uses a filler material in the form of a wire, which is fed through a gun. This process uses a welding machine that generates an electrical current that travels through a filler wire. When the current gets close to the grounded workpiece, it arcs, causing the filler wire and the base materials to melt and join together. This process uses a mixture of carbon dioxide and argon gases.
Egress
Path of exiting a structure.
29 CFR 1910.102
Relates to the storage and handling of ACETYLENE.
29 CFR 1910.104
Relates to the storage and handling of BULK OXYGEN. (Greater than 13,000 cubic ft)
29 CFR 1910.103
Relates to the storage and handling of HYDROGEN.
29 CFR 1910.105
Relates to the storage and handling of NITROUS OXIDE.
Rescue
Removing a person from a dangerous or unhealthy situation.
Dangerous Cargo Manifest
Shipping papers on water vessels.
Spot Fire
Small fires burning beyond the main fire boundary. As gases rise from a fire into the convection column, sparks, embers, and burning twigs are carried aloft. These result, as hot and burning items fall back to the ground, or are blown across a fire line by winds. These can also result when embers or burning fuels roll downhill across the fire line into unburned fuels beyond the main fire.
Safety Glass / Laminated Glass
Special glass that is designed to hold together when shattered. Consists of two sheets of glass laminated to sheet of plastic between them.
NFPA 1404
Standard for Fire Service Respiratory Protection Training
NFPA 1582
Standard on Comprehensive Occupational Medical Program for Fire Departments
Extrication
The removal and treatment of individuals who are trapped.
Rapid Intervention Crew (RIC) / Rapid Intervention Team (RIT)
Team of two or more firefighters designated to remain outside of the hazard zone and whose sole purpose is to act as a rescue crew for other firefighters.
Miscibility
The ability of the product to mix with water.
Containment
The act of restricting the flow of a product from the container, whether it is a barrel, tank, or tanker truck.
Confinement
The act of restricting the flow to prevent the spread of the spill to a larger area by use of dikes and retention measures.
Time-Weighted Average (TWA)
The average 8-hour exposure for a 5-day work week.
Heel
The end opposite the head. It is relatively closer to the point of origin than to the head. Because fire here usually burns into any prevailing wind or down slope, it generally: - Burns with low intensity. - Has a low ROS. - Is easier to control than the head.
Golden Hour
The first hour following traumatic injury during which there is the highest likelihood that prompt medical treatment will prevent death.
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH)
The level that creates an immediate life hazard for workers.
Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL)
The limit of exposure for 15-minute increments, up to 4 times each day.
Perimeter
The outer boundary of the burning or burned area. Also, commonly called the fire edge.
Head
The part of a wildland fire with the greatest forward rate of spread (ROS). Because wind and slope affect the rate and direction of spread, it is normally either on the edge of a fire opposite to the direction from which the wind is blowing, or toward the upper part of a slope.
AHJ
This is the jurisdiction in which has the authority to enforce the fire codes and ordinances in which has been adopted.
Radiation
This is the transfer of heat from the radiant waves being given off from the object or material burning.
29 CFR 1910.430
This standard covers the design, use, and maintenance of a variety of commercial diving equipment.
Type IV Construction
This type of construction is classified based on the size of wood structural members that are being used.
Type V Construction
This type of construction is commonly used with majority of the frame of the structure being made up of wood.
Type II Construction
This type of construction is designed to not assist in any type of fire spread.
Fingers
Typically long, narrow strips of fire that extend from the main body of a fire. They form: - When a fire burns into mixed fuels (light and heavy fuels). - Due to variations in terrain or wind direction. - When the head is split by natural features such as fields, water, or rock outcroppings.
Island
Unburned areas inside the fire perimeter. Because they are unburned potential fuels, patrol them frequently and check for spot fires. When close to a control line may flare up later and start spot fires across the control line.
Torching
Unlike a crown fire, a _________ fire periodically ignites the crown of a single or small group of trees or shrubs before returning to the surface. A _________ fire is not as serious as a crown fire.
Vent, Enter, Search
VES: Creating an opening, if other openings are blocked. Should only be performed if: The risk to firefighters is low enough AND the probability of reaching a living victim is high enough.
Section 6
What section of the SDS does this information fall under? Accidental release measures, lists emergency procedures; protective equipment; proper methods of containment and cleanup.
Section 3
What section of the SDS does this information fall under? Composition/information on ingredients, includes information on chemical ingredients; trade secret claims.
Section 13
What section of the SDS does this information fall under? Disposal considerations.
Section 12
What section of the SDS does this information fall under? Ecological information.
Section 8
What section of the SDS does this information fall under? Exposure controls/personal protection, lists OSHA's Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs); Threshold Limit Values (TLVs); and any other exposure limit used or recommended by the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer preparing the SDS where available as well as appropriate engineering controls; personal protective equipment (PPE).
Section 16
What section of the SDS does this information fall under? Other information, including the date of preparation or last revision.
Cribbing
Wooden or plastic blocks used to stabilize a vehicle during vehicle extrication or debris following a structural collapse; typically 4 x 4 or larger and between 16 to 26 inches long.
Chock
Wooden, plastic, or metal block constructed to prevent a vehicle from moving by being placed against a tire.
Bill of Lading
Also known as a freight bill. Located in the cab of the truck, within the driver's reach.
Crowning
A fire is ________ when it advances across the tops of trees or shrubs, more or less independent of the surface fire. These are sometimes classed as running or dependent, to distinguish the degree of independence from the surface fire.
Backing Fire
A fire that moves away from the head, downhill, or against the wind. Also called a heel fire.
Block and Tackle
A system of two or more pulleys with a rope or cable threaded between them used to lift or pull heavy loads.
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding / Tungsten Inert Gas Welding
Also known as Heliarc welding. A tungsten electrode is housed within a handle called a torch. The electrode is not consumed during welding. Welding current passes through the tungsten and arcs to the grounded workpiece, creating a molten puddle. Filler material is added with a filler rod of the same material being welded. This is one of the strongest welds possible. Used when a precise, high-strength, visually appealing weld is desired. It creates the most intense light of any process. Uses a shielding gas of argon or helium.
Way Bill
Also known as a consist. Located in the locomotive of the train.
Slopover
Also known as breakover, occurs when fire crosses a control line or natural barrier intended to contain the fire. Spot fires differ mainly in their location relative to the control line. Occurs immediately across and adjacent to the control line, while spot fires occur some distance from the control line.
Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Also known as stick welding. It does not require a shielding gas and equipment is relatively inexpensive. An electrical current is passed through the electrode (stick) to the grounded workpiece. The arc created melts the base metal and the electrode, creating a molten puddle. The base material combines with the filler material, creating a weld. This process has the potential for electrocution, if a person touches the electrode holder or electrode, and the grounded workpiece at the same time.
Black
Any area of the fire that has already burned. Fuels have been consumed in this area but there may be smoldering areas from larger ground-level fuels.
Alkaline
Any substance with a pH level greater than 7. Also known as a base substance.
Acid
Any substance with a pH level of less than 7.
NFPA 1581
Standard on Fire Department Infection Control Program
NFPA 1500
Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program
NFPA 1403
Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions
NFPA 1981
Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for Emergency Services
NFPA 1971
Standard on Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting
Flank
The sides of a wildland fire, roughly parallel to the main direction of fire spread. They are identified as either left or right as you are looking from the heel of a fire toward the head.
Specific Gravity
The weight of a product in relation to normal water. Water has a ________ ________ of 1. Any product with a _______ ________ less than 1 will float on the surface of the water. A product with a _________ _______ greater than 1 will sink.
Type III Construction
This type of construction is most commonly used for commercial type structure. The exterior wall components are made of Type I or Type II construction with the interior components having to meet the fire codes set forth by the AHJ.
Type I Construction
This type of construction will remain structurally sound during a fire. The products that are used for this type of construction are made of noncombustible or limited combustible materials that will not burn or have a high level of fire resistance rating.
Section 5
What section of the SDS does this information fall under? Fire-fighting measures, lists suitable extinguishing techniques, equipment; chemical hazards from fire.
Section 4
What section of the SDS does this information fall under? First-aid measures, includes important symptoms/effects, acute, delayed; required treatment.
Section 7
What section of the SDS does this information fall under? Handling and storage, lists precautions for safe handling and storage, including incompatibilities.
Section 2
What section of the SDS does this information fall under? Hazard identification, includes all hazards regarding the chemical; required label elements.
Section 1
What section of the SDS does this information fall under? Identification includes product identifier; manufacturer or distributor name, address, phone number; emergency phone number; recommended use; restrictions on use.
Section 9
What section of the SDS does this information fall under? Physical and chemical properties, lists the chemical's characteristics.
Section 15
What section of the SDS does this information fall under? Regulatory information.
Section 10
What section of the SDS does this information fall under? Stability and reactivity, lists chemical stability and possibility of hazardous reactions.
Section 11
What section of the SDS does this information fall under? Toxicological information, includes routes of exposure; related symptoms, acute and chronic effects; numerical measures of toxicity.
Section 14
What section of the SDS does this information fall under? Transport information.
Spotting
When winds or a convection column carries sparks or embers produced by the main fire. Causes fires in advance of the fire's head.
Origin
Where the fire starts. The fire spreads out from this area depending on topography, weather conditions, and fuel availability. It is important to locate for possible investigation purposes. Firefighters may find evidence of arson or evidence of natural cause such as a lightning strike at this location.