FON241 Chapter 14 Definitions

atrophy

becoming smaller; with regard to muscles, a decrease in size (and strength) because of disuse, undernutrition, or wasting diseases.

physical activity

bodily movement produced by muscle contractions that substantially increase energy expenditure.

DHea (dehydroepiandrosterone) and androstenedione

hormones made in the adrenal glands that serve as precursors to the male hormone, testosterone; falsely promoted as burning fat, building muscle, and slowing aging.

cardiorespiratory conditioning

improvements in heart and lung function and increased blood volume, brought about by aerobic training.

duration

length of time (for example, the time spent in each activity session).

convenient dietary supplements

liquid meal replacers, energy drinks, energy bars, and energy gels that athletes and active people use to replenish energy and nutrients when time is limited.

ergogenic aids

substances or techniques used in an attempt to enhance physical performance.

muscle endurance

the ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly without becoming exhausted.

muscle strength

the ability of muscles to work against resistance.

cardiorespiratory endurance

the ability to perform large-muscle, dynamic exercise of moderate to high intensity for prolonged periods.

hourly sweat rate

the amount of weight lost plus fluid consumed during exercise per hour. One pound equals roughly 2 cups (500 milliliters) of fluid.

flexibility

the capacity of the joints to move through a full range of motion; the ability to bend and recover without injury.

fitness

the characteristics that enable the body to perform physical activity; more broadly, the ability to meet routine physical demands with enough reserve energy to rise to a physical challenge; or the body's ability to withstand stress of all kinds.

intensity

the degree of exertion while exercising (for example, the amount of weight lifted or the speed of running).

Vo2 max

the maximum rate of oxygen consumption by an individual at sea level.

frequency

the number of occurrences per unit of time (for example, the number of activity sessions per week).

conditioning

the physical effect of training; improved flexibility, strength, and endurance.

muscle power

the product of force generation (strength) and movement velocity (speed); the speed at which a given amount of exertion is completed.

progressive overload principle

the training principle that a body system, in order to improve, must be worked at frequencies, durations, or intensities that gradually increase physical demands.

resistance training

the use of free weights or weight machines to provide resistance for developing muscle strength, power, and endurance; also called weight training. A person's own body weight may also be used to provide resistance such as when a person does push-ups, pull-ups, or abdominal crunches.

cardiac output

the volume of blood discharged by the heart each minute; determined by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate. The stroke volume is the amount of oxygenated blood the heart ejects toward the tissues at each beat. Cardiac output (volume/minute) = stroke volume (volume/beat) × heart rate (beats/minute)

hypothermia

a below-normal body temperature.

heat stroke

a dangerous accumulation of body heat with accompanying loss of body fluid.

hyponatremia

a decreased concentration of sodium in the blood.

CP, or creatine phosphate (also called phosphocreatine)

a high-energy compound in muscle cells that acts as a reservoir of energy that can maintain a steady supply of ATP. CP provides the energy for short bursts of activity.

hgH (human growth hormone)

a hormone produced by the brain's pituitary gland that regulates normal growth and development; also called somatotropin.

beta-hydroxymethylbutyrate (HMB)

a metabolite of the amino acid leucine promoted to increase muscle mass and strength.

caffeine

a natural stimulant found in many common foods and beverages, including coffee, tea, and chocolate; may enhance endurance by stimulating fatty acid release. High doses cause headaches, trembling, rapid heart rate, and other undesirable side effects.

ribose

a naturally occurring 5-carbon sugar needed for the synthesis of ATP.

creatine

a nitrogencontaining compound that combines with phosphate to form the high-energy compound creatine phosphate (or phosphocreatine) in muscles.

warm-up

5 to 10 minutes of light activity, such as easy jogging or cycling, prior to a workout to prepare the body for more vigorous activity.

cool-down

5 to 10 minutes of light activity, such as walking or stretching, following a vigorous workout to gradually return the body's core to near-normal temperature.

carnitine

a nonessential nonprotein amino acid made in the body from lysine that helps transport fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane. As a supplement, carnitine supposedly "burns" fat and spares glycogen during endurance events, but in reality it does neither.

carbohydrate loading

a regimen of moderate exercise followed by the consumption of a high-carbohydrate diet that enables muscles to store glycogen beyond their normal capacities; also called glycogen loading or glycogen super compensation.

chromium picolinate

a trace mineral supplement; falsely promoted as building muscle, enhancing energy, and burning fat. Picolinate is a derivative of the amino acid tryptophan that seems to enhance chromium absorption.

sports anemia

a transient condition of low hemoglobin in the blood, associated with the early stages of sports training or other strenuous activity.

sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)

a white crystalline powder that is used to buffer acid that accumulates in the muscles and blood during high-intensity exercise.

aerobic physical activity

activity in which the body's large muscles move in a rhythmic manner for a sustained period of time. Aerobic activity, also called endurance activity, improves cardiorespiratory fitness. Brisk walking, running, swimming, and bicycling are examples.

hyperthermia

an above-normal body temperature.

glucose polymers

compounds that supply glucose, not as single molecules, but linked in chains somewhat like starch. The objective is to attract less water from the body into the digestive tract (osmotic attraction depends on the number, not the size, of particles).

anabolic steroids

drugs related to the male sex hormone, testosterone, that stimulate the development of lean body mass.

hypertrophy

growing larger; with regard to muscles, an increase in size (and strength) in response to use.

vigorous-intensity physical activity

physical activity that requires a large increase in breathing and/or heart rate and expends more than 7 kcalories per minute. Walking at a very brisk pace (>4.5 miles per hour) or running at a pace of at least 5 miles per hour are examples.

moderate-intensity physical activity

physical activity that requires some increase in breathing and/or heart rate and expends 3.5 to 7 kcalories per minute. Walking at a speed of 3 to 4.5 miles per hour (about 15 to 20 minutes to walk 1 mile) is an example.

sedentary

physically inactive (literally, "sitting down a lot").

exercise

planned, structured, and repetitive body movements that promote or maintain physical fitness.

training

practicing an activity regularly, which leads to conditioning. (Training is what you do; conditioning is what you get.)

enhanced water

water that is fortified with ingredients such as vitamins, minerals, protein, oxygen, or herbs. Enhanced water is marketed as vitamin water, sports water, oxygenated water, and protein water.