Fluid and acid-base balance
How many hydrogen ions must be secreted into the filtrate in order to reabsorb one bicarbonate? 0 1 2 3
1
What percentage of extracellular fluid is accounted for by interstitial fluid and plasma? Reservoirs of water in the human body. -20% -40% -80% -100%
100%
In a typical day, what amount of water is taken by mouth? Average water intake in a given day compared to average water output. 250 milliliters 750 milliliters 1500 milliliters 2250 milliliters
2250 milliliters
The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution? -The hydrogen ion would attach to bicarbonate (HCO3) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). -A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate. -The hydrogen ion would attach to carbonic acid.
A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate.
What type of intravenous infusion would you give to a runner who has collapsed after drinking too much water during the course of her marathon and why? A hypertonic saline solution to pull water out of her cells A hypertonic saline solution to cause more water to enter her cells An isotonic saline solution to pull water out of her cells A hypotonic saline solution to pull water out of her cells
A hypertonic saline solution to pull water out of her cells
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding water intake and output by the body? Average water intake in a given day compared to average water output. An increase in fluid taken by mouth would reduce the amount produced by metabolism. An irritation to the colon the leads to diarrhea would increase the proportion of water lost through feces. An increase in the amount of beverages taken by mouth would increase the urine output. The proportion of fluid lost by the body as sweat would increase during exercise.
An increase in fluid taken by mouth would reduce the amount produced by metabolism.
When the blood becomes acidic (acidosis) and bicarbonate ions have been depleted, new bicarbonate ions must be generated in the plasma. Which of the following is NOT a means for replenishing bicarbonate ions? Buffered hydrogen ions are excreted in urine. Glutamine is metabolized by deamination, oxidation, and acidification. Bicarbonate ions are reclaimed by tubular reabsorption. Ammonium ions are excreted in urine.
Bicarbonate ions are reclaimed by tubular reabsorption.
How does carbonic acid alone directly affect the pH of blood? -Carbonic acid is a strong acid that dramatically lowers blood pH unless immediately neutralized by a buffer. -Carbonic acid does not significantly affect blood pH. -Carbonic acid is a strong acid that, if added to blood, causes the pH to rise. -Carbonic acid acts as a buffer by binding to a strong acid, producing a weak acid and salt, thus lowering blood pH.
Carbonic acid does not significantly affect blood pH.
The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis? -Carbonic acid is converted to bicarbonate, which then buffers the acid. -Carbonic acid is converted to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. -Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled. -Carbonic acid converts a strong acid to a weak acid, thus decreasing acidity.
Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled.
How do physiological buffer systems differ from chemical buffer systems? -Chemical buffer systems convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases, while physiological buffer systems remove acids and bases from the body. -Physiological buffer systems use different compounds than those used by chemical buffer systems. -Physiological buffer systems regulate the pH within specific organs, while chemical buffer systems regulate body fluid pH.- Physiological buffer systems operate faster than chemical buffers, but they are less powerful.
Chemical buffer systems convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases, while physiological buffer systems remove acids and bases from the body
What negatively charged ion is reabsorbed by renal tubules when the blood pH is drawing near its alkaline limit? Cl- PO4-3 NO2- HCO3-
Cl-
Which of these combinations of values would help you determine if your patient was suffering from metabolic acidosis? Decreased PC02 levels in the blood and increased pH levels Decreased blood HCO3- levels and decreased pH Increased PC02 levels in the blood and decreased pH Increased blood HCO3- levels and decreased pH
Decreased blood HCO3- levels and decreased pH
Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts? There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts. Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts. Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts. Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body.
Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
Which of the following statements about fluid movement is NOT correct? Exchanges between plasma and interstitial fluid happen between capillary walls. Under normal circumstances, lymph vessels help maintain fluid balance, especially between the plasma and the interstitial fluid. Exchange between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid occurs across the plasma membrane. Exchange between the plasma and the intracellular fluid occurs across the cell membrane.
Exchange between the plasma and the intracellular fluid occurs across the cell membrane.
This chemical equation shows the reaction of a strong acid and weak base in the bicarbonate buffer system. Provide the products of the following reaction. HCl + NaHCO3 → Comparison of strong and weak acid dissociation in water. H2CO3 + NaCl NaOH + NaH2PO4 NaH2PO4 + NaCl NaHCO3 + H2O
H2CO3 + NaCl
What is the most abundant intracellular cation? Concentration of electrolytes in blood plasma, interstitial, and intracellular fluids. -K+ -HPO42− -Na+ -Cl−
K+
Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids
K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
In a car accident, Jane suffered a chest injury that resulted in impaired breathing and respiratory acidosis. How will her body compensate for this imbalance? Kidneys retain bicarbonate ions. Kidneys retain hydrogen ions. Kidneys eliminate carbon dioxide. Kidneys eliminate bicarbonate ions.
Kidneys retain bicarbonate ions.
Mr. Heyden's low blood pressure will trigger certain compensatory mechanisms. Which statement below best reflects the changes in hormone levels that will occur? Mr. Heyden's ADH will decrease, his aldosterone will increase, and his renin will be unchanged. Mr. Heyden's ADH and renin will decrease, and his aldosterone will increase. Mr. Heyden's ADH will increase, and his aldosterone and renin will decrease. Mr. Heyden's ADH, aldosterone, and renin will increase.
Mr. Heyden's ADH, aldosterone, and renin will increase.
Mr. Heyden's blood K+ levels are high. Which of the following best explains his high K+ levels? Mr. Heyden's increased secretion of aldosterone will cause his K+ levels to increase. Mr. Heyden's increased secretion of ADH will cause his K+ levels to increase. Mr. Heyden's damaged kidneys can no longer adequately remove K+ from his blood. The loss of Mr. Heyden's spleen means that his aged and fragile erythrocytes are not being removed, and so are rupturing in his blood vessels and releasing K+.
Mr. Heyden's damaged kidneys can no longer adequately remove K+ from his blood.
Which of the following chemicals should be added to the solution at (b) in order to create a buffered solution that will resist pH change? Comparison of strong and weak acid dissociation in water. HCl additional H2CO3 Na2CO3 water
Na2CO3
Which of the following substances is a key component of the major buffer system in extracellular fluids? NaHCO3 protein NaOH NaH2PO4
NaHCO3
After treatment with intravenous fluids, Mrs. M. is feeling better and is able to talk with her doctor. She tells you she has finally agreed to have a colostomy −− an operation in which part of her large intestine is removed, leaving an opening on her abdomen (a stoma) where the intestinal contents are emptied into a colostomy bag. She refused this operation for years because her aunt had an ileostomy and struggled with fluid balance and managing her ileostomy bag.In Mrs. M's aunt's ileostomy, all of the large intestine was removed. In Mrs. M's colostomy, only part of the large intestine will be removed. How will water balance be different in patients with an ileostomy versus a colostomy? Choose the best answer. -Patients with a colostomy will have more problems with water balance because they have more intestinal surface to absorb solutes into the blood. -They will have the same kind of problems with water balance because both have had part of their intestines removed. -Patients with an ileostomy will have more problems with water balance because they have less intestinal surface to absorb solutes into the blood.
Patients with an ileostomy will have more problems with water balance because they have less intestinal surface to absorb solutes into the blood.
How do the kidneys deal with alkalosis? Part complete Usually the body needs to excrete excess acid. Sometimes, however, the body is in alkalosis. In the collecting duct, there are special cells (type B intercalated cells) whose sole job is to deal with alkalosis. What would you expect these cells to do? -Secrete bicarbonate ions and reabsorb hydrogen ions -Secrete both hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions -Reabsorb both hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions -Secrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions
Secrete bicarbonate ions and reabsorb hydrogen ions
In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following? -The kidney would increase excretion of both bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. -The kidney will reabsorb both bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. When it reabsorbs the hydrogen ion, it also generates more bicarbonate ions. -The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions.
The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions.
Which of the following is true of a patient with arterial blood pH of 7.6? -The patient has acidosis but is in the normal range. -The patient has alkalosis and is out of the normal homeostatic range. The patient has alkalosis but is in the normal homeostatic range. -The patient has acidosis and is outside of the normal homeostatic range.
The patient has alkalosis and is out of the normal homeostatic range
Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted French fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology? There will be a temporary increase in blood volume. It will cause a prolonged increase in the osmolality of the blood. There will be a shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher side of the pH scale. She will experience hypotension.
There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.
Which of the following is true of electrolytes? -They are produced from water. -They are ionic compounds. -They are held together by covalent bonds. -They do not dissolve in water.
They are ionic compounds
You get the results of Mrs. M's blood tests and see that the osmolarity of her blood is higher than normal. What is the most likely explanation for the increased concentration of Mrs. M's blood? What is the most likely explanation for the increased concentration of Mrs. M's blood? -Body cells have added water to her blood. -Solutes have moved from her intestinal contents into her blood. -Water has moved from her intestinal contents into her blood. -Water has moved from her blood into her intestinal contents, leaving solutes behind.
Water has moved from her blood into her intestinal contents, leaving solutes behind.
If a person exercises for a long time, lactic acid will start to build up in his or her muscles. Which of the following would you expect to happen as the lactic acid first starts to be formed? -More water will move to the muscles to move out the acid. -Weak acids in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change. -More water will move to the muscles to buffer the acid. -Weak bases in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change.
Weak bases in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change.
The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________. the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking excessive amounts of water the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion
a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking excessive amounts of water
Which of the following would NOT be associated with a rise in K+ concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF)? Aldosterone regulation of plasma levels of sodium and potassium. a rise in K+ excretion a drop in Na+ reabsorption stimulation of the adrenal cortex release of aldosterone
a drop in Na+ reabsorption
An increase in blood CO2 levels leads to __________. an increase in blood pH a decreased respiratory rate a decrease in carbonic acid a drop in blood pH
a drop in blood pH
Which of the following is most likely to trigger the release of renin? -an increase in water reabsorption -a drop in blood pressure -an increase in blood pressure -an increase in aldosterone production
a drop in blood pressure
Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________. a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids a runner has completed a very long marathon a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions
a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
In order to buffer a strong acid into a weak acid, which has a less dramatic effect on pH, what chemical should be used as the buffer? Comparison of strong and weak acid dissociation in water. a weak acid a weak base salt water
a weak base
Which of the following is NOT a likely source of hydrogen ions in blood plasma? metabolism of proteins containing phosphorus anaerobic metabolism of glucose metabolism of fats aerobic metabolism of glucose
aerobic metabolism of glucose
Which hormone results in increased blood sodium levels? progesterone PTH ADH aldosterone
aldosterone
Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? glucocorticoids aldosterone water levels ADH
aldosterone
Which of the choices below is NOT an essential role of salts in the body? anabolism of lipids neuromuscular activity secretory activity membrane permeability
anabolism of lipids
Suppose the extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality becomes too high. What hormone would most likely be released to correct this situation? Feedback mechanisms involved with osmotic monitoring and water intake. parathyroid hormone (PTH) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) angiotensin II aldosterone
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Increasing levels of which of the following would result in a decrease in reabsorption in the collecting ducts in the kidneys? angiotensin II atrial natriuretic peptide aldosterone antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
atrial natriuretic peptide
What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? thyroxine atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
The pH of the ECF is maintained in homeostatic balance by which chemical buffer system? -protein -lipid -bicarbonate -phosphate
bicarbonate
What is the primary buffer in the plasma? phosphate buffer system sodium-potassium buffer system bicarbonate buffer system protein buffer system
bicarbonate buffer system
If the thyroid and parathyroid glands are surgically removed, which of the following would go out of balance without replacement therapy? calcium ion levels anion levels sodium ion levels potassium ion levels
calcium ion levels
Which of the following is not an electrolyte? -acid -salt -base -carbohydrate
carbohydrate
Which of the following would NOT be expected to occur as a result of dehydration? Cell responses to osmotic imbalance. hypovolemic shock edema shrinkage of body cells reduced urine flow
edema
For bulk flow across capillary walls, ________. hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of the blood into the interstitial space hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial space returns fluid to the capillary fluid runs into lymphatic capillaries that empty into the interstitial space osmotic pressure of plasma proteins pulls fluid from the capillary into the interstitial space
hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of the blood into the interstitial space
The most important force causing net outward water flow across capillary walls is ________. intracellular hydrostatic pressure osmotic pressure of plasma proteins hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid
hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood
Mrs. M has suffered for many years from ulcerative colitis, a disease in which ulcers and scar tissue form in the lining of the intestine, usually affecting the ileum and/or colon. About a half-hour after eating a large meal, she became acutely ill with a distended abdomen and low blood pressure and finally collapsed. She was brought into the emergency room and diagnosed with a bowel obstruction caused by scar tissue blocking her large intestine. The ER doctor said this obstruction caused a decrease in her blood volume.How could an obstructed bowel make blood volume decrease? This is a matter of osmosis. Normally, when a person eats food, the amount of solutes inside the bowel increases. Choose the appropriate term to fill in the sentence: When Mrs. M ate, her intestinal contents became more concentrated than her blood. This means her intestinal contents were __________ to her blood and her blood was __________ to her intestinal contents. -hyperosmotic; hyposmotic -hyposmotic; hyposmotic -hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic -hyposmotic; hyperosmotic
hyperosmotic; hyposmotic
Which of the following would NOT be expected to lead to edema? inflammation incompetent venous valves hyponatremia hypoproteinemia
hyponatremia
After completing a marathon on a particularly warm day, Dave consumes four liters of water. Soon after, he begins to feel nauseous and starts vomiting. What is likely happening to Dave? hypoproteinemia; unusually low levels of plasma proteins obligatory water loss hyponatremia; very low extracellular sodium ion concentration dehydration
hyponatremia; very low extracellular sodium ion concentration
Which of the following conditions promotes edema? Cell responses to osmotic imbalance. diabetes mellitus hypoproteinemia hemorrhage hyponatremia
hypoproteinemia
What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in both cells and tissue? Cell responses to osmotic imbalance. hypotonic hydration inflammation dehydration edema
hypotonic hydration
Which of the following is NOT involved in triggering the thirst mechanism? Feedback mechanisms involved with osmotic monitoring and water intake. increase in blood pressure decrease in blood volume detection of increased osmolality by osmoreceptors dry mouth
increase in blood pressure
What results from increased levels of aldosterone? Aldosterone regulation of plasma levels of sodium and potassium. increased Na+ reabsorption increased Ca2+ reabsorption decreased Na+ reabsorption increased K+ reabsorption
increased Na+ reabsorption
What is a likely result of rapidly consuming excessive quantities of electrolytes? increased aldosterone production increased blood pressure decreased blood pressure decreased sensation of thirst
increased blood pressure
What might be a sign that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism is NOT producing enough aldosterone? increased blood volumeincreased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) productionincreased excretion of water and NaClNaCl in urineincreased blood pressure
increased excretion of water and NaClNaCl in urine
Which of the following is NOT a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin? increased extracellular fluid water levels decreased filtrate NaCl concentration decreased stretch of the granular cells of the afferent arterioles sympathetic stimulation
increased extracellular fluid water levels
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for dehydration? vomiting increased muscle mass a high rate of insensible water loss inefficient kidneys
increased muscle mass
An illness causes Doug to experience severe diarrhea and an accompanying loss of bicarbonate-rich secretions. How can this metabolic acidosis be compensated? enhanced sodium ion loss in urine increased respiratory rate and depth increased renin secretion hypoventilation
increased respiratory rate and depth
Which age group most commonly has fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance issues? infants young adults growing children the elderly
infants
Which of the following does NOT serve as a source of acids in the body? ingesting of bicarbonate CO2 in the blood fat metabolism aerobic breakdown of glucose
ingesting of bicarbonate
In the case of edema, excess fluid is held in which fluid compartment(s)? intracellular fluid blood plasma interstitial fluid intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid
interstitial fluid
he majority of the fluid in the body is the __________. -plasma -interstitial fluid -electrolytic fluid -intracellular fluid
intracellular fluid
In which compartment of the body is the majority of water stored? Reservoirs of water in the human body. -intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment -interstitial fluid (IF) -plasma -extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment
intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment
The regulation of potassium balance ________. is not linked to sodium balance is accomplished mainly by hepatic mechanisms involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium includes renal secretion, but never absorption
involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium
The regulation of sodium ________. is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus is linked to blood pressure involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys
is linked to blood pressure
The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________. requires active transport is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces requires ATP for the transport to take place always involves filtration
is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
Which organs are most important for the long-term regulation of acid-base homeostasis? gastrointestinal tract organs kidneys lungs cardiovascular organs
kidneys
Angiotensinogen is constantly produced by the __________. -atrial cells of the heart -adrenal cortex -kidney -liver
liver
The most important renal mechanism for regulating acid-base balance of the blood involves __________. maintaining HCO3 - balance maintaining water balance maintaining phosphate balance maintaining CO2 balance
maintaining HCO3 - balance
Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis respiratory alkalosis
metabolic acidosis
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 25 mmHg, and HCO3 − = 18 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance? -metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation -respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation -metabolic acidosis with no compensation -metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation? -respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation -metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation -metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation -respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be. -respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation -metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation -respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation -metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
A patient is breathing slowly, and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? metabolic alkalosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis
metabolic alkalosis
Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances? -metabolic acidosis -respiratory acidosis -metabolic alkalosis -respiratory alkalosis
metabolic alkalosis
Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance? -metabolic alkalosis -metabolic acidosis -respiratory acidosis -respiratory alkalosis
metabolic alkalosis
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.5, pCO2 = 45 mmHg, and HCO3 −− = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance? -metabolic alkalosis with no compensationrespiratory -acidosis with metabolic compensationmetabolic -alkalosis with respiratory compensationrespiratory -alkalosis with metabolic compensation
metabolic alkalosis with no compensation
A friend has acid indigestion after eating a big meal. Which of the following would act as a buffer and help ease his pain? -milk of magnesia, with a pH of 10 -black coffee, with a pH of 5 -pure water, with a pH of 7 -cola, with a pH of 3
milk of magnesia, with a pH of 10
When a strong acid such as HCl is added to the carbonic acid buffer system, _________. carbonic acid is converted into bicarbonate more carbonic acid is formed hydrochloric acid is neutralized by sodium hydroxide the blood plasma pH is reduced
more carbonic acid is formed
When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are low, ________. a small volume of concentrated urine is excreted most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed nearly all of the filtered water is reabsorbed aquaporins are inserted into the collecting duct principal cell apical membranes
most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed
Insufficient parathyroid hormone production in the body could result in ________. kidney stones muscle twitching cardiac arrhythmia muscle weakness
muscle twitching
Which of the following is NOT a chemical buffer system? nitrogen protein bicarbonate phosphate
nitrogen
Increased levels of which of the following stimulates the thirst mechanism driving increased water intake? antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aldosterone glucose concentration osmolality of extracellular fluid
osmolality of extracellular fluid
Which of the following blood workups would most likely demonstrate metabolic acidosis? pH: 7.55; PCO2: 30 mmHg; HCO3 -: 20 mEq/L pH: 7.50; PCO2: 50 mmHg; HCO3 -: 30 mEq/L pH: 7.33; PCO2: 30 mmHg; HCO3 -: 20 mEq/L pH: 7.33; PCO2: 50 mmHg; HCO3 -: 30 mEq/L
pH: 7.33; PCO2: 30 mmHg; HCO3 -: 20 mEq/L
Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid. iron bicarbonate chloride potassium
potassium
The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________. potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells intracellular sodium levels the pH of the intracellular fluid
potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid
What is the most significant direct effect of aldosterone release? -reabsorption of sodium in kidney tubules -stimulate renin production via juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys -activation of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I -rapid drop in blood pressure
reabsorption of sodium in kidney tubules
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________. enhance atrial contractions prevent pH changes caused by organic acids reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism
reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
ECF osmolality is primarily dependent on __________. relative quantities of sodium and water water content of the body only sodium content of the body only blood pressure
relative quantities of sodium and water
Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest? -renal system -respiratory system -chemical buffer system
renal system
A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis respiratory alkalosis respiratory acidosis
respiratory acidosis
Which acid-base imbalance would be caused by over accumulation of CO2 in the blood? metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis
respiratory acidosis
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO3 − = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance? -metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation -respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation -respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation -metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation? -respiratory alkalosis; kidneys will retain more H+ and excrete HCO3 − -respiratory acidosis; hyperventilation -metabolic acidosis; hypoventilation by the lungs -respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO3− and excrete H+
respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO3 − and excrete H+
Nancy is experiencing an acute panic attack. While hyperventilating, she remembers to open a paper bag and breathe into it. What is Nancy trying to prevent? respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis metabolic acidosis respiratory alkalosis
respiratory alkalosis
Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation? -metabolic alkalosis; hypoventilation by the lungs -respiratory acidosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3 -respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3 -respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would retain HCO3
respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3
A huge amount of water −− 7 to 9 L −− moves from the blood into the bowel every day, through osmosis and digestive secretions. Since people only have 5 L of blood, why don't they die from losing all the water from their blood into the bowel? The reason is that, in a healthy person, as the food and ions move down the bowel, they are absorbed into the blood. What will the water do then? Drag the appropriate labels and arrows into position.
see diagram
Complete the Concept Map to describe the importance of sodium in the body's fluid and electrolyte balance. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
see diagram
Complete the Concept Map to describe the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism in regulating blood volume and pressure. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
see diagram
Complete the Concept Map to list the three major chemical buffer systems of the body and describe how they resist pH changes. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
see diagram
Match the following. Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer.
see diagram
Part complete Match the following terms to their definitions. Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer.
see diagram
Structures Involved in Renal Secretion and Reabsorption Part complete Place each of the choices in the correct location. Not all of the labels will be used.
see diagram
The Bicarbonate Buffer System Inside Proximal Convoluted Tubule Cells Part complete Place each choice in its correct position in the chemical equation inside the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) cell.
see diagram
Transport Mechanisms in Proximal Convoluted Tubule Cells Part complete For each ion, drag and drop the appropriate method of transport into the correct bin below that ion. H+ is being transported across the apical membrane of the renal tubule cell, and HCO3- is being transported across the basolateral membrane of the renal tubule cell.
see diagram
Water Balance between the Blood and the Intestinal Contents Part complete Normally, when a person eats food, the amount of solutes inside the bowel increases. What will happen to water balance between the blood and the bowel contents? What will happen to blood volume as this process occurs? Drag the appropriate labels and arrows into position.
see diagram
Which of the electrolyte solutes is most responsible for osmotic pressure in body fluids and cells? sodium potassium phosphate calcium
sodium
The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? potassium ions calcium ions hydrogen ions sodium ions
sodium ions
The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________. control of the acids produced in the stomach the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach the control of respiratory ventilation the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells
the control of respiratory ventilation
Hypersecretion of aldosterone results in hypokalemia, which causes hyperpolarization of neurons; this in turn results in ______. increased speed of sodium-potassium pump activity in order to compensate for the reduced concentration of potassium ions decreased plasma membrane permeability to potassium ions the need for a stronger than normal stimulus in order to trigger an action potential a craving for more salt in the diet
the need for a stronger than normal stimulus in order to trigger an action potential
Which of the following is not a hormone involved in water or electrolyte balance? antidiuretic hormone atrial natriuretic peptide thyroxine aldosterone
thyroxine
Which of the following does NOT impact how much sodium is reabsorbed? atrial natriuretic peptide estrogen aldosterone transport maximum of the renal proximal tubule
transport maximum of the renal proximal tubule
What accounts for the route through which most fluid is lost in a day? Average water intake in a given day compared to average water output. urine feces insensible loss through skin and lungs sweat
urine
Falling arterial blood pressure promotes ________. vasodilation enhanced sodium ion loss in urine enhanced water loss in urine vasoconstriction
vasoconstriction
Which of the following would likely be increased by the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)? -water excretion by the kidneys -antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production -blood pressure -aldosterone production
water excretion by the kidneys
