FNS 371 Final
How does gestational diabetes differ from types 1 ad 2 diabetes?
It happens during pregnancy
Nearly a third of deaths in the United States have cardiovascular disease as an underlying cause.
True
An immune disorder, an individuals own immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-making cells in the pancreas, which is needed to live so daily insulin injections are required
Type 1 diabetes
Is a metabolic disorder and either the pancreas does not make sufficient insulin or body cells are resistant to its effects (insulin resistance).
Type 2 diabetes
What does the ABCD rule stand for?
asymmetry border irregularity color diameter
Which condition is characterized by plaque deposits on the inner linings of arteries?
atherosclerosis
__________ is most often the cause of heart and blood-vessel disease.
atherosclerosis
the two upper chambers of the heart are called
atria
To determine of a tumor is malignant, what is done?
biopsy
Major warning signals include of colon and rectal
bleeding from the rectum, blood in the stool, and changes in bowel habits. In it's early stages, there are no symptoms
abnormally slow heartbeat
bradycardia
is the second leading cause of cancer death among women, and, although less common among men, they can develop breast cancer as wel
breast cancer
the second leading cause of death for all age groups in the United States.
cancer
the name given to a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
cancer defined
A tumor that is malignant is
cancerous
Obesity, together with a family history of polyps and colitis, increases the risk of
colorectal cancer
The form of cardiovascular disease that is responsible for the most deaths each year is __________.
coronary heart disease
most uterine cancers develop in the
endometrium the rest develop in the cervix
What are strategies for preventing breast cancer?
-eating nutrient-dense diet -maintaining a healthy body weight -consuming no more than one alcoholic drink per day
What are risk factors for breast cancer?
-overweight or obese -consuming more than two alcoholic drinks per day -family history of breast cancer
All of the following occur as part of congestive heart failure EXCEPT
-shortness of breath -the flow of blood through the veins backs up - blood cannot accumulate in the legs, ankles, or lungs** -the heart becomes enlarged making it less efficient
What chance do Americans have of developing cardiovascular disease?
1 in 3
How many types of strokes are there?
2
There are how many categories of arrhythmia?
2
According to Dr. Richard Besser, typical cholesterol-lowering medications known as statins lower the risk of developing heart disease by what percentage?
25%
How frequent can a woman with type 2 diabetes check her HbA1c?
3-6 months
what is the minimum recommended amount of exercise to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by 20 percent?
30 minutes of aerobic exercise 3 times per week
In adults what percentage of diabetes cases does type 1 diabetes account for?
5%
Seventy-eight percent of cancers are diagnosed in people of which age group?
55 and above
Seventy-eight percent of cancers are diagnosed in people of which age group? Seventy-eight percent of cancers are diagnosed in people of which age group? 13-18 18-24 25-40 55 and above
55 and above
The body contains approximately how many quarts of bloods
6
the average adult heart beats how many times per minutes
70-80 times
All of the following are part of the ABCD rule for skin cancer EXCEPT
A = atypical alignment
The human heart is approximately the size of
Adults fist
is a widening or bulge in a blood vessel that becomes hemorrhagic and is the most well known of the hemorrhagic strokes.
An aneurysm
is a result of circulatory impairment.
Angina pectoris, or chest pains
are irregularities in heart rhythm that occur when the electrical impulses in your heart don't work properly.
Arrhythmias
Which vessels carry blood away from the heart?
Arteries
What is the leading cause of death of men and women in the United States each year?
Cardiovascular disease
When present at high levels, homocysteine may be related to higher risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
Homocysteine
Cervical cancer has been linked to which sexually transmitted infection?
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
symptoms of ovarian cancer
enlargement of the abdomen or feeling of bloating in women over age 40
90 percent of skin cancer damage does not just occur when tanning, but during __________.
everyday exposure
Drinking alcohol each day is good for your heart and blood vessels.
false
It is not necessary for children or young adults to have their cholesterol checked.
false
Lung cancer is the only form of cancer conclusively linked to smoking.
false
Patient is required to fast overnight, then blood is drawn and tested for glucose concentration.
fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
is the beating of the heart in a sporadic, quivering pattern that results in extreme inefficiency in moving blood.
fibrillation
depends on a complex interaction of biochemical, physical, and neurological signals and involves four basic steps
heart activity
When the heart muscle is damaged or overworked and lacks the strength to keep blood circulating normally through the body, blood and fluids begin to back up into the lungs and other body tissues.
heart failure
Underlying causes of heart failure may include
heart injury from uncontrolled high blood pressure, rheumatic fever, pneumonia, heart attack, or other cardiovascular problems.
what does cardiovascular system include?
heart, arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries.
caused by a weakened blood vessel that bulges or ruptures
hemorrhagic
Our ideal blood cholesterol would have __________.
high HDL and low LDL
A significant risk factor for heart disease also known as the "silent killer" is
high blood pressure
According to research at Northwestern University, what is the checklist of factors that lead to an increased risk for heart disease?
high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes
"Good" cholesterol is also known as_________
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
the primary cause of cervical cancer is
infection with certain types of human papillomavirus
What is the name of the molecule that signals the cells to take up glucose from the bloodstream?
insulin
A reduction in the oxygen supply to a part of the body or an organ such as the heart is known as
ischemia
What is a lack of oxygen to the tissues around a vessel called?
ischemia
When circulation is impaired and blood flow to the heart is limited, the heart may become starved for oxygen
ischemia
caused by plaque formation that narrows blood flow or an obstructive clot
ischemic
what are the 2 types of stroke
ischemic: hemorrhagic:
Dark-skinned individuals are at as much risk for skin cancer as fair-skinned people but tend to have skin cancer diagnosed at __________.
later stages
Total blood cholesterol should be __________.
less than 200
The type of cancer characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells is
leukemia
Which of the following is a cancer that occurs in the blood-forming parts of the body, particularly the bone marrow and spleen?
leukemia
occur in the blood-forming parts of the body, such as bone marrow and spleen. They are nonsolid tumors and are characterized by an abnormal increase in white blood cells.
leukimas
The hormones that regulate blood glucose levels are secreted from the
liver
The leading cancer killer for both men and women is___________
lung cancer
develop in the lymphatic system and metastasize through the lymphatic system. Hodgkin's disease is one type of lymphoma.
lymphomas
Is the deadliest form of skin cancer, though basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma are highly curable
malignant melanoma
The deadliest form of skin cancer is called___________
malignant melanoma
The most lethal form of skin cancer is
malignant melanoma
The earliest signs of breast cancer are usually observable on
mammograms, often before lumps can be felt
Malignant tumors are not enclosed in a protective capsule and can spread to other areas of the body
mestasis
is a group of metabolic conditions occurring together that increase a person's risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
metabolic syndrome
The process in which malignant tumor cells are able to spread to other organs is termed_________
metastasis
josie recently had a biopsy that indicated that breast cancer has spread to her lymph nodes. The process of malignant cells spreading to other locations in the body is known as
metastasis
What food source did Dr. Besser recommend consuming 30 grams of daily that provides healthy fats to fill you up, making you eat less at a given meal?
mixed nuts
Behaviors you choose today and over the coming decades can actively reduce or promote your risk for CVD
modifiable risk
An adult with a damaged sinoatrial node
must have a pacemaker implanted to control the heart rhythm
Genes that have the potential to be cancer-causing are called
oncogenes
How many adult Americans suffer from some type of cardiovascular disease?
one out of three
Which of the following is NOT true about smoking?
one year after quitting smoking the risk of heart disease drops to that of a nonsmoker (the risk drops 50%)
Patient is required to drink a liquid containing concentrated glucose, then blood is drawn 2 hours later and tested for glucose concentration.
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
causes more deaths than any other cancer of the reproductive system because women tend not to discover it until the cancer is at an advanced stage
ovarian cancer
for cervical cancer but are less effective in detecting endometrial cancer
pap test exam
When atherosclerosis occurs in the extremities, it is known as __________.
peripheral artery disease
Which of the following foods should be consumed daily as part of a heart-healthy diet?
plant oils
The most common type of cancer for males in the United States today is ___
prostate cancer
Which of the following would NOT be a contributing cause of congestive heart failure?
reaction to a tetanus vaccination
Appear to be among the most promising preventative strategies for colon and rectal
regular exercise, a diet with lots of fruits and other plant foods, a healthy weight, and moderate alcohol consumption
temporary or permanent period when cancer is responding to treatment and under control.
remission
why is arteriosclerosis is often called coronary artery disease (CAD) because of
resultant damage done to coronary arteries.
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of blood flow as it travels through the heart?
right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
occur in the mesodermal, or middle, layer of tissues and metastasize via the blood. While less common, these are more virulen
sarcomas
treatment of skin cancer depends on the
seriousness and can include surgery, radiation therapy, and cryosurgery
Which cancer treatment uses targeted doses of gamma radiation to zap a tumor with pinpoint accuracy?
stereotactic radiosurgery
When the blood supply to the brain is interrupted and causes brain damage, this is a(n) __________.
stroke
occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted.
stroke, cerebrovascular accident
What term refers to the pressure of blood in the arteries when the heart contracts?
systolic
High blood pressure is usually diagnosed when
systolic pressure is 140 or above.
abnormally fast heartbeat
tachycardia
Colorectal cancer, the third most common cancer in both men and women, __________.
tends to spread slowly
The average healthy adult heart beats 70-80 beats per minute. A lower heart rate of 60 might indicate that
the individual is very fit
Which of the following blood cholesterol profiles is optimal?
total cholesterol = 170; HDL cholesterol = 70
Chronic and acute stress may increase the risk of high blood pressure.
true
High blood pressure is a controllable risk factor for heart disease.
true
Not all arrhythmias are life threatening; they are sometimes triggered by excessive caffeine or nicotine consumption.
true
There are often no symptoms for high blood pressure.
true
Clumping of cells formed from the neoplastic mass
tumor
How many heart disease risk factors increase chances of heart disease at middle age by 50%?
two
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by
uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
Carbon dioxide and waste products are transported to the lungs and kidneys by the
veins and venules
The two lower chambers of the heart are the
ventricles
An individual would most likely suffer from angina pectoris when
walking up a flight of stairs
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
-fat deposits in the abdomen -elevated triglycerides -low blood pressure** -insulin resistance
Heart-healthy super-foods include all EXCEPT which of the following?
-fish containing high levels of omega-3 fatty acids -dairy products * -nuts -whole grains
Which of the following characteristics would be consistent with a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in an adult female?
Blood pressure of 155/90
is atherosclerosis of the extremities (feet, calves, legs, or arms)
Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT __________
Reduced blood pressure
Minute blood vessels that permit the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products among body cells are known as the
capillaries
Minute blood vessels that permit the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products among body cells are known as the __________.
capillaries
affect the epithelial tissue and metastasize through the circulatory or lymph system.
carcinomas
are the third most common cancers
colon and rectal
According to the Northwestern University's research, what specific change can reduce three risk factors for heart disease?
controlling food portion size and body weight
refers to the pressure of blood on the arteries when the heart muscles relaxes, as blood is reentering the heart chambers.
diastolic
Reducing sodium intake will reduce high blood pressure.
false
Crude fiber is the best type of fiber to eat to reduce cholesterol.
false (crude, insoluble, and soluble)
A heart that beats in a quivering, sporadic manner is said to be experiencing
fibrillation
Which of the following is NOT a component of plaque?
glucose
refers to sustained high blood pressure and is known as a silent killer.
hypertension
The absence of clinical indicators of cardiovascular disease and the presence of certain behavioral and health factor metrics is known as
ideal cardiovascular health
Tobacco use, poor diet, physical inactivity, and obesity are categorized as which type of risk factor for cancer?
lifestyle risk
Hodgkin's disease is a type of cancer classified as a
lymphoma
A heart attack is also called a
myocardial infarction
All of the following are ways to determine whether a person may be having a stroke EXCEPT
myocardial infarction
It involves an area of the heart that suffers permanent damage because its normal blood supply has been blocked
myocardial infarction
This new growth of tissue, serving no physiological function, is called
neoplasm
A tumor that is benign is
noncancerous
The mediterranean diet includes 4 tablespoons of what oil per day to lower heart disease risk by 30%
olive oil
Which screening procedure is used to detect polyps in the lower colon or rectum?
sigmoidoscopy
Treatments for breast cancer range from
simple lumpectomy to radical mastectomy to various combinations of radiation or chemotherapy.
the most common form of cancer in the US today
skin cancer
The greatest risk factor for cancer is___________
smoking
refers to the pressure of blood in the arteries when the heart muscle contracts, sending blood to the rest of the body.
systolic
what term refers to the pressure of blood in the arteries when the heart contracts?
systolic
blood pressure is measured by two numbers what is the top and bottom called
systolic and bottom is diastolic
Of all the risk factors that you can change, smoking cessation has the most dramatic effect for reducing the risk of a stroke or a heart attack.
true
Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oils, are recommended to reduce serum cholesterol.
true
The safest and most effective way to lose weight and keep it off is to increase physical activity and eat fewer calories.
true
what are the 2 categories of arrhythmia
Tachycardia and bradycardia
Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include all of the following EXCEPT
The amount of cholesterol your body produces
According to research at Northwestern University, heart disease risk factors can be reduced by __________.
acquiring healthy lifestyle behaviors
The incidence of breast cancer increases with
age
A woman goes to the emergency room. She tells the nurse that after carrying several loads of laundry up a flight of stairs she is having chest pain and a sensation she describes as her heart being crushed. Which condition is she likely experiencing?
angina pectoris
Cardiovascular disease encompasses all of the following conditions EXCEPT
antiarrhythmic disease
is a thickening and hardening of arteries; it is an underlying condition of CVD.
arteriosclerosis
List the main lifestyle and dietary steps that you can take to improve glucose levels in type 2 diabetes
•Weight loss: A loss of as little as 5-7 percent of current body weight and regular physical activity significantly lowers the risk of progressing to diabetes. •Adoption a healthy diet: whole grains, high-fiber foods, fatty fish •Increased physical activity: Recommendation is 30 minutes of physical activity 5 days a week to reduce your risk of type 2 diabetes •Medications: Reduce glucose production by the liver, slow the absorption of carbohydrates from the small intestine, increase insulin production by the pancreas, increase the insulin sensitivity of cells
current research indicates that individuals at very high risk for heart disease can lower their risk by 30% if they consume what type of diet?
Mediterranean diet
How many American adults have a higher-than-optimal blood pressure?
Nearly one in three
what do the two lower chambers of ther heart do? (ventricles)
They pump blood out again
what do the 2 upper chambers of the heart do? (atria)
They receive blood from the rest of the body
Which of the following is the term used to describe a series of mild strokes?
Transient ischemic attacks
are a series of small strokes that precede many strokes.
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)