First Exam Safety 345

What is ALARP?

As Low As Reasonable Practicable: Tolerable Risk

Safety- Supervisor's Safety Manual

Better production without injury and waste from accidents

What are core values?

Core values are those ideals that form the foundation on which the organization conducts itself.

why is it important for senior leaderships to support safety as a core value?

Core values are those ideals that form the foundation on which the organization conducts itself.

Basic concept of insurance

Distributing the financial risk among participant policy holders•

What is the Hierarchy of controls?

Elimination, substitution, engineering controls, Administrative controls, PPE

Who retains authority and accountability for quality and safety within a company?

FAA

First Federal Act to improve safety

Federal Aviation Act of 1958

Final step of SRM process

Implantation and evaluation

What entity was entrusted with the responsibility over the Aviation Safety Reporting System?

NASA

Accident

Occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and all such persons have disembarked, and in which any person suffers death or serious injury, or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage

Difference between Civil Acft and Public

Public Acft: aircraft used only for the United States Government, or an aircraft owned and operated (except for commercial purposes) or exclusively leased for at least 90 continuous days by a government other than the United States Government, including a State, the District of Columbia, a territory or possession of the United States, or a political subdivision of that government. "Public aircraft" does not include a government-owned aircraft transporting property for commercial purposes and does not include a government-owned aircraft transporting passengers civil act: any aircraft other than a public aircraft.

What are differences between reactive, proactive, and predictive efforts?

Reactive:Incident analysis, determination of contributory factors and findings as to risks Proactive:Mandatory and voluntary reporting systems, safety audits, and surveys Predictive:Confidential reporting systems, flight data analysis, normal operations monitoring

Hazard identification process of SRM

SRM panel researches available data sources prior to the meeting •NTSB accident database •FAA ASAIS database •NASA ASRS database •Company database(s) •Industry colleagues and trade associations

What accident led to the creation of the Aviation Safety Reporting Program? And why did it fail during its first year?

TWA flight 514. Program inadequacy due to FAA ownership and lack of trust

Risk

The composite of predicted severity and likelihood of the potential effect of a hazard

SMS

The formal, top-down, organization-wide approach to managing safety risk and assuring the effectiveness of safety risk controls. It includes systematic procedures, practices, and policies for the management of safety risk.

When did the FAA begin to acknowledge and then require SMS?

They acknowledged it early 1990's. It is required by March 2018

what is the fly-crash-fix-fly approach to safety? What period was it the leading safety management approach?

We would fly airplanes, have the occasional unfortunate crash, and we would investigate the cause(s) to prevent it from happening again. 60's-70's

Safety-Wood R.

a) "Safety is not a moral problem or an ethical problem or a pain and suffering problem. It is an economic problem. b) "Safety, by itself, generates a lot of sympathy, but very little action. Only the economics of safety generate action."

Safety-Merriam Webster

a) the condition of being safe from undergoing or causing hurt, injury, or loss b) a device (as on a weapon or a machine) designed to prevent inadvertent or hazardous operation

Fatal Injury

any injury which results in death within 30 days of the accident.

Substantial Damage

damage or failure which adversely affects the structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics of the aircraft, and which would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component.

Aircraft mishap used within which entity(s)?

military aviation

Unmanned Acft Accident

occurrence associated with the operation of any public or civil unmanned aircraft system that takes place between the time that the system is activated with the purpose of flight and the time that the system is deactivated at the conclusion of its mission, in which: (1) Any person suffers death or serious injury; or (2) The aircraft has a maximum gross takeoff weight of 300 pounds or greater and sustains substantial damage

Incident

occurrence other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operations.

What are the four triggering conditions to initiate an SRM Panel?

•(a) Implementation of new systems. •(b) Revision of existing systems. •(c) Development of operational procedures. •(d) Identification of hazards or ineffective risk controls through the safety assurance processes in subpart D of this part.

Early management practices:

•1/3 time exhorting and cajoling •1/3 with a clipboard trying to "catch" •1/3 investigating accidents

What was the significance of the Federal Act of 1958?

•CAA becomes the Federal Aviation Agency: Rulemaking and enforcement authority CAB retains its responsibility for accident investigation

Key Safety initiatives resulting from the 1995 Aviation Safety Summit:

•Director of Safety position at all airline operators •Increased regulation of 14 CFR 135 operators •Creation of the FAA Office of System Safety •Improvements in flight data recorder technologies •Groundwork laid for several voluntary safety programs with an increased focused on prediction and prevention

"... in a structure scaled appropriately to the operational risk,..."

•Factors to consider (not all inclusive): Operation type-E.g. 121 air carrier compared to a 137 agricultural application operator •Organization size: E.g. 121 air carrier with two aircraft compared to the "Legacy" major air carriers •Operation environments:E.g. 135 air taxi in SoCal compared to Alaska 135

Reasons elements of an effective safety culture

•Informed culture: People are knowledgeable about the human, technical, organizational, and environmental factors that determine the safety of a system as a whole

uninsured costs associated with accidents or incidents

•Insurance deductibles •Lost time & overtime •Interruption in flight/work schedules •Management and investigation team workload •Liability claims beyond insurance coverage •Company reputation •Hiring & training replacements •Replacement equipment

Actions or contexts that are not protected from disciplinary or enforcement action:

•Intentional violation of FAA regulation or willful disregard for safety •Criminal activities •Substance abuse•Use of alcohol •Use of controlled substances• Intentional falsification of records

6 reasons for safety

•Needless destruction of life and health is morally unjustified .•Failure to take action on predictable accidents makes managers & workers morally responsible. •Productivity loss•Social harm •Safety promotes efficiency •"It's the Law"

what are the four elements of SMS component 1?

•Safety policy •Safety accountability and authority •Designation and responsibilities of required safety management personnel •Coordination of emergency response planning

Business Case for Safety Programs-Reasons

•Safety to save money:•ROI of safety programs •Government mandated: For example (far from an all inclusive list)•OSHA hazard communication program•Workers' compensation •Penalty is greater than the costs of improvements •Civil liability & tort claims •Insurance incentives

Attributes of an effective safety culture?

•Senior management established safety as a core value, through words and actions •Maintaining a sense of vulnerability (recognition of the potential outcomes) •Trust and honesty permeate the organization •Hazards and risks identification are respected, and are activelysought •High standards of performances are established and measured •The responsibility for safety is shared

What are the 6 steps in Safety Risk Management?

•Step 1: System analysis •Step 2: Hazard identification •Step 3: Risk analysis •Step 4: Risk assessment •Step 5: Risk control and mitigation •Step 6: Implementation* and evaluation

ICAO

"The state in which the possibility of harm to persons or property damage is reduced to, and maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard identification and risk management."

Safety-FAA

"The state in which the risk of harm to persons or property damage is acceptable."

Serious injury

(1) Requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours, commencing within 7 days from the date of the injury was received; (2) results in a fracture of any bone (except simple fractures of fingers, toes, or nose); (3) causes severe hemorrhages, nerve, muscle, or tendon damage; (4) involves any internal organ; or (5) involves second- or third-degree burns, or any burns affecting more than 5 percent of the body surface.

How to "Speak" safety to varying audiences

1. Safety managers/directors/analysts/leaders must be able to adapt their "safety language" to the intended audience •Line personnel •Ramp personnel •Gate agents•Line MX•Aircrews •Inspectors representing regulatory authorities•Line managers/supervisors • The C-suite: •CEO, CFO, CIO

What regulation provides protections for voluntarily submitted safety information?

14 CFR 193

Which type(s) of certificated operators are required to have an SMS, and by when?

14 CFR 5 •121 operators must have an SMS by March 2018 •135 operators, not required yet •141 operators, not required •145 repair stations, not required yet

When was the DOT formed?

1966

When did the NTSB became an independent agency?

1974

Names of SMS components

1:Safety Policy 2:Safety Risk Management 3:Safety Assurance 4:Safety Promotion

Hazard

A condition that could foreseeably cause or contribute to an aircraft accident as defined in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR) part 830, § 830.2.

SRM

A process within the SMS composed of describing the system, identifying the hazards, and analyzing, assessing, and controlling risk.

Whats the difference between accountability and blame?

Accountability:Someone is responsible and answerable for an activity Blame:An accountability deserving of censure, discipline, or other penalty.

Which company role is the only one that could potentially accept an intolerable level risk?

Accountable Executive