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You have just performed synchronized cardioversion on a patient with unstable ventricular tachycardia. Upon reassessment, you note that the patient is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless. You should:

.ensure that the synchronizer is off, defibrillate, and immediately begin CPR

1.Which of the following is a major anion in the body? A. Sodium B. Chloride C. Potassium 2.Most prevalent extracellular anion, can help balance the level of anions in different fluid compartments.

1.B. Chloride 2.Chloride

1.__________ trauma is the most common cause of trauma death and disability.

1.Blunt

1.Which of the following statements regarding succinylcholine is correct? A. It has a rapid onset of action and long duration of action. B. It may induce or exacerbate existing hypokalemia. C. It has a rapid onset of action and short duration of action. D. It causes tachycardia, especially in small children. 2.Which of the following conditions would make a patient the MOST susceptible to an adverse effect from a medication? A. Hypertension B. Minor trauma C. Chronic pain D. Renal failure 3.The primary physiologic effect of dobutamine is: A. increased inotropy. B. increased chronotropy. C. increased afterload. D. profound vasoconstriction. 4.Stimulation of alpha-1 receptors results in: A. insulin secretion. B. arterial dilation. C. vasoconstriction. D. glucagon secretion. 5.When renin is released: 6.Which of the following drugs would be MOST effective when treating a patient with hypotension secondary to vasodilation?

1.C. It has a rapid onset of action and short duration of action. 2.D. Renal failure 3.A. increase inotrophy 4.C. vasoconstriction 5.the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which stimulates sodium resorption by the renal tubules 6.Dopamine / Norepinephrine?

17.Dead and denatured skin resulting from a full-thickness burn is called __________.

17.eschar

2.The pressure exerted on the brain by the blood and cerebrospinal fluid is known as __________ pressure.

2.intracranial

22.__________ __________ may induce dysrhythmias such as bradycardias, tachycardias, v-fib, and asystole.

22.Electrical burns

25.__________ __________, and __________ are important factors in determining dose of radiation exposure.

25.Duration, distance, shielding

25.Unless the impaled object is in the cheek and interfering with the patient's airway, you should ___________ impaled objects in place.

25.stabilize

3.The area of a burn most damaged and nearest the heat source is called the zone of __________.

3.coagulation

3.Paradoxical chest wall motion seen in a chest injury patient indicates a(n) __________ chest. 4.__________ - __________ ventilation of the patient with flail chest reverses the mechanism that causes the paradoxical chest wall movement.

3.flail 4.Positive-pressure

4.The area of a burn adjacent to the most-damaged region, where you will see inflammation and a decrease in blood flow, is called the zone of __________.

4.stasis

5.The first stage of the burn process, characterized by a catecholamine and pain-mediated reaction, is the __________ phase.

5.emergent

5.The buildup of air under pressure within the thorax is called a(n) __________ __________.

5.tension pneumothorax

.The stage of the burn process in which there is increased body metabolism in an attempt by the body to heal the burn is called the __________ phase.

6.hypermetabolic

7.An accumulation of blood between the dura mater and the cranium is called a(n) __________ __________ and causes ICP to build rapidly.

7.epidural hematoma

7.Blood within the pleural space is called a(n) __________.

7.hemothorax

Intracellular fluid accounts for what percentage of all body fluid?

75%

Which of the following statements regarding interstitial fluid is correct? A. It is located in the extracellular space and between the cells. B. It is equal to approximately 15% to 20% of the total body weight. C. It is located within the blood vessels in the form of plasma. D. It accounts for approximately 30% of total body weight.

A. It is located in the extracellular space and between the cells.

A person with type A+ blood could receive which of the following blood types? A. O+ B. AB- C. A+ D. B-

A. O+

You are dispatched to a residence for a middle-aged woman with generalized weakness of approximately 18 hours' duration. Your primary assessment reveals right-sided hemiparesis, a left-sided facial droop, and bilaterally equal and reactive pupils. Further assessment reveals that her blood glucose level is 70 mg/dL. En route to the hospital, you note increased movement of her right arm. She is receiving oxygen via nasal cannula and has a patent IV line in place. Which of the following statements regarding this scenario is correct?

Although the patient is likely experiencing a TIA, you should treat her as though she is experiencing a stroke.

Shortly after administering a second dose of 4 mg of morphine to a 49-year-old woman who is experiencing chest pain, the patient's level of consciousness markedly decreases. Further assessment reveals that she is hypotensive, bradycardic, and hypoventilating. You should:

Assist her ventilations and administer naloxone

You arrive at the scene of a shooting. The patient, a 19-year old man, has a gunshot wound to the side of the head with a large amount of exposed brain matter. Further assessment reveals that the patient is apneic and pulseless. Law enforcement personnel advise you that the person who shot the patient is in their custody. You should

Avoid unnecessary contact with the patient and document the findings of your visual assessment of the patient and scene.

If unmatched blood is administered in the prehospital setting, it will almost always be: A. O, Rh-positive. B. O, Rh-negative. C. AB, Rh-positive. D. AB, Rh-negative.

B. O, Rh-negative.

A pH of 7.30 indicates: A. a basic pH. B. acidosis. C. a neutral pH. D. alkalosis.

B. acidosis.

You receive a call to a residence for an apneic 2-month-old male. When you arrive at the scene, the infant's mother tells you that her son was born prematurely and that his apnea monitor has alarmed 4 times in the past 30 minutes. Your assessment of the infant reveals that he is conscious and active. His skin is pink and dry, and he is breathing at an adequate rate and with adequate tidal depth. His oxygen saturation reads 98% on room air. You should:

B. transport the infant to the hospital and bring the apnea monitor with you.

You are assessing a 70-year-old man with a blood glucose reading of 400 mg/dL and note the presence of sharply peaked T waves on the cardiac monitor. Which of the following medications would this patient MOST likely receive in the prehospital setting?

Bicarbonate

Which of the following burn injuries would MOST likely require transport to a burn specialty center?

Burns that involve the hands, feet, or genitalia

Which of the following burn injuries or patterns should make you the MOST suspicious for abuse?

Burns with formed shapes

Extracellular fluid accounts for what percentage of all body fluid? A. 20% B. 30% C. 25% D. 15%

C. 25%

The majority of the body's total body water is contained within the: A. extracellular space. B. intravascular fluid. C. intracellular space. D. interstitial fluid.

C. intracellular space.

Under normal conditions, the renin-angiotensin system functions by: A. stimulating alpha-1 receptors, thereby increasing the blood pressure in response to acute blood loss. B. blocking alpha-2 receptors, thereby increasing the release of norepinephrine and raising blood pressure. C. promoting vasoconstriction and fluid retention in response to hypotension or hypoperfusion. D. dilating the systemic vasculature and reducing cardiac afterload when arterial blood pressure increases.

C. promoting vasoconstriction and fluid retention in response to hypotension or hypoperfusion.

You are reviewing the medications of a semiconscious patient as your partner and another paramedic provide patient care. The patient's medications include Lanoxin, enalapril, Coumadin, Lasix, and K-Dur. This medication regiment is MOST consistent with a patient who has:

CHF, hypertension, and atrial fibrilation.

In which of the following patients should the impaled object be removed?

Cardiac arrest patient with an ice pick impaled in the center of the back

While starting an IV on a pt complaining of abdominal pain, you inadvertently get stuck with the needle before you can place it in the sharps, you should...

Complete your care of the pt wash the affected area as soon as you reach the hospital and report the incident to your supervisor.

Which of the following physiologic responses would you expect to see in a patient with a pH of 7.50?

Decreased respirations

A 55-year-old man complains of severe pain between his shoulder blades, which he describes as "ripping" in nature. He tells you that the pain began suddenly and has been intense and unrelenting since its onset. His medical history includes hypertension, and he admits to being noncompliant with his antihypertensive medication. Which of the following assessment findings would MOST likely reinforce your suspicion regarding the cause of his pain?

Difference in blood pressure between the two arms

What physiologic reaction occurs when a person's blood sugar level falls?

Glucagon production is increased.

You are dispatched to a residence for an injured person. The scene has been secured by law. The patient, a young female, tells you that her boyfriend kicked her in the chest yesterday during an argument. Your assessment reveals that the patient is in significant pain, is dyspneic, has a strong heart rate of 98 beats/min, and has an area of ecchymosis over her left lower rib cage. Auscultation to the left side of her chest reveals coarse crackles. Which of the following treatment interventions is likely NOT indicated for this patient?

IV fluid boluses

. Law enforcement request that you respond to a local apartment complex for a young woman who was sexually assaulted. When you arrive at the scene, you find the patient sitting on her couch, clearly upset. You see a small amount of blood on her shorts, near the groin area. What is your initial priority in the care of this patient?

Identifying and treating immediate life threats

What type of intracranial hemorrhage would MOST likely be caused by a penetrating head injury?

Intracerebral hematoma

Which of the following types of maltreatment is perhaps the MOST common?

Neglect

You are assessing a conscious and alert middle-aged male who complains of chest discomfort and nausea. His blood pressure is 112/70mm Hg, pulse is 90 beats/min and regular, and respriations are 20 breaths/min and regular. The patient's past medical history is significant for hypothyroidism and pyperlipidemia. His medications include Synthroid, Lipitor, Cialis, and one baby aspirin a day. Which of the following medications would you LEAST likely administer?

Nitroglycerin

Which of the following statements regarding sickle cell disease is correct?

Patients with sickle cell disease become hypoxic because their misshapen red blood cells are poor carriers of oxygen

A 67-year-old man presents with severe dyspnea, coarse crackles to all lung fields, and anxiety. He has a history of several myocardial infarctions and hypertension. Which of the following interventions will have the MOST immediate and positive effect?

Positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation

A 66-year-old man with chronic bronchitis presents with severe respiratory distress. The patient's wife tells you that he takes medications for high blood pressure and bronchitis, is on home oxygen therapy, and has recently been taking an over-the-counter antitussive. She further tells you that he has not been compliant with his oxygen therapy. Auscultation of his lungs reveals diffuse rhonchi. What is the MOST likely cause of this patient's respiratory distress?

Recent antitussive use

A dialysis patient requires pharmacologically assisted intubation. Which of the following medications should be avoided?

Succinylcholine

What type of chest injury is characterized by air accumulation in the pleural space when a perforation in the lung parenchyma acts as a one-way valve?

Tension pneumothorax

A 4-year-old boy pulled a pot of boiling water off of the stove and experienced partial-thickness splash burns to his neck, anterior trunk, and both anterior arms. During your assessment, you note that the child is conscious but is not crying. He is tachypneic and tachycardic, and his skin is cool and moist. Other than the burns, there are no other gross injuries. Which of the following statements regarding this scenario is correct?

The child may be hypoglycemic and requires assessment of his blood glucose level.

What is a hallmark of pulmonary embolism?

The hallmark of a pulmonary embolus is cyanosis that does not resolve with oxygen therapy.

You are dispatched to an assisted living center for an 80-year-old woman who is vomiting bright red blood. Upon your arrival, you find the patient sitting in a chair. She is conscious and alert, but is markedly pale and diaphoretic. Her medical history is significant for hypertension, congestive heart failure, type 2 diabetes, hypothyroidism, and osteoarthritis. Her medications include Toprol, lisinopril, Glucophage, Synthroid, and ibuprofen. Her blood pressure is 76/56 mm Hg, pulse is 76 beats/min and weak, and respirations are 24 breaths/min and shallow. Which of the following statements regarding this scenario is MOST correct?

This patient, who is in shock, probably has a bleeding peptic ulcer secondary to ibuprofen use, and the lack of compensatory tachycardia is likely the result of the beta blocker she is taking.

You are caring for a 33-year-old woman who is 35 weeks pregnant and fell down a flight of stairs. Full spinal precautions have been taken, the patient is receiving high-flow oxygen, and a patent IV line is in place. During transport, you reassess her and note that she has become diaphoretic, tachycardic, and tachypneic. You should:

Tilt the backboard to the left side. tilt the backboard to the left side.

Common signs of impending respiratory failure in infants and children include:

a falling oxygen saturation despite high-flow oxygen administration.

Children are at higher risk for serious injury than adults because of: ad

a proportionately larger he

The hypoxic drive is a phenomenon in which:

a relatively large percentage of patients with COPD become acutely apneic after receiving high-flow oxygen.

When triaging patients at the scene of an explosion, you should be especially aware of the fact that:

a secondary explosive device may be present.

The firing of an artificial ventricular pacemaker causes:

a vertical spike followed by a wide QRS complex.

You are transporting a newborn who requires ongoing ventilatory support and chest compressions for severe bradycardia. Your estimated time of arrival at the hospital is 45 minutes. Air medical transport was unavailable due to severe weather in the vicinity. A peripheral IV line has been established in the antecubital vein and you are in the process of attempting intubation. Approximately 10 seconds into your intubation attempt, the newborn's heart rate suddenly drops more. You should:

abort the intubation attempt and continue ventilations.

A 30-year-old woman presents with bright red vaginal bleeding and severe abdominal pain. She tells you that she is 35 weeks pregnant and that this episode began suddenly about 30 minutes ago. She further tells you that she has not felt the baby move in over an hour. As your partner is treating the patient for shock, you obtain her medical history. The patient tells you that she has high blood pressure and admits to using cocaine throughout her pregnancy. This patient is MOST likely experiencing:

abruptio placenta

You are dispatched to a residence for a young woman with difficulty breathing. When you arrive, you find the patient sitting in a tripod position, noticeably dyspneic and tachypneic. She tells you that she experienced a sudden sharp pain to the left side of her chest and then started having trouble breathing. She denies any past medical history and states that she only takes birth control pills. Based on this patient's clinical presentation, you should be MOST suspicious for:

acute pulmonary embolism

You are dispatched to a skilled nursing care facility for a 74-year-old male resident who is ill. During your assessment, you note that the patient has his head cocked to the side and is unable to move it. The charge nurse tells you that the patient was placed on Seroquel 2 days ago. Based on this patient's clinical presentation and medication history, you should:

administer 25 to 50 mg of diphenhydramine.

You receive a call to the county jail for a male inmate who is unresponsive. According to the jailor, the patient was arrested for being "drunk." Your assessment reveals that the patient is profusely diaphoretic, and his respirations are rapid and shallow. His blood glucose level reads 30 mg/dL. As your partner assists the patient's ventilations, you start an IV and administer 50% dextrose. Reassessment reveals that the patient is responsive to pain only and his blood glucose level is 46 mg/dL. You should:

administer a second dose of dextrose and prepare for immediate transport.

You are caring for an elderly woman with terminal sarcoma. She is conscious, extremely weak, and in severe pain. Her son tells you that she has a living will and an out-of-hospital do not resuscitate order, and produces the appropriate documentation. The patient is on home oxygen at 2 L/min via nasal cannula. You should:

administer an appropriate dose of morphine or fentanyl to the patient and provide emotional support to the son.

A 29-year-old woman was found unresponsive by her husband. When you arrive at the scene and begin your assessment, you note that the patient's respirations are slow and shallow, her pulse is slow and weak, and her pupils are markedly dilated. Your partner begins assisting the patient's ventilations as you assess her blood pressure, which is 70/48 mm Hg. The patient's husband hands you an empty bottle of phenobarbital, which was filled the day before, and tells you that his wife takes the medication for seizures. After establishing vascular access, you should:

administer crystalloid fluid boluses to improve her blood pressure.

A 33-year-old man was burned when the hot water heater he was working on exploded. The patient has superficial and partial-thickness burns to his face, neck, and arms. Your primary assessment reveals that he is restless and tachypneic. His BP is 80/54 mm Hg and his heart rate is 120 beats/min and weak. You should:

administer high-flow oxygen, keep him warm, start at least one large-bore IV of normal saline, and administer fluid boluses to maintain adequate perfusion.

You have successfully controlled a large arterial hemorrhage from a 42-year-old man's leg with direct pressure and a pressure dressing. He is conscious, but restless. His blood pressure is 84/58 mm Hg, pulse is 120 beats/min, and respirations are 24 breaths/min. You should:

administer high-flow oxygen, keep him warm, transport, and establish two large-bore IV lines en route.

You are caring for a middle-aged man with severe abdominal pain and dark, tarry stools. He is conscious but very restless. His blood pressure is 78/52 mm Hg, pulse rate is 130 beats/min and weak, and respirations are 24 breaths/min and shallow. Further assessment reveals that his skin is cool and clammy and his radial pulses are weakly present. You should:

administer high-flow oxygen, start two large-bore IV lines, and administer 20-mL/kg normal saline boluses until his radial pulses strengthen.

A 56-year-old man presents with an acute onset of chest pressure and diaphoresis. He has a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. His airway is patent and his breathing is adequate. You should:

administer supplemental oxygen.

A 7-year-old conscious boy presents with marked respiratory distress. Your assessment reveals the presence of intercostal and supraclavicular retractions and nasal flaring. His oxygen saturation is 93% on room air, and his heart rate is rapid. The MOST appropriate initial treatment for this child involves:

administering high-flow oxygen as tolerated, auscultating his lung sounds, and being prepared to assist his ventilations.

You receive a call for a "sick child." When you arrive at the scene, the child's mother tells you that her 5 year-old son has had vomiting and diarrhea for the past day and will not eat or drink anything. On exam, the child's level of consciousness appears consistent with his age. His skin is cool and pale, he is tachypneic, his capillary refill time is 4 seconds, and his heart rate is 150 beats/min. The MOST appropriate treatment for this child involves:

administering supplemental oxygen, keeping the child warm, assessing his blood glucose level, transporting, and establishing vascular access en route.

A 17-year-old woman presents with acute abdominal pain while at a party with her husband. You arrive at the scene, assess the patient, and advise her of the need for EMS treatment and transport. However, the patient, who is conscious and alert, refuses EMS treatment and transport and states that her husband will transport her in his car. You should:

advise her of the potential risks of refusing EMS treatment and transport.

You receive a call to a residence for a patient who is "sick." Upon arriving at the scene, you find the patient, a 39-year-old woman, lying on the couch with a wet washcloth on her forehead. She is conscious and alert, and tells you that she has had several episodes of diarrhea and noticed bright red blood in her stool. Her pulse rate is rapid and weak, her skin is cool and clammy, and her blood pressure is 98/58 mm Hg. Her medical history is significant for hemophilia, for which she is receiving factor VIII therapy. As you pull out a nonrebreathing mask, she tells you that her husband will be home in a few hours and that he will take her to the hospital. You should:

advise her that her condition dictates immediate transport to the hospital and that delaying transport could result in death.

You deliver a 61-year-old man with abdominal pain to a busy emergency department. A staff nurse instructs you to take the patient to the triage area where he will be tended to later. She further tells you that after you leave a copy of your patient care report with the clerk, you are free to leave. You should:

advise the nurse that you will remain with the patient until the nurse has taken your verbal report and properly assumed care of the patient.

Anemia would result from all of the following conditions, EXCEPT:

an increase in iron

A 17-year-old high school football player was struck in the abdomen by another player during a tackle. Your assessment reveals signs of shock and pain to the patient's left shoulder, which is unremarkable for trauma. Examination of the patient's abdomen is also unremarkable for obvious injury. Based on your assessment findings and the patient's clinical presentation, you should be MOST suspicious of:

an injury to the spleen.

A 26 yr old unrestrained woman struck her chest on the steering wheel when her car collided with another vehicle.After performing your initial assessment and administering high-flow oxygen, you assess her chest and note a segment of obviously fractured ribs that bulges outward during exhalation. You should:

apply a bulky dressings to the segment of fractured ribs

You are dispatched to a grocery store for a woman with severe abdominal pain. When you arrive, you find the patient lying on her side in the manager's office. She is confused, is diaphoretic, and appears to be bleeding from her vagina. Her blood pressure is low, and her pulse and respiratory rates are elevated. You should: .

apply high-flow oxygen, visually inspect her vagina and cover it with sterile dressings, keep her warm, begin transport, establish at least one large-bore IV en route, and administer enough crystalloid fluid to maintain radial pulses

A 52-year-old man sustained superficial and partial-thickness burns to his left arm approximately 15 minutes ago when he opened the radiator cap on his car. He is conscious, alert, and in severe pain. His BP is 138/76 mm Hg, pulse is 110 beats/min and strong, respirations are 22 breaths/min and regular, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. He denies any other injuries. Initial management for this patient involves:

applying cool, wet dressings to the burn and elevating his arm.

An elderly man who is a resident of a skilled nursing facility is found unresponsive by a staff nurse. When you and your partner arrive, you assess the patient and note that his respirations are slow and shallow; his heart rate is slow, weak, and irregular; and his skin is cool and clammy. You should:

assist his ventilations and assess his oxygen saturation.

A 36-year-old man with a history of asthma presents with severe respiratory distress. You attempt to administer a nebulized beta-2 agonist, but his poor respiratory effort is inhibiting effective drug delivery via the nebulizer and his mental status is deteriorating. You should:

assist his ventilations and establish vascular access.

During your primary assessment of a 21-year-old man with a suspected inhalation injury, you note that he is combative and his respirations are profoundly labored and stridorous. The closest appropriate medical facility is approximately 25 miles by ground, and the local air transport service is unavailable. You should:

assist ventilations with a bag-mask device, start an IV, administer a sedative and a neuromuscular blocker, and intubate his trachea.

A 39-year-old man sustained an abdominal evisceration after he was cut in the abdomen with a machete. The patient is semiconscious and is breathing shallowly. You should:

assist ventilations with a bag-mask device; cover the exposed bowel with moist, sterile dressings and protect them from injury; transport at once; and initiate IV therapy en route.

You are assessing an unresponsive 66-year-old man with a history of two prior strokes. According to the patient's wife, he complained of a severe headache and then passed out. His respiratory effort is poor, blood pressure is elevated markedly, and pulse is slow and bounding. The glucometer reads "error." You should:

assist ventilations, apply the cardiac monitor, start an IV line with normal saline, administer 12.5 g of 50% dextrose, and reassess his level of consciousness.

A beta adrenergic blocker would counteract all of the following medications, EXCEPT:

atropine.

A 16-year old man collapsed after being struck on the center of the chest by a line drive during a high school baseball game. Your assessment reveals that he is pulseless and apneic. As your partner initiates one rescuer CPR, your MOST important action should be to:

attach the ECG leads and be prepared to defibrillate

You receive a call to a residence for a 60-year-old man who is bleeding from his dialysis shunt. When you arrive, the patient's wife, who has been properly trained on the use of the dialysis machine, tells you that she panicked and called EMS. The dialysis cannula has loosened from the needle, which is still in the shunt. Your initial action should be to:

attempt to tighten the connection between the needle and cannula.

A 74-year-old man experienced partial- and full-thickness burns to his arms and chest resulting from a fire that started after he fell asleep while smoking his cigar. The patient's son, who arrived at the scene shortly after you, states that his father has congestive heart failure, rheumatoid arthritis, and atrial fibrillation. In addition to administering supplemental oxygen, it is MOST important for you to:

auscultate his breath sounds before administering IV fluids

A 10-month-old infant presents with an acute onset of increased work of breathing. According to the infant's mother, the child was crawling around in the living room prior to the event and was fine 10 minutes earlier. Your assessment reveals that the infant appears alert to his surroundings, has loud inspiratory stridor, and pink skin. You should:

avoid agitating the infant, offer supplemental oxygen, and transport.

You arrive at the scene of a shooting. The patient, a 19-year-old man, has a gunshot wound to the side of his head with a large amount of exposed brain matter. Further assessment reveals that the patient is apneic and pulseless. Law enforcement personnel advise you that the person who shot the patient is in their custody. You should:

avoid unnecessary contact with the patient and document the findings of your visual assessment of the patient and scene.

A 77-year-old man with end-stage COPD and renal failure is found unresponsive by his daughter. Your assessment reveals that the patient is apneic and pulseless. The daughter presents you with an out-of-hospital DNR order; however, the document expired 3 months ago. You should:

begin CPR only and contact medical control for further guidance

Capnography is a reliable method for confirming proper ET tube placement because:

carbon dioxide is not present in the esophagus.

If several attempts to open a patient's airway with the jaw-thrust maneuver are unsuccessful, you should:

carefully tilt the patient's head back while lifting up on the chin.

A pure alpha agent:

causes marked vasoconstriction

Heat gain or loss in response to environmental changes is delayed in elderly people for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT:

chronic hyperthyroidism.

diffuse axonal injury

close injury, caused by shaking or rotational forces, brain movement lags behind skull movement

You have been attempting resuscitation of a middle-aged woman for approximately 15 minutes; however, she has not responded to any of your treatment. There is no evidence of hypothermia or drug ingestion, and the cardiac monitor shows asystole. You should: e efforts.

consider terminating your resuscitativ

You have been attempting resuscitation of a middle-aged woman for approximately 15 minutes; however, she has not responded to any of your treatment. There is no evidence of hypothermia or drug ingestion, and the cardiac monitor shows asystole. You should:

consider terminating your resuscitative efforts.

Hyperventilating a patient who has increased intracranial pressure (ICP) will:

constrict the cerebral vasculature and decrease cerebral perfusion.

You have administered a total of 10 mg of Narcan to an unresponsive 30-year-old man whom you believe has overdosed on a narcotic. However, the patient remains unresponsive, is hypoventilating, and is bradycardic. Your transport time to the closest appropriate hospital is 40 minutes. You should:

continue assisted ventilation for 2 to 3 minutes, insert an advanced airway device, and transport immediately.

You and your partner are caring for a 5-pound distressed newborn. After providing 30 seconds of effective bag-mask ventilations, the newborn's heart rate remains below 60 beats/min. You should:

continue bag-mask ventilations and initiate chest compressions.

You are assessing the circulation status of an injured patient using the START triage system. The patient, a 33-year-old man, has strong radial pulses bilaterally. You should:

control any bleeding and assess his mental status.

The adrenal cortex produces hormones called _______________, which: .

corticosteroids, regulates the body's metabolism

You are dispatched to a high school where a 16-year-old male was stabbed in the eye with a pencil. The patient is conscious and in severe pain. A classmate removed the pencil prior to your arrival. The MOST appropriate care for this patient's injury includes:

covering the affected eye with a sterile dressing and protective eye shield, covering the unaffected eye, and transporting promptly.

During an explosion, a 42-year-old construction worker sustained a large laceration to the lateral aspect of his neck when he was struck by a piece of flying debris. The patient is conscious, but complains of difficulty hearing. In addition to protecting his spine, you should be MOST concerned with:

covering the laceration with an occlusive dressing and controlling the bleeding.

A convenience store clerk was stabbed during a robbery attempt. He is semiconscious with shallow breathing and weak radial pulses. During the rapid assessment, you find a single stab wound to his left anterior chest. His jugular veins are distended and his breath sounds are bilaterally diminished but equal. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient involves:

covering the stab wound with an occlusive dressing, assisting ventilations, transporting at once, and establishing large-bore IV lines en route.

A 30-year-old woman presents with 3 days of generalized weakness, dizziness, and excessive urination. She is conscious but restless, and she tells you that she is extremely thirsty. Her blood pressure is 96/66 mm Hg, her pulse is 110 beats/min and full, and her respirations are increased and somewhat deep. On the basis of this patient's clinical presentation, she will MOST likely require oxygen and:

crystalloid fluid hydration.

Unlike partial-thickness burns, full-thickness burns:

destroy the base membrane of the dermis that produces new skin cells.

When a medication alters the velocity of the conduction of electricity through the heart, it is said to have a(n) __??__ effect.

dromotropic

A 50-year-old woman presents with acute respiratory distress while eating. Upon your arrival, you note that she is conscious, coughing, and wheezing between coughs. Further assessment reveals that her skin is pink and moist. In addition to transporting her to the hospital, you should:

encourage her to cough and closely monitor her condition

Elderly people are more susceptible to intracranial bleeding because of:

enlargement of the subdural space.

An unresponsive woman with diabetes is wearing an insulin pump. Her blood glucose level is 24 mg/dL. You should:

ensure that the insulin pump is turned off.

You have just performed synchronized cardioversion on a patient with unstable ventricular tachycardia. Upon reassessment, you note that the patient is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless. You should:

ensure that the synchronizer is off, defibrillate, and immediately begin CPR.

A 19-year-old man presents with a decreased level of consciousness. According to his girlfriend, he has no known medical problems and takes no medications. Initial treatment for this patient involves:

ensuring airway patency and adequate breathin

Patients with COPD typically experience an acute exacerbation of their condition because of: s.

environmental changes such as weather or the inhalation of trigger substance

A 56-year-old man complains of chest tightness, shortness of breath, and nausea. During your assessment, you note that he appears confused. He is profusely diaphoretic and has a blood pressure of 98/68 mm Hg and a rapid radial pulse. The cardiac monitor reveals a wide QRS complex tachycardia at a rate of 200 beats/min. After administering high-flow oxygen, you should:

establish IV access, consider sedation, and perform synchronized cardioversion.

Working to ensure a patient's privacy, confidentiality, and comfort level will:

establish positive patient rapport and encourage honest, open communication.

A woman drives her husband to your EMS station after he was exposed to a large amount of pesticide. Your assessment reveals that he is responsive to pain only, is hypoventilating, is markedly bradycardic, and is incontinent of urine and feces. The cardiac monitor reveals marked sinus bradycardia. As your partner assists the patient's ventilations, you should:

establish vascular access and begin administering atropine sulfate.

A 51-year-old man with type 2 diabetes presents with confusion, blurred vision, and signs of significant dehydration. According to the man's wife, he has had a fever and flu-like symptoms for the past few days. She further tells you that he has "stuck to his diet" as advised by his physician. His blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg, pulse is 120 beats/min and weak, and respirations are rapid and shallow. You assess his blood glucose level, which reads "high." This patient is MOST likely:

experiencing hyperosmolar nonketotic coma.

When caring for a patient with an open chest wound, you should:

frequently assess breath sounds for indications of a pneumothorax.

You are assessing a patient who sustained blunt trauma to the center of his back. He is conscious, but is unable to feel or move his lower extremities. His blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg, pulse is 40 beats/min and weak, and respirations are 24 breaths/min and shallow. If IV fluids do not adequately improve perfusion, you should:

give 0.5 mg of atropine and consider a dopamine infusion.

You are assessing the 12-lead tracing of a 40-year-old man with chest pain and note ST-segment elevation in leads II, III, and aVF. Lead V4R shows 2-mm ST-segment elevation. The patient's blood pressure is 88/58 mm Hg, and his heart rate is 72 beats/min and regular. He denies any significant past medical history but is allergic to salicylates. After placing the patient on oxygen and starting an IV line of normal saline, you should:

give crystalloid boluses to increase preload.

A 40-year-old woman has an unstable pelvis following a motor vehicle crash. She is conscious but confused. Her blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg, pulse is 120 beats/min and weak at the radial arteries, and respirations are 24 breaths/min and shallow. After starting at least one large-bore IV line, you should:

give enough isotonic crystalloid fluids to improve her mental status and radial pulse quality.

You are dispatched to the city park on a hot summer day for a 39-year-old man who fainted. When you arrive, you find the patient sitting under a tree. According to his wife, he had been playing softball all day and has consumed a significant amount of alcohol. She further confirms that he did faint and was "out" for about 2 minutes. The patient is conscious and tells you that he does not remember what happened. His skin is cool, moist, and pale, and his pulse is weak and rapid. You should:

give oxygen, assess his blood glucose level, establish vascular access and give saline fluid boluses as needed, transport, and monitor his cardiac rhythm.

During your assessment of a 30-year-old woman in active labor, she admits to being a chronic heroin abuser and states that she last "shot up" about 6 hours ago. After the baby delivers, you will MOST likely need to:

give positive-pressure ventilations.

You arrive at the scene of a motor vehicle crash in which a small passenger car struck a bridge pillar. The patient, a conscious young woman, is still seated in her car. The scene is safe and law enforcement is directing traffic. Upon initial contact with the patient, you should:

have your partner manually stabilize her head as you assess her mental status.

You receive a call to a residence for a 44-year-old man who is "ill." The patient, who receives dialysis treatments three times a week, tells you that he has missed his last two treatments because he was not feeling well. As your partner takes the patient's vital signs, you apply the ECG, which reveals a sinus rhythm with tall T waves. The 12-lead ECG reveals a sinus rhythm with inverted complexes in lead aVR. On the basis of your clinical findings, you should be MOST suspicious that the patient is:

hyperkalemic.

You are dispatched to a residence for an elderly woman who is "sick." When you arrive and assess her, you note that she is responsive to pain only and has hot, moist skin and rapid, shallow respirations. You find prednisone, Paxil, and multivitamins on her nightstand. Further assessment of this patient will MOST likely reveal:

hypoglycemia, hypotension, and ECG evidence of hyperkalemia.

A 68-year-old woman presents with an acute onset of confusion, shortness of breath, and diaphoresis. Her blood pressure is 72/50 mm Hg, her heart rate is slow and weak, and her respirations are increased and shallow. The ECG reveals a third-degree heart block at a rate of 38 beats/min. After placing the patient on high-flow oxygen, you should:

immediately attempt transcutaneous pacing

A 68-year-old woman presents with an acute onset of confusion, shortness of breath, and diaphoresis. Her blood pressure is 72/50 mm Hg, her heart rate is slow and weak, and her respirations are increased and shallow. The ECG reveals a third degree heart block at a rate of 38 beats/min. After placingthe high-flow oxygen you should:

immediately attempt transcutaneous pacing.

You are transporting a conscious middle-aged woman who fell from a second-story balcony while watering her plants. Full spinal motion restriction precautions have been implemented, supplemental oxygen is being administered, and an IV line of normal saline is in place. With a 15-minute estimated time of arrival at the hospital, the patient's mental status markedly decreases and her respirations become shallow and are making a gurgling sound. Your FIRST action should be to:

immediately suction her oropharynx.

Decreases in the PaCO 2 result in _______ pH levels in the respiratory center and a(n) _______ in ventilation.

increased, decrease

A medication that possesses a positive chronotropic effect is one that:

increases heart rate

the risk of pulmonary embolus increases with age because of

increasing immobility

You are assessing a 39-year-old man who experienced blunt chest trauma. He is semiconscious and has poor respiratory effort with stridor. You should:

insert a nasal airway and assist ventilations with a bag-mask device.

A neighbor finds her elderly female friend unresponsive on her kitchen floor. As you are performing your primary assessment, the neighbor tells you that she does not know what happened to her friend. The patient moans when you speak to her and is breathing at a normal rate with adequate depth. You should:

insert an airway adjunct, apply supplemental oxygen, and implement spinal motion restriction precautions.

A 19-year-old woman fell from a second story window and landed on her head. She is unconscious with a blood pressure of 148/94 mm Hg, heart rate of 58 beats/min, and irregular respirations of 8 breaths/min. Further assessment reveals blood draining from her nose and bilaterally dilated pupils that are slow to react. In addition to employing full spinal precautions, the MOST appropriate treatment for this patient involves:

intubating her trachea after preoxygenating her for 2 to 3 minutes with a bag-mask device, transporting immediately, starting at least one large-bore IV en route, applying a cardiac monitor, and performing frequent neurologic assessments.

A prolonged QT interval indicates that the heart:

is experiencing an extended refractory period, making the ventricles more vulnerable to dysrhythmias.

Insulin and glucagon are produced in specialized groups of cells in the pancreas known as the:

islets of Langerhans.

While en route to a motor vehicle accident, the dispatcher advises you that law enforcement is at the scene and is reporting that numerous bystanders are suddenly becoming ill. After receiving this information, you should:

keep a safe distance from the scene and view it with binoculars.

A woman found her 48-year-old husband semiconscious on the couch. As she is escorting you to the patient, she tells you that he had an episode of chest pain the day before but refused to go to the hospital. The patient is responsive to pain only and is markedly diaphoretic. His blood pressure is 70/50 mm Hg, pulse is 140 beats/min and thready, and respirations are 28 breaths/min and shallow. The cardiac monitor reveals sinus tachycardia in lead II, and a 12-lead ECG reveals evidence of myocardial injury. You should:

keep the patient in a supine position, insert a nasal airway, assist his ventilations with a bag-mask device, begin transport, establish vascular access en route, consider a 100- to 200-mL saline bolus, and start an infusion of dopamine

Because the facial nerve does not decussate, a stroke to the right cerebral hemisphere would MOST likely cause:

left-sided weakness and a right-sided facial droop.

The FIRST step in examining a stable toddler is to: .

let the child sit on a parent's lap

You are dispatched to a residence for an elderly man with an altered mental status. As you are assessing the patient, his wife tells you that he goes to dialysis several times a week, but has missed his last three treatments because their car broke down. The patient's skin is yellow, his blood pressure is 98/60 mm Hg, and his pulse rate is 118 beats/min. The ECG reveals sinus tachycardia with peaked T waves. You should be MOST concerned with the potential for:

lethal ventricular dysrhythmias

You respond to a skilled nursing facility for a patient who is not breathing. When you arrive, you assess the patient, a 78-year-old man, and confirm apnea. However, the patient has a rapid carotid pulse. The charge nurse advises you that, according to the patient's family, the patient is not to be resuscitated. You should: maintain the patient's airway, begin artificial ventilations, and transport the patient to the closest appropriate medical facility

maintain the patient's airway, begin artificial ventilations, and transport the patient to the closest appropriate medical facility

While assessing the airway of a 3-year-old girl who is unresponsive, you hear a snoring sound during each of her slow, shallow breaths. You should:

manually maneuver her head and reassess her breathing status

A 45-year-old unrestrained man was ejected from his small truck when it struck a tree. The patient is found approximately 20 feet from the wreckage. Your primary assessment reveals that he is unresponsive and has sonorous respirations and a rapid pulse. Your initial actions should include:

manually stabilizing his head and opening his airway with the jaw-thrust maneuver.

Full-thickness circumferential burns to the chest:

may cause significant restriction of respiratory excursion.

A 70-year-old female dialysis patient presents with a headache. She is conscious and alert, has a blood pressure of 190/100 mm Hg, has a pulse rate of 90 beats/min and regular, and has respirations of 14 breaths/min and regular. In addition to administering supplemental oxygen, you should:

monitor her cardiac rhythm, transport, and start an IV line en route to the hospital.

A 23-year-old woman with sickle cell disease presents with severe joint pain and a fever of 102.5°F. She is conscious and alert, and tells you that her symptoms began yesterday and suddenly worsened today. Her blood pressure is 118/76 mm Hg, pulse rate is 120 beats/min and regular, and respirations are 24 breaths/min with adequate depth. After applying high-flow oxygen and initiating transport, you should:

monitor her oxygen saturation and cardiac rhythm, start an IV line with normal saline, administer 1 µg/kg of fentanyl, and reassess her vital signs.

Common causes of respiratory distress in the newborn include:

mucous obstruction of the nose.

You are assessing a 7-month-old infant who presents with listlessness, pallor, and increased work of breathing. The infant's mother tells you that the child was born 2 months premature and was in the neonatal intensive care unit for 3 weeks. She denies any recent vomiting, diarrhea, or fever. The infant's oxygen saturation is 89% and does not improve with supplemental oxygen. Her heart rate is rapid and weak and does not vary with activity. When you apply the cardiac monitor, you will MOST likely encounter a:

narrow QRS complex rhythm with absent P waves and a heart rate greater than 220 beats/min.

Type O blood contains:

neither A nor B antigens but contains both A and B plasma antibodies.

You are assessing an 80-year-old man who complains of generalized weakness. He denies chest pain or shortness of breath and tells you that he has become progressively weaker over the past 3 days. His medical history is significant for two prior heart attacks, hypertension, chronic renal insufficiency, and atrial fibrillation. His blood pressure is 108/60 mm Hg, pulse rate is 94 beats/min and irregular, and respirations are 20 breaths/min and unlabored. Auscultation of his lungs reveals scattered crackles, and the ECG reveals atrial fibrillation. In addition to administering supplemental oxygen, you should:

obtain a 12-lead ECG tracing, assess his blood glucose level, establish vascular access and set the rate to keep the vein open, and transport to the hospital.

A woman brings her 18-year-old son to your EMS station. The patient is actively seizing and, according to the mother, has been seizing for the past 10 minutes. She states that her son has a history of seizures and takes Depakote. The patient is cyanotic, is breathing erratically, and has generalized muscle twitching to all extremities. You should:

open his airway and begin assisting his ventilations, establish an IV or IO line, and administer 5 to 10 mg of diazepam.

A woman brings her 18-year-old son to your EMS station. The patient is actively seizing and, according to the mother, has been seizing for the past 10 minutes. She states that her son has a history of seizures and takes Depakote. The patient is cyanotic, breathing erratically, and has generalized muscle twitching to all extremities. You should: .

open his airway and begin assisting his ventilations, establish an IV, and administer up to 4 mg of lorazepam

You are dispatched to a residence for a 44-year-old woman with a severe headache. You arrive to find the patient lying on her sofa with a wet washcloth on her forehead. She tells you that she has a history of migraine headaches and that this is one of her "typical" headaches. She also complains of nausea and photophobia. Her blood pressure is 170/94 mm Hg, pulse rate is 120 beats/min and regular, and respirations are 22 breaths/min with adequate depth. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes: .

oxygen as tolerated, starting an IV line and administering ondansetron, and transporting without lights or siren

You are dispatched to a residence for a 44-year-old woman with a severe headache. You arrive to find the patient lying on her sofa with a wet washcloth on her forehead. She tells you that she has a history of migraine headaches and that this is one of her "typical" headaches. She also complains of nausea and photophobia. Her blood pressure is 170/94 mm Hg, pulse rate is 120 beats/min and regular, and respirations are 22 breaths/min with adequate depth. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes:

oxygen as tolerated, starting an IV line and administering ondansetron, and transporting without lights or siren.

You are dispatched to a residence for a 33-year-old woman with excruciating pain to the right lower quadrant of her abdomen. She is conscious and alert and tells you that she has been experiencing pain to the same area for the past few days. Her blood pressure is 110/66 mm Hg, pulse rate is 118 beats/min and strong, and respirations are 22 breaths/min with adequate depth. Her skin is warm and moist. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient involves:

oxygen via nonrebreathing mask, an IV of isotonic crystalloid set to keep the vein open, morphine or fentanyl, and prompt transport.

A 33-year-old woman presents with an acute onset of "fluttering" in her chest. She is conscious and alert but is somewhat anxious. She denies any significant medical problems but states that she has been under a lot of stress at work. You apply the cardiac monitor, which reveals a narrow QRS complex tachycardia at a rate of 170 beats/min. The patient's blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg, and she is breathing without difficulty. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient involves:

oxygen, IV access, vagal maneuvers, and 6 mg of adenosine.

A 70-year-old man called 9-1-1 because of generalized weakness. When you arrive at the scene, you find the patient seated in his recliner. He is conscious and alert and is breathing without difficulty. Your physical exam reveals tenderness to his right upper abdominal quadrant, edema to his ankles, and distended jugular veins. The patient tells you that he takes Vasotec for hypertension and Maxide for his swollen ankles. His vital signs are stable. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes:

oxygen, cardiac monitoring, an IV line at a keep-open rate, and transport.

The risk of a pulmonary embolism following musculoskeletal trauma is HIGHEST in patients with:

pelvic and lower extremity injuries that lead to prolonged immobilization.

You respond to the scene of an assault, where a 20-year-old man was struck in the chest with a steel pipe. Your assessment reveals that the patient is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless. The MOST appropriate next intervention is to

perform 5 cycles of well-coordinated CPR

You respond to the scene of an assault, where a 20-year-old man was struck in the chest with a steel pipe. Your assessment reveals that the patient is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless. The MOST appropriate next intervention is to:

perform 5 cycles of well-coordinated CPR.

Following blunt trauma to the anterior chest, a 44-year-old man presents with restlessness, respiratory distress, perioral cyanosis, and tachycardia. Further assessment reveals a midline trachea, engorged jugular veins, and absent breath sounds on the right side of his chest. You should:

perform an immediate needle thoracentesis to the right side of the chest.

Potassium: a.helps stimulate the release of insulin. b.is found predominantly outside the cell. c.is a bivalent cation that tends to follow water. d.plays a major role in neuromuscular function.

plays a major role in neuromuscular function.

Decreased levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) result in:

polyuria and diabetes insipidus.

Esophageal varices are a direct result of: portal hypertension.

portal hypertension.

You are caring for a 69-year-old man with congestive heart failure. His breathing is profoundly labored, his oxygen saturation reads 79% on oxygen via nonrebreathing mask, and he is showing signs of physical exhaustion. Considering that your protocols do not allow you to perform rapid-sequence intubation, you should:

preoxygenate him with a bag-mask device and then perform blind nasotracheal intubation.

The MOST clinically significant finding when questioning a patient with a chronic respiratory disease is:

prior intubation for the same problem.

Glucagon is used in the treatment of beta-blocker overdose because it: s.

produces positive inotropic and chronotropic effect

A 30-year-old woman complains of an "achy" pain to both lower abdominal quadrants, which she states is made worse by walking. She further tells you that she recently finished her menstrual period. She has a fever of 101.9°F. Her blood pressure is 122/62 mm Hg, pulse rate is 84 beats/min and strong, and respirations are 14 breaths/min and unlabored. After gathering the rest of her medical history, you should:

provide emotional support, make her as comfortable as possible, and safely transport her to an appropriate hospital.

You are assessing an elderly man who has asthma and uses an inhaled corticosteroid on a regular basis. He has white patches on his tongue and the inside of his mouth. He is conscious and alert and his airway is patent. You should:

provide supportive care and transport.

A 9-year-old who fell off his bike has an isolated deformity to his forearm and is in significant pain. The child is conscious and alert, his vital signs are stable, and his mother is present. Your initial effort to relieve this child's pain should involve:

providing calm reassurance to both mother and child.

During your primary assessment of a 20 yr old man w/ blunt chest trauma, you note that he is semiconscious with rapid, shallow breathing. you do not see any obvious bleeding and note that his pulse is rapid and irregular, and his skin is cool and moist. An appropriate action would be to

quickly log roll the pt and assess his back

Upon arriving at the scene of a motor vehicle crash, you find the driver of the car still seated in her two-door vehicle. The passenger side of the vehicle has sustained severe damage and is inaccessible. The driver is conscious and alert and complains only of lower back pain. The backseat passenger, a young child who was unrestrained, is bleeding from the head and appears to be unconscious. You should:

rapidly extricate the driver so you can gain quick access to the child in the backseat.

You respond to the residence of an elderly man with severe COPD. You recognize the address because you have responded there numerous times in the recent past. You find the patient, who is clearly emaciated, seated in his recliner. He is on oxygen via nasal cannula, is semiconscious, and is breathing inadequately. The patient's daughter tells you that her father has an out-of-hospital DNR order, for which she is frantically looking. You should:

recognize that he is experiencing end-stage COPD, begin assisting his ventilations, and contact medical control as needed.

Anemia resulting from an autoimmune disorder occurs when

red blood cells are destroyed by the body's own antibodies

You are transporting a conscious but confused 29-year-old man after he was electrocuted. The patient is on high-flow oxygen, has an IV line of normal saline in place, is on a cardiac monitor, and has his spine fully immobilized. During transport, it is especially important for you to:

remain alert for lethal cardiac dysrhythmias and be prepared to defibrillate.

A 40-year-old man presents with bizarre behavior. His speech is slurred and he is very belligerent. His blood glucose level is 35 mg/dL. The patient tells you to get out of his house. You should:

remain professional and advise the patient that he is not legally capable of refusing EMS treatment.

You are dispatched to a residence for a 61-year-old woman with flu-like symptoms. Upon your arrival, the patient greets you at the door. She complains of a headache and nausea, and tells you that she has vomited twice. Her husband, who is lying on the couch in the living room, began experiencing the same symptoms at about the same time. You should:

remove both patients from the residence at once.

You respond to an industrial plant for a 42-year-old man with a chemical burn. Upon arrival at the scene, you find the patient to be ambulatory. He tells you that he was moving some bags of dry lime when one of the bags broke and spilled lime all over him. After donning the appropriate personal protective equipment, you should:

remove his clothing, brush as much of the lime off of him as possible, and flush the affected areas with copious amounts of water.

You are transporting a middle-aged man on a CPAP unit for severe pulmonary edema. An IV line of normal saline is in place. Prior to applying the CPAP device, the patient was tachypneic and had an oxygen saturation of 90%. When you reassess him, you note that his respirations have increased and his oxygen saturation has dropped to 84%. You should:

remove the CPAP unit, assist his ventilations with a bag-mask device, and prepare to intubate him.

It is important for the paramedic to consult with medical control prior to administering analgesia to a patient with severe flank pain and suspected acute renal failure because:

renal failure may cause analgesics to accumulate to toxic levels.

In the bloodstream, _____________ reacts with the plasma protein angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I.

renin

A 39-year-old woman presents with signs and symptoms of an acute hemorrhagic stroke. She is responsive to deep painful stimuli only and has bilaterally dilated and sluggishly reactive pupils. Her respirations are slow and irregular, blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg, and pulse is 40 and bounding. Initial treatment for this patient involves:

restoring adequate ventilation with a bag-mask.

An unresponsive, pulseless, apneic patient presents with ventricular tachycardia on the cardiac monitor. After defibrillating the patient, you should: .

resume CPR and reassess the patient after 2 minutes

An unresponsive, pulseless, apneic patient presents with ventricular tachycardia on the cardiac monitor. After defibrillating the patient, you should:

resume CPR and reassess the patient after 2 minutes.

You have applied the defibrillator pads to a pulseless and apneic 60-year-old woman and observe a slow, wide QRS complex rhythm. Your next action should be to:

resume CPR at once.

You arrive at the scene of an injured person. As you and your partner approach the patient, you see that he is bleeding profusely from a large laceration to his neck. You should: .

retreat from the scene to a safe area and immediately notify law enforcement

When transferring a geriatric patient from a hospital to an extended care facility, it is MOST important to:

review the patient's transfer paperwork.

An elderly man presents with slurred speech, confusion, and unilateral facial asymmetry. When asked to squeeze your hands, the strength in his left hand is markedly less than the strength in his right hand. The patient's wife tells you that her husband has type 2 diabetes and hypertension. On the basis of your clinical findings, you should:

rule out hypoglycemia by assessing his blood sugar, but suspect a right-sided ischemic stroke.

According to HIPAA, it is acceptable and permissible for hospitals to:

share information with the EMS providers about patient outcome for purposes of quality assurance and education.

MOST infectious disease exposures in health care providers occur due to

sharps injuries

The principal extracellular cation that regulates the distribution of water throughout the body is: a.calcium. b.sodium.

sodium.

While caring for an 80-year-old man with a possible fractured arm, you discover other injury patterns that are suggestive of abuse. The patient is conscious and alert. You should:

splint the patient's arm, transport him to the hospital, and report your suspicions to the emergency department physician.

You receive a call to a skilled nursing facility for an elderly man with generalized weakness. The patient's nurse tells you that he has not eaten anything in the past 18 hours. She presents you with his chart, which states that he has a history of atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, and hypertension. His medications include Vasotec, digoxin, and warfarin. As you apply the cardiac monitor, your partner takes the patient's vital signs, which reveal a blood pressure of 136/76 mm Hg, a rapid and irregular pulse, and respirations of 22 breaths/min. The ECG reveals atrial fibrillation with a variable rate between 110 and 130 beats/min, and a 12-lead ECG tracing reveals the same. After applying supplemental oxygen, you should:

start an IV line set to keep the vein open, administer diltiazem, and transport.

A 38-year-old man presents with an acute onset of severe right upper quadrant abdominal pain, pain to his right shoulder, and nausea. He is conscious and alert, but is restless from the pain. His blood pressure is 150/86 mm Hg, pulse rate is 120 beats/min and strong, and respirations are 22 breaths/min and regular. In addition to administering supplemental oxygen, you should:

start an IV with normal saline and set it to keep the vein open, place him in a position of comfort, and administer 1 mcg/kg of fentanyl and 4 mg ondansetron.

You are dispatched to a residence for an "ill person." Upon arrival, you enter the residence and find the patient, a 72-year-old woman, lying on the couch; she is responsive to pain only. Her son, who arrived shortly before you, tells you that her air conditioner went out, and that he came over to her house to pick her up and found her in her present condition. He further tells you that his mother has diabetes, hypertension, and congestive heart failure. Assessment of the patient reveals that her skin is flushed, hot, and dry; her pulse is rapid and weak; and her blood pressure is low. After moving the patient to the ambulance and applying high-flow oxygen, you should next:

strip her to her underclothing, begin rapid cooling measures, assess her rectal temperature if possible, establish vascular access, and assess her blood glucose level.

You are assisting in the delivery of a baby. After the baby's head emerges from the vagina, you should quickly assess for the presence of a nuchal cord and then:

suction its mouth and nose.

A 41-year-old man was assaulted during a robbery attempt. Your primary assessment reveals that the patient is semiconscious. He has massive soft-tissue trauma to the face, inadequate breathing, and oropharyngeal bleeding. You should:

suction the blood from his mouth and assist ventilations with a bag-mask device.

Stimulation of alpha-2 receptors:

suppresses the release of norepinephrine

Stimulation of alpha-2 receptors:

suppresses the release of norepinephrine.

Spina bifida occurs when

the neural tube/vertebrae don't fuse together and are exposed

The outer zone of an entrance or exit wound caused by a contact electrical burn is:

the red zone of coagulation necrosis.

A patient with severe dehydration is found to be hypotensive during your assessment. The MOST important intervention in this case is:

transport with fluid resuscitation en route.

The husband of a terminally ill woman called 9-1-1 because he thinks his wife is about to die. The patient has a valid living will and an out-of-hospital DNR order. You should

treat the husband and his wife with respect and provide emotional support.

When blood osmolarity increases: the pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH),

which stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water and decrease the blood's osmolarity.

A subdural hematoma is classified as acute if clinical signs and symptoms develop:

within 24 hours following the injury