First Civilizations
Ardi
"Ardi" was a female Ardipithecus ramidus hominid found in Ethiopia in the year 1994. "Ardi" is an older hominid than Lucy", however it was a more complete skeleton. "Ardi" was also six more inches taller and twice the weight of "Lucy". 4400000
Lucy
"Lucy" was a very earlier hominid called an Australopithecus, meaning "southern ape" that changed the beliefs of many evolutionist. "Lucy" was a 3ft 7inches and weighed 64lbs. Many evolutionist believed that hominids started to standing up so that they could use tools. However "Lucy" changed the beliefs of those people because archaeologist have never found any tools associated with this type of hominid. This species of hominid is believed by many to have a very small brain. This skeleton was found in Ethiopia in the year of 1947, by Donald Johanson. 3.5 million
Revisionist
(Jarod Diamond, UCLA, medicine, he uses fossils ) a newer version of agriculture, human health suffers due to agriculture
Mesolithic Age
(middle stone age) 10,000 bc to 7,000 bc gradual shift from hunting to gathering
Art
* Architects built temples and pyramids as places for worship or sacrifice, or for the burial of kings, and other important people * depictions of what people looked liked and the stories of nature * depictions of things they worshipped and rulers
What are disadvantages of hunting and gathering
* They have to move with the herds * They never are sure they have food * they had to find what they ate * never been productive way * takes time * no certainty of where the game with land * gahtering-is done by women productive way of gathering however it does not give it enough caleriuos * a lot of work
Government
* With growing populations the people's need for defense and maintaining food supplies led to governments. * Governments made regulations and organized human activity * They were the ones that negotiate with other populations and civilizations * monarchs lead societies-kingd, queens.
Things that started to make Early civilizations
* at first people lived in small nomadic groups. These were simple and helped the people survive * People then settled in permanent villages and the culture became more complex. * gradually the more complex cultures developed into a new form of human society-civilization
Social Structure
* based on economic power. * upper class wanted jewelry and pottery which encouraged artisans and craftsmen to create new products. As urban populations exported finished goods to neighboring populations in change for raw materias, organized trade began to grow. transfer of new technology such as metal for tools, new farming techniques from one region * other civilizations came in contact with each other and led to trade * Early river valley civilizations developed independently Each one was based on development connected to agriculture revolution of Neolithic Age and the cities that this revolution helped to produce * civilizations of of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China constituted nothing less thank a revolutionary stage in growth of human society
Cities
* first civilizations were developed in river valley where people do the large-scale farming that was need to support the large populations * More food more people
physical geography
* forest, mountains, valleys, plains, oceans, rivers, beaches, deserts, grasslands * Definition-distinct aspects of the appearance of the earth's surface. The natural tangible properties of landscapes and characteristic of the earth surface. * Natural features of the earth.\
Things that made agriculture bad
* health * malnutrition * disease * People were not eating a variety diet, like the hunter and gatherers were eating * epidemic disease-Imune system is low * Inequality between males and females-men were better than women * famine
Five advantages to Agriculture-domestication of plants and animal-when crops or animals are put to use by human beings and control by humans.
* more efficient * regular/ reliable source of food * food could stored/extra source of food, surplus of food---->time for artwork, technology * people could stay in one place and not move with the herds * people had more free time and could start to specialize in other areas. Artisans, crafts people, leisure time * technology
Writing
* rulers, priests merchants and artisans used writing to keep accurate records. * also for creative uses, literature * The Inca Peru relied on well trained memory experts to keep track of their important matters.
Religion
* some historians believed that people had religion to explain the forces of nature and their roles int he world( I don't believe) * Priest-supervised rituals that were made to try and get the people they worshiped on their side. * priest were given special powers, divine, some rulers even said they were divine
Reason we learn about the past?
*lets us learn about why we are the way we are *The idea of promoting tolerance and appreciation *
characteristics of civilization
1. Cities 2. government 3. religion 4. social structure 5. writing 6. art
Three themes-there are parallel between the past and present
1.) Belief--religion 2.) order-authority 3.)Geography(Environment)
Understanding of fossils and artifacts
1.) by looking at artifacts such as pottery, tools, and weapons they learned about to social and military structure of a society 2.) By examining bones, shin, and even plants seeds they learned the diet and activities
Iron age
1000bc iron became the leading metal used
Bronze age
3,000 bc to 1200 bc bronze was the leading metal used
globe
3d, to scale model of the earth
The cradles
Ancient Mesopotamia(Middle East) Prehistory Ancient China Ancient India
Ardipithecus
Ardipithecus was one of the earlist hominids. They were omnivours and had teeth that were made to easily eat this time of diet. There were two types ramidus and kadabba. Ardi means ground/floor. The difference between hominids before this one was that they did not have big toes however this one did. Smaller brain then the hominids to come after it. This hominid was also different from earlier hominids because the males seemed to not be as aggressive with each other. They had obtained social behaviors. They died off probably because of new species that came. They lived in Ethiopia and Africa. 5600000 to 4000000
Australopithecus Afarensis
Australopithecus Afarensis was a very early species of hominid. The actual meaning of this homind is "southern ape." The skeleton of "Lucy" was this part of species. This homind walked up-right but nevery made any tools. This hominid had a very small brain and an extended forward jaw. Australopithecus Afarensis lived in southern and eastern Africa. Some people believe that this type of hominid dead off because it never developed the ability to hunt. 3900000to 2900000 *dont believe
interpretations
History peoples interpretations of what happened in the past
Homo habilis
Homo Habilis lived in Eastern and Southern Africa about 2.4 million and 1.4 million years ago. Homo Habilis means handy human. They had short bodies with long arms and their brains were half the size of a Homo Sapien. Scientist believe that Homo Habilis were the first to make tools for specific purposes, like choppers(used to skin animals) and knifes for hunting, chisels and scrapers. No one knows exactly how Homo Habilis was extinct but many scientist believe that a combination of climate change and lack of food killed them off. *dont believe
Homo Sapiens Sapiens
Homo sapiens sapiens evolved in Africa in between the years 200,000 to 150,000 years ago. This hominid came from the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens sapiens means "wise, wise man". This species was the first to have a similar anatomy as humans today. Every human today is part of this subgroup of humans. This hominid used and made many tools such as the bow and arrow, spears, harpoons, fishhooks, and hand axes. Homo sapiens sapiens have never become extinct. They lived during the time period that Neanderthals are thought to have lived on the Earth, however they were able to overcome that species. Homo sapiens sapiens ventured everywhere around the world in the search of new hunting grounds, and resources. Also the need to move around the globe came from curiosity of humans due to the growth of the brain.
Homo sapiens sapiens
Homo sapiens sapiens evolved in Africa in between the years 200,000 to 150,000 years ago. This hominid came from the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens sapiens means "wise, wise man". This species was the first to have a similar anatomy as humans today. Every human today is part of this subgroup of humans. This hominid used and made many tools such as the bow and arrow, spears, harpoons, fishhooks, and hand axes. Homo sapiens sapiens have never become extinct. They lived during the time period that Neanderthals are thought to have lived on the Earth, however they were able to overcome that species. Homo sapiens sapiens ventured everywhere around the world in the search of new hunting grounds, and resources. Also the need to move around the globe came from curiosity of humans due to the growth of the brain.
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens, meaning "wise humans" were the first hominids to master fire and have rapid brain growth. Two other hominids came from Homo sapiens; Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens. This type of hominid looked very similar to humans now a days. They used tools like the hominids used before them and made more. Homo sapiens migrated around the world but did not make it as far as Homo sapiens sapiens. They went extinct probably due the new hominids that had more brain growth. There are some theories that they died off beacsue they lost all of there hunting grounds due to the new hominids that evolves from them. The used more advanced things like antlers and bones. "projectile points, engraving tools, knife blades, and drilling and piercing tools" quoted from wikipedia. 200000 to 100000 i dont believe
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens, meaning "wise humans" were the first hominids to master fire and have rapid brain growth. Two other hominids came from Homo sapiens; Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens. This type of hominid looked very similar to humans now a days. They used tools like the hominids used before them and made more. Homo sapiens migrated around the world but did not make it as far as Homo sapiens sapiens. They went extinct probably due the new hominids that had more brain growth. There are some theories that they died off because they lost all of there hunting grounds due to the new hominids that evolves from them. The used more advanced things like antlers and bones. "projectile points, engraving tools, knife blades, and drilling and piercing tools" quoted from wikipedia.
Neanderthals in Germany
In Germany are where the earliest remains of the Neanderthals have been found. Other remains of Neanderthals have been found in Europe and Turkey. Neanderthals look just like us, just hairier. Neanderthals are a kind of Homo Sapien. Neanderthals seem to be the earliest humans to bury their dead. This is evidence that they believed in an afterlife. The reason Neanderthals went extinct is because of the conflicts with the Homo Sapiens Sapiens.100000 to 30000 *i dont believe
What were the early civilizations
Indus valley, Yellow river valley, Mesopotamia, Sumer, Egyptian
Paleolithic age(timerime)
Paleolithic Age 2502012 to12012 The Paleolithic Age was the time period was a time period when hominids used and made stone tools. Paleolothic actually means "old stone." *dont believe
first use of stone tools
Scientis believe that the first make tools were Homo Habilis. These tools were used to make life easier for them. They were invented roughly around 1900000 years ago. There are many kinds of tools like choppers and knifes and chisels and scrapers and each one has a different purpose like a chopper is used to skin animals and knifes are used to hunt. Without these tools we may not be were we are to day in technology. *dont believe
8,000 bc to 5,000 bc
Southwest Asia- growing wheat and barley, domestic pigs, cows, goats, and sheep
Homo erectus
The Homo erectus, meaning upright human, lived from 1.8 million to 100,000 years ago. This hominid was especially known for having proportional legs and arms to humans now a days. Some remains found in Asia support the idea that this type of hominid is believed by some to have been the first to leave Africa. Homo erectus first hominid to have learned to use fire. The tools used by Homo erectus were rather primitive, but they also may have been the first hominid to create rafts. The reason for the extinction of Homo erectus is not clear. Some people think that it just died off, while others think it evolved into another hominid. *dont believe This is all a theory/interpretation. What happened it the past is in.
First migration
The first hominids to leave africa were the Homo Erectus about 1800000 years ago. Homo Sapien Sapien spread out of Africa about 100000 years ago, replacing earlier hominids in Europe and Asia, like the Neanderthals. These hominids and more migrated out of Africa for food and land. And for these hominids to have gotten to other countries they must have invented some kind of boat or an ice age was in the processes. *dont believe
Modern migration out of Africa
The first hominids to leave africa were the Homo Erectus about 1800000 years ago. Homo sapiens sapiens spread out of Africa about 100000 years ago, replacing earlier hominids in Europe and Asia, like the Neanderthals. These hominids and more migrated out of Africa for food and land. And for these hominids to have gotten to other countries they must have invented some kind of boat or an ice age was in the processes.
Ice age
The most recent Ice age happened around 10,000 to 8,000 years ago. The first ice age is believed by some scientist to have happened 2.4 billion years ago. There have been 11 different ice ages. This ice age was a bit different from past ice ages. This ice age caused made the earth very cold and dry and with that brought a drought in the Middle East. Due to this drought plants and animals started to die of and humans had to find a way to survive. The solution was the development of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals.
Carbon dating
The way scientist date fossils using the number of Carbon 14s in a fossil to find when that living organism lived. Less carbon 14 means that the artifact is older.
globe vs map
The world is round and so maps are not good to look at. Why is the map wrong. It needs to be three dimensional object. Maps distort things Maps are easy and compact.More detailed . Globes are inconvenient and it is not detailed enough. The world is round and so maps are not good to look at. Why is the map wrong. It needs to be three dimensional object. Maps distort things Maps are easy and compact.More detailed . Globes are inconvenient and it is not detailed enough.
Neolithic Revolution
after Ice age, revolution occurred of agriculture and the domestication of animals 8,000 bc to 4,000bc
progressivist
agriculture a great thing, human life is/was getting better
Fossil
an impression made in the earth left by a living or a remain of the living thing.
fossils
are rocklike remains of biological organisms- a leaf imprint or a skeleton
What appears to be the earliest hominid
australopithecus
artisans
came to be which were shilled workers, making goods to trade
first metal used in 4,000 bc
copper
start for the end of the neolithic age
crafts people started heating metal bearing rocks, the liquid was than poured into molds, marked new level of control of environment
middle class
crafts people, artisans, free people, farmers
longitude
distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees
Latitude
distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees
absolute location
exact location of a place on earth as described by global coordinates
fertile crescent
explosion of civilization Eurasia
4000 bc
farming well established in central Europe and mediterranean sea
What was the most important discovery of the paleolithic Era
fire
map
flat earth
Are maps or are globes better to look at
globes are more precise
Prehistory
history of human beings before writing
Which hominid was the first to migrate out of africa
homo erectus
To what subgroup of humas do humans today belong to
homo sapiens sapiens
Types Of Geography
human geography, physical geography
What means did paleolithic peoples use to acquire their food
hunting and gathering
equator
imaginary line that runs around the earth halfway between the north and south pole; used as the starting point to measure the degrees north and south latitudes
compass rose
indicates direction
Mesoamericans
inhabitants of mexico, central america
Civilization
is a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common element. There are six most important characteristics of civilization.
Anthropology
is the study of human lives and cultures
Archaeology
is the study of past societies through analysis of what people left behind
purpose for writing
keeping records
fertile crescent
lies on latitude where plants thrive and animals and plants already there. MIddle East
Prime meridian
line of the global grid running from the north pole to the south pole,
relative location
location of one place according to the location of another
inequality
men started to become more dominant
What type of rulers led the first government
monarchy
purpose for government
need for defense, maintain food, protection of food and land, organization and regulations, provide services and taxes
Neolithic is greek for
new stone
Cardinal directions
north , south, east, west
Artifacts
objects made by humans, Artifacts may be tools, weapons, and even buildings
Domestication
of animals, adapting them for human use
Jericho
oldest city southwest asia
parallel
one of many lines on the global grid that circles the Earth north or south of the Equator; used to measure degrees of latitude
meridian
one of many lines on the global gris running from the north pole to the south pole, use to measure the degrees of longitude
The development of new material also encouraged the development of
organized trade
louis leakey and May leakey
paleo anthropologists searched in africa, found olduvai gorge-1.8 mil * i dont believe
effect of artisans
people learned walls were for protection storehouses for goods trade division of labor
Systematic Agriculture
people used to have to move with the herds but this way caused them to have a regular food source
nomads
people who move from place to place
purpose of cities
rich soil in one place, more food, people migrate into cities
upper class
rulers, priests, warriors, government officals
scale bar
shows relationship between map measurements and actual distances
lower class
slaves
problems with domestication
social classes, inequality, disease, malnutrition,
Neolithic change
societies became more complex and wealthier to protect wealth came armies and city walls people mainly lived in river valleys
Artifact
something that is man-made
huma geography
study of humans and why they are on the earth
Main reason for civilization
surplus of food
6,000 bc
the cultivation of wheat and barley spread into Nile Valley of Egypt they then spread up to the Nile to Africa-Sudan and Ethiopia
Culture
the way a particular group of people adapts to their environment and background.
describe one similarity between prehistoric man and ourselves
they value new inventions
Why did early civilizations develop religion
to explain the forces of nature and their role in the world ****i dont believe
What were the three levels of society
upper class, middle class, lower class
Homo erectus tools
used wood, bamboo, and stone tools
Catalhuyuk
very large civilization in Turkey
Hominid
was a humanlike creature that walked upright, 4 mil years *i dont believe
purpose of social structure
wealth and function of land
Prehistory is the period before-------was developed
writing
