First Aid Test 3

"The tissues of the arms and legs cannot survive for more than about _____ hours without a continuing blood supply."

3

Fractured ribs most often occur between ribs

4 and 10

a break or crack in the bone

broken bone and fracture

"The pain is usually localized to the area of the fracture. If the sharp end of the broken rib protrudes into the chest cavity, it may puncture the lung, causing it to collapse and allow air between the lung and the chest wall (known as a pneumothorax). A life-threatening condition known as tension pneumothorax occurs when air progressively accu- mulates in the space between the lung and the chest wall (known as the pleural space) during inhalation and cannot escape during exhalation. This accumulation compresses the heart, uninjured lung, aorta, and vena cava, causing a decrease in blood return to the heart and thereby decreasing cardiac output."

broken ribs

signs and symptoms of abdominal injuries

bruises or other marks, pain, tenderness, muscle tightness, or rigidity, distention (swelling)

The main sign of a dislocation is

deformity

if blood sugar best too high; if hyperglycemia is untreated. life threatening

diabetic coma

state of unresponsiveness caused by a lack of insulin that goes uncorrected for too long

diabetic coma

If the joint is deformed, you should expect a

dislocation

occurs when a joint comes apart and stays apart, with the bone ends no longer in contact

dislocation

Tennis elbow occurs from playing tennis

false

Shoulder dislocation is second in frequency only to _______ dislocations

finger

a serious injury that involves several ribs in the same area broken in more than one place

flail chest

A _________ of the knee occurs as a fall or direct flow

fracture

All _______ should be stabilized before a person moves.

fractures

AKA muscle pull, occurs when a muscle is torn as result of stretching beyond its normal range of motion.

muscle strain

a medication that helps relieve some of the symptoms that a victim may be having and it may not be a heart attack

nitroglycerin

Do you push the bone?

no

Do you try to move or straighten an injured extremity?

no

Does a heart attack mean you always lose responsiveness?

no

When you have a heart attack, do you always have chest pain?

no

signs and symptoms for a muscle strain

occurs during physical activity, sharp pain, extreme tenderness, inability to use injured part, stiffness and pain when muscle is used

Most sprains are on the ______ (________) side of the ankle

outer (lateral)

signs and symptoms of pelvic injuries

pain in the hip, groin, or back that increases with movement, inability to stand or walk, signs of shock

The area over the injury may move in a direction opposite to that of the rest of the chest wall during breathing

paradoxical movement

muscle group on the front of the thigh

quadricepts

Closed chest injuries include

rib fracture and flail chest

What 3 bones come together at the shoulder?

scapula, clavicle, humerus

"abnormal firing of brain cells, usu- ally resulting in jerking movements followed by an unresponsive period. Many"

seizure

abnormal situation of the brain cells causing uncontrollable muscle movements

seizures

signs and symptoms of a sprain:

severe pain, swelling, dislocated skin

Symptoms of a rib fracture:

sharp pain when person breathes or moves, guarding (tensing muscles to protect area), tenderness, shallow breathing, bruising of skin (usually occurs along the side of the chest)

most freely movable joint in the body

shoulder

Direct blows to the shoulder resulting in contusions, or bruises, are often called

shoulder pointers

open triangular bandage can be used as a

sling

common cause of COPD

smoking

risks factors for heart disease that you can change

smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, exercise, diabetes, obesity, stress

"any device used to stabilize a fracture or a dislocation."

splint

If the joint is not deformed, you should suspect a

sprain

occurs when a joint is twisted or stretched beyond its normal range of motion

sprain

"The distal joints of the fingers have a ligament on each side of the joint."

sprained finger

"which involve the tearing or stretching of the joints, causing mild to severe damage to the ligaments and joint capsules"

sprains

treatment for elbow fracture

1. DO NOT move the elbow. 2. Splint the elbow in the position found to prevent nerve and blood vessel damage: • If straight, keep the splinted elbow straight. • If bent, keep the elbow bent. 3. Apply an ice pack for 20 minutes. 4. Seek immediate medical care."

treatment for sucking chest wound:

1. Leave the wound exposed to air without a dressing or any airtight material. 2. DO NOT cover an open chest wound unless using direct pressure and a dry gauze dressing to control bleeding. If the dressing becomes blood- soaked, replace it to avoid trapping air in the chest, which may result in death. 3. Call 9-1-1.

Guidelines to access injuries to the extremities:

1. Look for signs and symptoms of fractures and dislocations. 2. Examine the extremities, using the mnemonic DOTS Look at and gently feel the extremity, starting at the distal end (fingers and toes) and working upward 3. Compare one extremity with the other to determine size and shape differences. 4. Use the rule of thirds for extremity injuries. Imagine each long bone as being divided into thirds. If deformity, tenderness, or swelling is located in the upper or lower third of a long bone, assume that the nearest joint is injured. 5. Consider the cause of injury when evaluating the possibility of a fracture and its location. Forces that cause musculoskeletal injuries are direct forces (eg, a car bumper striking a pedestrian's leg), indirect forces along the long axis of bones (eg, a person falling onto an outstretched hand and fracturing the collar bone), and twisting forces (eg, a person's foot being fixed in one spot and the leg suddenly twisting) 6. CSM

Explain CSM

C-circulation. A pulseless arm or leg is a significant emergency requiring immediate surgical care. If there is no pulse, DO NOT move or try to straighten the injured extremity, unless the person is in a remote location or wilderness setting distant from EMS. Some recommend the capillary refill test. Press on a fingernail or toenail, then release it. If circulation is normal, the nail bed should return to its normal color within 2 seconds. Performing the capillary refill test in the dark or the cold or on tobacco smokers may limit its accuracy. It tends to be more accurate in children. S- Sensation. This is the most useful early sign. Loss of sensation is an early sign of nerve damage, which can accompany some fractures. M- Movement. Inability to move develops later. If the toes or fingers are injured, DO NOT have the person attempt to move them.

"broad term applied to emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and related lung diseases. describes a disease that makes it hard for a person to breathe because the normal flow of air into and out of the person's lungs is partially obstructed."

COPD

broad term applied to emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and related lung diseases

COPD

disease that makes it hard for a person to breathe bc the normal flow of air into and out of the person's lungs is partially obstructed

COPD

Explain circulation in upper extremity

Check an upper extremity for circulation using the radial pulse.

Explain CSM in lower extremity

Circulation- Check a lower extremity for circulation using the posterior tibial tube (located between the inside ankle bone and the Achilles tendon) Sensation- Lightly touch or squeeze one of the person's toes while his or her eyes are closed, and ask the person which toe he or she feels being squeezed. Movement- Ask the person to wiggle their toes.

signs and symptoms of tendinitis

Constant pain or pain with motion of the shoulder Limited motion of the shoulder Crackling sound when the joint is moved Tenderness over the area

most commonly diag- nosed in childhood, but it may present at any age in life. does not produce insulin, so they have to have an external source of insulin

Type 1- insulin dependent

body produces some insulin, but has to give themselves insulin as well

Type 2- noninsulin dependent

Is there a difference between heart attack and cardiac arrest?

Yes, cardiac arrest means victim is unresponsive.

"All elbow fractures and dislocations should be considered serious and treated with extreme care."

true

A patella dislocation is different than a knee dislocation

true

DO NOT give a stroke victim anything to eat or drink

true

Fingers can move while they are broken

true

First Aid providers usually do not splint broken bones

true

Treatment for a dislocated joint:

"1. Call 9-1-1 for the following: • Extremity looks blue or extremely pale • Transport of the person would be difficult or might aggravate the injury 2. Check the CMS, as previously described. If the end of the dislocated bone is pressing on nerves or blood vessels, numbness or paralysis may exist below the dislocation. If there is no pulse in the injured extremity, transport the person to a medical facility immediately. 3. If EMS has been called and will arrive soon, either you or the person may hold the injured part to stabilize it against movement until EMS arrives. 4. If EMS will be delayed or you are transporting the person to distant medical care, use the RICE procedure. 5. DO NOT try to reduce a dislocation by putting the displaced part back into its normal position because nerve and blood vessel damage could result. Wilderness medical experts have identified easy and safe ways to reduce knee cap, finger, and anterior shoulder dislocations when medical help is more than 1 hour away.

treatment for knee fracture

"1. If a pulse can be felt in the ankle (posterior tibial) with no deformity, splint the leg with the knee straight. 2. If a pulse can be felt in the ankle with significant deformity, splint the knee in the position found. 3. Seek medical care. If a pulse is absent in the ankle, immediately seek medical care."

Treatment for stroke

"Call 9-1-1 and do the following while waiting for EMS: 1. Monitor breathing. If the person is not breathing, begin CPR. 2. Position the person on his or her back with head and shoulders slightly raised. 3. Loosen tight or constricting clothing. 4. Be prepared to turn the person onto his or her side to allow drool or vomit to drain. 5. If the person is unresponsive but breathing, place on his or her side."

signs and symptoms of a knee fracture

"Determining whether a fracture exists is difficult. Some fractured knees may look like a dislocation. Other signs include: • Deformity • Tenderness • Swelling"

Describe the rule of thirds

"If the injury is located in the upper or lower third of a bone, assume that the nearest joint is injured. Therefore, the splint should extend to stabilize the bones above and below the unstable joint. For example, for a fracture of the upper third of the tibia (shin bone), the splint must extend above the knee to include the upper leg, as well as the lower leg, because the knee is unstable. For a fracture of the middle third of a bone, stabilize the joints above and below the fracture (eg, the wrist and elbow for a fractured radius or ulna; the shoulder and elbow for a fractured humerus; the knee and ankle for a fractured tibia or fibula). In addition to splinting an upper extremity fracture, place the injured arm in an arm sling and a swathe (binder)."

Treatment for seizures:

"Move nearby objects to avoid injury. 2. Place something soft under the head such as a rolled towel. DO NOT use a pillow. 3. Time the seizure from start to finish. 4. Most seizures do not require medical care and end in 1 to 2 minutes. Stay with the person until the seizure is over. 5. Keep bystanders away. 6. Call 9-1-1 for any of the following: • Seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes • Series of seizures following one another • The person has breathing difficulties after the seizure • The person has diabetes or is pregnant • Seizure happened in water • This is the person's first known seizure • The seizure is injury-related • Slow recovery 7. After the seizure: • Keep the airway open by placing the person on his or her side and head on a rolled towel. "Monitor breathing and if it stops, give CPR. • Allow the person to sleep. • Stay with the person until he or she has fully recovered."

symptoms of angina pectoris

"Physical exertion Excitement Emotional upset Eating of a heavy meal Extreme hot or cold temperature exposure Cigarette smoking"

signs and symptoms of a hip dislocation

"Severe pain at the injury site • Swelling at the injury site • Hip is flexed and the knee bent and rotated inward toward the opposite hip • Visible injury"

signs and symptoms of a hip fracture

"Severe pain in the groin area • Inability to lift the injured leg • Leg may appear shortened and be rotated with the toes pointing abnormally outward or inward"

nonconvulsive seizure signs and symptoms

"Staring, confusion, or inattentiveness • Frequent eye blinking • Involuntary movements (eg, lip smacking, picking at clothes, fumbling)"

"Convulsive seizures (eg, tonic-clonic seizures) typically last for 1 to 2 minutes (but may last longer), and the person may experience the following signs and symptoms:"

"Sudden falling to the floor or ground • Stiffening of arm and leg muscles followed by jerky movement with arching of the back • Foaming at the mouth • Grinding of teeth • Blue-gray face and lips • Eyes rolling upward • Loss of bladder and bowel control"

treatment for a hip fracture

"Treat for shock. Stabilize the injured leg against movement. Monitor the ankle pulse (posterior tibial). S eek immediate medical care. This injury is best transported by EMS personnel."

treatment for shoulder tendinitis

1. Use an ice massage for 10 minutes after exercise. Fill a Styrofoam cup with water and freeze. Tear a small amount of foam from the top so ice protrudes. Massage firmly over the injured area in a circle about the size of a baseball. 2. Use a sling and swathe (binder) to rest the shoulder. 3. Use pain medication such as ibuprofen. 4. Seek medical advice if needed.

treatment for pelvic injuries

1.) Call 911 2.) Do not move victim. 3.) keep person lying flat 4.) Treat for shock

If there is an open wound bleeding at an injured site, what do you do?

1.) Call 911 2.) Do not try to move or straighten bone. 3.)Apply pressure on the edges. 4.) DO NOT push the bone. 5.) Cover the wound and exposed bone with dressing.

Treatment for a fracture:

1.) Check life-threatening injuries. 2.) Gently remove clothing over the injured part. 3.) Examine the area by looking and feeling for DOTS 4.) Check pulse and nerves and CSM 5.)Stabilize the injured part against movement. 6.) If the injury is an open fracture, DO NOT push on any protruding bones. Cover the wound and exposed bones with a dressing. Place rolls of gauze around the bone and bandage the injury without applying pressure on the bone. 7.) Call 9-1-1 for any open fractures or large-bone (ie, femur) fractures or when transporting the person would be difficult or would aggravate the injury. 8.) Call 9-1-1 if the extremity looks blue or extremely pale. Generally, first aid providers should not move or straighten an injured extremity. However, if there is no pulse in an extremity and the person is in a remote location or wilderness setting distant from EMS, you may need to gently realign the injured extremity to restore blood flow or to transport the person. In this situation: • Use the RICE procedure. An ice pack helps reduce swelling and pain. • Stabilize the part against movement. Doing so limits pain and reduces the change for a further injury

Treatment for rib fracture:

1.) Help person find a comfortable position. 2.) Stabilize the chest (have person hold a pillow or similarily soft material against the area or arm in sling) 3.) Do not put constrictive bandages around chest. 4.) Give pain medication. 5.) Tell person to take slow, deep breaths every few breaths. 7.) Call 911

treatment for sprains:

1.) Most sprains do not need medical attention. 2.) RICE

Treatment for COPD

1.) People with COPD usually will have their own physician-prescribed medications. Assist the person to take any prescribed medications. 2. Place the person in the sitting position that provides the greatest comfort. 3. Encourage the person to cough up any secretions. 4. For acute breathing distress, obtain immediate medical assistance. The person might need oxygen, which is available from EMS and at hospital emergency departments."

Treatment to asthma:

1.) Place victim in upright sitting position, leaning slightly forward. 2.) Sit quietly and breathe slowly and deeply. in thru nose and out through mouth 3.) Call 911 if person is struggling to breathe/talk/etc 4.) Help person use inhaler 5.)Call 911 if there is no improvement after medication

Treatment for a cramp:

1.) Stretch muscle. 2.) Relax the muscle for pressing and massaging it. 3.) Apply an ice pack (unless in a cold environment) 4.) For heat cramps, drink lightly salted cool water or a commercial sports drink.

treatment for flail chest

1.) do not apply constrictive bandages around chest 2.) call 911

Treatment for heart attack

1.) have a person semi-sit 2.) call 911 3.) Loosen any clothing 4.) Ask if they are on nitroglycerin 5.) take aspirin 6.) monitor breathing

Treatment for penetrating chest injury

1.) stabilize the object in place with bulky dressings or cloths. DO NOT try to remove the object. 2.) Call 911

Treatment for shoulder dislocation

1.)DO NOT try to force, twist, or pull the shoulder back in place because doing so may cause bone, nerve, or blood vessel injury. 2. Place a folded or rolled blanket or a pillow between the upper arm and the chest to support the arm. 3. Apply an arm sling and swathe (binder) to stabilize and rest the arm. 4. Apply an ice pack for 20 minutes. 5. Seek immediate medical care.

If you see internal organ protruding or escaping, what should you do?

1.Tell the person to stay in a comfortable position (usually lying down) with the legs pulled up toward the abdomen. 2. Cover the organs with a moist, clean dressing. Place a loose plastic wrap or occlusive dressing, if available, over the dressing. Loosely tape the plastic wrap or dressing in place. 3. Call 911

signs and symptoms of a flail chest

Area over the injury moving in a direction opposite to that of the rest of the chest wall during breathing Very painful and difficult breathing Bruising of skin over the injury Same signs as for rib fractures

treatment for hip dislocation

Assess and treat for shock if indicated. Stabilize the injury. Check for an ankle pulse (posterior tibial). Seek medical care. This injury is best transported by EMS personnel."

Suspect a broken bone if one or more of the following exist:

D- Deformity O- open wound T- Tenderness S- swelling

Use the mnemonic DOTS to help access an injury:

D- deformity (Shortening or severe deformity (angulation) between the joints or deformity around the joints • Shortening of the extremity • Rotation of the extremity when compared with the opposite extremity) O- open wound. Lacerations or small puncture wounds near the site of a bone fracture are considered open fractures T- tenderness. Gently touch alongside the bone S- swelling. Happens rapidly

signs and symptoms of a stroke

F- Ask them to smile A- Ask victims to raise arms while closing their eyes S- Ask victim to repeat a simple phase. Words slur or cannot speak at all T- time

Signs and symptoms of a stroke.

F- Face A- Arms S- speech T-time

incomplete fractures that usually happen in children bc their bones haven't completely developed

Greenstick fracture

If you see a penetrating object such as a knife or other sharp object, what should you do?

If the penetrating object is still in place, stabilize the object against movement and control bleeding by placing bulky dressings around it. DO NOT remove the object. 2. Call 9-1-1

Treatment for closed abdominal injuries

If unresponsive, place the person in the recovery position with the legs bent (ie, the fetal position). 2. If responsive, place the person in a comfortable, side-lying position with the legs slightly bent. Be prepared for potential vomiting. 3. Call 911

symptoms and signs of elbow fractures

Immediate swelling • Severe pain • Possible visible deformity; compare it with the uninjured elbow • Restricted, painful motion • Numbness or coldness of the hand and fingers below the elbow

Additional signs and symptoms that may indicate a fracture:

Loss of function of the injured part, Guarding, Crepitus, DO NOT move the injured extremity in an attempt to detect it. • Person reports a history of injury that includes a serious incident, or having heard or felt the bone snap"

Is it ok to give salt tablets to a muscle with muscle cramps?

NO

If a person has a pelvic injury, do you roll them over?

NO! Keep them lying on their back.

symptoms of a dislocated joint

Obvious deformity compared with the opposite, uninjured joint, Tenderness, Severe pain, Swelling, Inability to move the injured part, Numbness or impaired circulation of the extremity

RICE procedure stands for

R- rest I- Ice C-compression E- elevate

Treatment for a muscle strain:

RICE

For a broken bone, if EMS is delayed, do the:

RICE procedure, stabilize the injured part with a splint, check for CSM before and after splinting to avoid tightness

Treatment for contusions:

RICE. Seek medical help if someone's bruise is larger than the size of the palm.

Explain the cause of changes in responsiveness

S- sugar (glucose levels), seizures (regular or epileptic), stroke, shock T- too low (hypothermia) or too high (heat stroke) O- oxygen. Inadequate oxygen P- poisoning, pressure. Drug/alcohol overdose, carbon monoxide poisoning, head injury

causes of changes in responsiveness

S- sugar, seizures, stroke, shock T-temperature O-oxygen P- poisoning, pressure

Signs and symptoms of a cramp

Sudden severe muscle pain. A muscle, often the calf muscle, that feels hard because of muscle contraction, Residual discomfort, which may last for a few hours

"is a form of stroke that occurs when a part of the brain is deprived of oxygen-rich blood long enough to cause symptoms but not long enough to cause permanent damage." MAJOR SIGN THAT A MAJOR STROKE WILL OCCUR

TIA

A hollow organ rupture (eg;the stomach or intestines) spills the contents of the organ into the abdominal cavity, causing inflammation. Solid organ rupture (eg, of the liver or spleen) results in severe internal bleeding.

abdominal injuries

risk factors for heart disease that you cannot change

age, sex, heredity

another word for self splint

anatomic splint

chest pain that results when blood flow to the heart muscle is restricted, but not completely blocked

angina pectoris

explain movement in upper extremity

ask the person to wiggle their fingers

a blood thinner

aspirin

"a chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways."

asthma

chronic, inflammatory lung disease characterized by repeated breathing conditions

asthma

wheezing is a symptom of

asthma

buildup of plaque on arteries

atherosclerosis

signs and symptoms of sucking chest wound

blood bubbling out of a chest wound during exhalation and sucking sound heard during inhalations

If you think there's a fracture, what should you do if the extremity looks blue

call 911

CSM stands for

circulation, sensation, and movement

most frequently fractured bone in the body

clavicle

occur when the internal abdominal tissues are damaged but the skin is unbroken AKA blunt injuries

closed abdominal injuries

bruise that results from a blow to the muscle

contusion

drugs that affect the blood supply

coronary vasodilators

occurs when a muscle goes into an uncontrolled spasm and contraction

cramp

a grating sensation felt and sometimes even heard when the ends of a broken bone rub together

crepitus

the person refuses to use the injured part when motion produces pain

guarding

"occurs when a clot prevents blood from flowing to a part of the heart."

heart attack

When blood supply is cut of, a _______ occurs.

heart attack, Myocardial infarction (MI)

"About 15% of all strokes happen when a blood vessel ruptures in or near the brain. stroke is often associated with a very severe headache, nausea, and vomiting. Usually the symptoms appear suddenly."

hemorrhagic stroke

fracture of the upper end of the femur

hip fracture

excessive blood glucose levels. Not giving them enough insulin or any at all. To cure this, they need insulin or sugar

hyperglycemia

"Excessively fast breathing that occurs during emotional distress is called"

hyperventilation

low blood glucose levels. Giving themselves too much insulin. To cure this, they need sugar

hypoglycemia

Any ligament or bone injury on the _______ ankle represents a serious condition and should be seen by medical care ASAP.

inner

If they didn't respond to low sugar or hypoglycemia then it can result in this which is life threatening

insulin shock

"This type of stroke occurs when blood vessels to the brain become nar- rowed or clogged with fatty deposits called plaque, cutting off blood flow to brain cells. High blood pressure is the most important risk factor and can be controlled. the most common type of stroke and account for about 85% of all strokes. usually occur at night or first thing in the morning."

ischemic strokes

where two or more bones come together

joint

Sprains are _______ related bc it involves a _________.

joint, ligament

"A soft splint, such as a pillow, is useful mainly for stabilizing fractures of the lower

leg or forearm

Bones are held together at joints by tough bands called

ligaments

Explain sensation in upper extremity

lightly touch or squeeze the person's finger while their eyes are closed, and ask the person which one he thinks is being squeezed

transient ischemic attack (TIA) is also known as

little stroke

A hip fracture is NOT of the

pelvis

open chest injury, impaled or imbedded objects in chest

penetrating chest injury

signs and symptoms of a shoulder dislocation

person holds the upper arm away from the body, supported by the uninjured arm (occurs in about 95% of shoulder dislocations; this position differentiates a dislocation from a fracture of the humerus, in which the person holds the arm against the chest) • The dislocated arm cannot be brought across the chest wall to touch the opposite shoulder (ie, the sling position) • Extreme pain in the shoulder area • Shoulder looks squared off, rather than rounded

Signs and symptoms:

person reports blow to muscle, swelling, tenderness, pain, black and blue mark appearing hours later

having to do with the ribs: fluid can result in

pneumonia

(evisceration) refers to a severe injury to the abdomen in which internal organs escape or protrude from the wound

protruding organ injury

to minimize further injury by holding a body part to prevent movement

stabilize

the occurrence of 2 or more seizures without a period of complete consciousness between them

status epilepticus

a brain injury due to bleeding in the brain tissue or to a blockage of blood flow, causing permanent damage

stroke

cerebral vascular accident is another word for

stroke

occurs when there is a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain.

stroke

results when a chest wound allows air to pass into and out of the chest with each breath. Bubbles may be seen at the wound during exha- lations and a sucking sound heard during inhalations

sucking chest wound

"A cravat tied around the body to decrease movement of a part."

swathe

A folded triangular bandage known as a cravat can be used as a _______ (binder) in conjuction with a sling

swathe

sudden, brief loss of responsiveness not associated with a head injury is

syncope, fainting, or psychogenic shock

"which is inflammation of a tendon (cord that attaches muscle to bone) caused by overuse"

tendinitis

cord that attaches muscle to bone

tendon

results from sharp, quick twists of the wrist, inflammation of the tendons

tennis elbow

most commonly broken bones in the body

the three bones that make up the finger

Reasons to splint:

to reduce pain, prevent damage to nerves, muscles, and blood vessels, prevent a closed fracture from becoming an opened fracture, reduce bleeding and swelling