food and culture final

Identify and describe a health disorder commonly experienced by people of the Balkans or Middle East.

A common health disorder with the group of the Balkans is high blood pressure. They also have a high rate of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (Granich, 2020b). With this comes insulin resistance, low good carbohydrates, and obesity (Granich, 2020b)

Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Dominicans, and Haitians believe that illness is _____.

A punishment from God

The adaptation to new majority society through behavior is called ___.

Acculturation

People in _____ eat more beef per capita than any other country in the world.

Argentina

Which country is said to eat more beef per capita than any other country in the world?

Argentina

Gypsies believe health is maintained through marimé, which is a system of purity and pollution possibly based on the beliefs of whom?

Asian Indians

Complete shedding of cultural identity to blend into the majority culture.

Assimilation

What country is thought to have originated the apple strudel?

Austria

Immigrants from which region believe that fresh air is necessary for good health?

Both Southern Europe and Northern Europe

What is considered the most important part of a meal among Central Europeans?

Bread

When looking at first-generation and second-generation Mexican Americans, intake of what food increased in second-generationers?

Bread

Moros y Cristianos can be found in which country?

Cuba

The people of Russia avoid utilizing natural cures.

False

Which Haitian blood condition is anemia due to a poor diet?

Febles

What type of milk do Scandinavians typically drink?

Fermented

The Scandinavians believe that what food is essential for good health?

Fish

According to South America's modified hot-cold system, what foods should be avoided when an individual has a fever?

Foods that are hot in temperature

The influence of ___ and ___ are thought to be the reason why the American diet is high in cholesterol and fat and low in fiber and complex carbohydrates.

France, Britain

Which Europeans settlers are primarily responsible for the Cajun food found in Louisiana?

French

Native Americans are believed to have higher rates of type 2 diabetes due to

Genetic predisposition and Westernized environment

What is the potential theory for higher rates of type 2 diabetes in Native Americans?

Genetic predisposition and Westernized environment

According to your textbook and the lectures, what foods are indigenous to the Caribbean Islands?

Guavas

Which word best describes the Native American approach to life?

Harmony

The Mediterranean diet has all of the following key components EXCEPT:

High intake of animal foods

In Japanese, rates of what condition are decreasing as they transition to a Westernized diet?

Hypertension

In Native American culture, illness is due to ___.

Imbalance

This religion's dietary laws are termed Kashrut.

Judaism

The Pennsylvania Dutch believe that a diet high what 3 food group is important for good health?

Meat, dairy, grains

Research on Caribbean Islanders has found a genetic predisposition to what medical condition?

Metabolic syndrome

In which country does traditional health care include elements of Indian super natural rituals and European folk medicine?

Mexico

What cuisine does the food of Central Europe and the FSU resemble?

Middle Eastern

How do the people of the Balkans or Middle East use food to treat illness or disease?

Middle Easterners avoid certain combinations of food because it is believed to cause bad health (Granich, 2020b). However, they also consume specific foods they associate with being beneficial for good health. One example of this is the consumption of turnips to heal the kidneys and urinary tract (Granich, 2020).

This U.S. region has the second lowest prevalence of cardiovascular disease.

Northeast

Native Americans in which region ate many raw foods due to the lack of wood for cooking?

Northwest coast

What is the quintessential dish of Italy?

Pasta

Which group from Central Europe believes that a "hearty diet high in meats, dairy, and grains" is important for good health?

Pennsylvania Dutch

Which group of Native Americans has the highest rate of diabetes in the world?

Pima

What protein food is the most popular in Germany?

Pork

What popular American food is said to have originated in Germany?

Pretzels

How does religion influence the food of Middle Easterners?

Religion has an influence on the foods that people of the Middle East eat. For example, Christians in different areas have different rules of food they can eat. Christians in Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia eat pork while in Greece, they only eat it occasionally (Granich, 2020a). Alcoholic drinks are prohibited in Muslim religion and not common in most Middle Eastern countries (Granich, 2020a).

Corn, pork, sweet potatoes, and greens are traditional foods in which U.S. region?

South

Which ethnic group practices a hot-cold classification system of food associated with candomblé?

South Americans

In which region of Mexico are mole sauces popular?

Southern

Native Americans who lived in which region ate oysters, shrimp, and blue crab?

Southern

The "poor man's cow" is a staple food of the Asian diet. What is this food?

Soybeans

Which of the following is a reason to eat local?

Support local farmers and ranchers Consume fresh ingredients that are in season Eat less processed foods (All answers)

Describe the Omnivore's Paradox

The omnivore's paradox is a term used to describe the phenomenon in which omnivores desire to try new foods but must also proceed with caution (Kittler et al., 2017). This explains that because omnivores get to indulge in both meat and plants, there is an inherit want to try new foods. However, in doing so opens to door to toxic foods that may cause harm. This paradox results in two psychological decisions, wanting to try new foods and desire to eat familiar foods.

According to Native American beliefs, the following may be a cause of illness.

Witchcraft Soul loss Violation of a taboo (All answers)

According to the law of meat and milk, how long must someone wait to eat meat after consuming dairy?

1 hour

How does the incidence of type 2 diabetes among Native Americans compare to that of the general population?

2-4 times higher

How many meals per day are Native Americans believed to consume today?

3

Define folk illness.

A folk illness is when a culture associates a specific condition with certain disorders, symptoms, and behavioral changes. Some symptoms may be seen as a folk illness in one culture but not another.

Describe one health condition (not traditional health belief) that is common in Central American

A health condition that is common in Central Americans is malnutrition. This is most common in children five years of age and younger (Granich, 2020c). Most who are malnourished is because they have spent a lot of time in a refugee camp. Here they don't receive all the essential nutrients they need to keep their body healthy. A lack of vitamin A is common with those who are malnourished (Granich, 2020c).

What foods were most abundant across almost all Native American tribes?

Beans, corn, squash

Which three foods were most abundant across Native American nations?

Beans, corn, squash

Due to the belief that "like causes like," pregnant Korean American may avoid what?

Blemished fruit

Shintoism is characterized by concepts of purity and pollution. What is utilized by Japanese to prevent and treat disease?

Botanicals

Compare and contrast dietary laws for Judaism and Islam. Provide at least 2 similarities and 2 differences.

Both Judaism and Islam have laws pertaining to their religion that specify what can and can't be done when preparing and consuming food. For Judaism, the food fit for consumption is called kosher. While for Islam, the food fit to be consumed is called halal. One similarity between the two is that they both allow for ritualistic slaughter of animals. Both laws allow this process of killing an animal to be eaten. However, they differ in what must be done during the ritual. When sacrificing an animal for halal, the name of Allah must be invoked for the ritual to be valid. In Judaism, there is no prayer or saying of God's name before the sacrifice (Texas A&M). Another similarity between these food laws are their allowance of cultured meat (Bryant, 2020). Now the meats they eat are different, but cultivated meat is permitted to a degree in both religions. When it comes to drinking, there is another difference these religions have. Halal does not allow any alcohol to be consumed at all and it is seen as impure. In kosher however, certain wines and drinks are allowed to be drunk if prepared in the right conditions.

What South American mixed religion associates certain foods with honoring deities?

Candomblé

The traditional Caribbean diet places emphasis on what food group?

Carbohydrates

Molasses is a staple of _____,causing it to become part of the slave triangle.

Caribbean Islands

Define feasting. Define fasting. Give a specific example of a feast day and fast day for Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism

Certain religions have days or spans of days dedicated to a certain moment of their history that calls for feasting or fasting. Feasting is the act of eating and/or drinking in large quantities (Cambridge Dictionary, 2022). Fasting on the other hand, is a period of time where one eats little to no food (Cambridge Dictionary, 2022). Feasting and fasting can also apply to things other than food like activities or entertainment. In Christianity, more specifically Catholicism, an example of a feast day is on September 29th for the feast of St. Michael the Archangel. An example of a fast day in Christianity is Fridays during lent where they abstain from eating meat. In Hinduism, Diwali is an example of a feast day where they remember their protection from spiritual darkness. A fast in Hinduism occurs on Ram Navami, where they pray for blessings (The Guibord Center, 2022). In Buddhism, a fasting day named Magha Purnima which they pray to increase blessings from the gods. A feasting day in the Buddhist religion is on Magha Puja, where they celebrate Buddha reaching enlightenment

Staple foods that are typically eaten on a daily basis.

Core foods

What food is significant in many healing ceremonies?

Corn

Why were subtle seasonings used in Scandinavian cuisine?

Cost

Which religion considers cows sacred?

Hinduism

How was immigration different for the Irish and Italians?

Immigration to the United States looked different for the countries of Ireland and Italy. The Irish began to immigrate in the 17th century with large scale immigration not occurring until the 18th century. The Italians didn't start to immigrate until much later in the late 19th to early 20th century (Granich, 2020). Another difference is the reason for immigration. For the Irish, they came to America to flee religious persecution and continuous crop failure (Granich, 2020). The Italians immigrated to flee from economic depression (Granich, 2020).

Hanyak is a traditional approach to natural cures in what country?

Korea

Fasting can include:

Not eating any food and Avoiding certain types of food

Pica is considered the eating non-nutritive substances and can occur among pregnant African American women. According to the textbook, what is a possible cause of pica?

Nutritional need

Describe at least 2 cultural beliefs regarding illness for people of the Balkans or Middle East.

One cultural belief regarding of Middle Easterners is that blood affects conditions of human health like weakness, irritability, lethargy, and headaches (Granich, 2020a). Another cultural belief is that staying warm and dry will keep an individual healthy (Granich, 2020a).

Describe two health conditions (not traditional health beliefs) that are common in Mexican Americans.

One health condition that is common amongst Mexican Americans is diabetes. Hispanics are 70% more likely than Caucasians to be diagnosed with obesity (Granich, 2020b). Diabetes is also more prevalent in Hispanic children than Caucasian children. Mexican Americans also have the highest mortality rate from diabetes than any other Hispanic group (Granich, 2020b). Another health condition common in Mexican Americans is hypertension. Researchers believe that obesity is common because of the high consumption of carbs (Granich, 2020b). A high carb diet and obesity can lead to hypertension

Compare and contrast northern and southern European cultural beliefs regarding health.

One similarity between northern and southern European cultural beliefs are that they both correlate healthy air to healthy living (Granich, 2020). Another similarity is that they both associate daily exercise or activities with overall good health (Granich, 2020). A difference in cultural beliefs between these regions is that Northern Europeans, especially the Irish, wear religious medallions (Granich, 2020). These are usually of saints and are believed to provide protection and blessings. Another difference between the two is from the Southern European country of Italy. Culturally, they believe that deformities during pregnancy are due to the pregnant woman not eating what she was craving. The diet during pregnancy is very important in developing a healthy child

Describe a traditional health belief of Southeast Asians.

One traditional health belief of Southeast Asians, especially Filipinos, is bahala na. This is the belief that if one lives a life of consideration for others, avoids, shame, and shows gratitude, will be rewarded with health in their current life and afterlife (Granich, 2020b). This belief also includes that illness is a punishment from the gods for doing wrong

Compare traditional health beliefs and practices of Mexicans and Central Americans. Provide at least 2 examples of how they are similar

One traditional similarity between Mexicans and Central Americans is their consumption of tea for the curing or alleviation of an illness. The Mexicans used some forms of home remedies to help with illnesses like drinking herbal tea. Central Americans also use the drinking of tea when they are ill (Granich, 2020a).

Which grain is the foundation of the Chinese diet?

Rice

What staples of the Japanese diet were influenced by the Chinese?

Rice, soybeans, tea

The religious holiday that is the Jewish New Year is called ___.

Rosh Hashanah

Which indigenous Afro-European religion are Cubans said to practice?

Santería

In Germany, ground meats are usually made into _____.

Sausages

All of the following are French rules for preparing dishes EXCEPT:

Serve sweet sauces over fish

In Mexico, tacos are usually served on _____ shells; in the U.S., tacos are usually served on _____ shells.

Soft; hard

What ingredients (foods) and seasonings are common in Balkan and Middle Eastern countries?

Some common foods/ingredients in this region are rice, legumes, and vegetables with eggplant being the most popular (Granich, 2020a). Seasoning are used in accompaniment with foods to add flavor and taste. Two of the most common seasoning from this region are garlic and oregano (Granich, 2020a).

What foods are indigenous to the Pacific Islands?

Some foods that are indigenous to the Pacific Islands are plants like breadfruit, taro, cassava, and yams (Granich, 2020c). It is also believed that possibly pig and poultry were indigenous to the region as well. There are many native fruits that grew in the pacific Islands (Granich, 2020c).

Describe and discuss how Southeast Asians use food to prevent or treat disease.

Southeast Asians have a few ways of which food can be used to help prevent or treat a disease. The Spanish influenced the Philippines on the hot and cold food classification. Certain foods are associated with treating disease (Granich, 2020a). One example is by using honey and thyme to treat diabetes. Another is consuming areca nuts to prevent tooth decay (Granich, 2020a). Vietnamize culture believes that consuming an organ meat of an animal will prevent disease in that organ of yourself (Granich, 2020a).

Which cultural group introduced rice to the Caribbean Islands?

Spanish

The traditional Caribbean diet is high in what?

Starchy carbohydrates

Which ethnic group brought a type of massage to the United States that is quite popular today?

Swedish

According to the consumer food choice model, ___ is the primary motivator for choosing food.

Taste

____ helped to bridge the cultural gap for Irish, Italian, and Portuguese immigrants who came to the U.S.

The Catholic Church

Identify at least 2 potential health benefits of the Mediterranean diet.

The Mediterranean diet is very health oriented and promotes good eating habits. One potential health benefit of this diet is a lowered risk of cardiovascular disease (Diet review: Mediterranean diet, 2018). Due to the low intake of fats, a decreased rate of cardiovascular disease is associated with the Mediterranean diet. Another potential health benefit is increasing lifespan. The higher intake of antioxidants is related to an increased length of telomeres as people get older. Longer telomeres relate to better aging and longer living (Diet review: Mediterranean diet, 2018).

Describe the Mediterranean diet. Give an example of a breakfast, lunch, or dinner meal that would meet the diet's guidelines.

The Mediterranean diet originated in Southern Europe from the countries neighboring the Mediterranean Sea. Italy, France, Spain, and Greece all have influence on this diet. Specifically, the diet focuses on low fat consumption, complex carbs, and heavy intake of grains and vegetables. Meat is consumed in low amounts along with dairy (Granich, 2020). An example of a breakfast meal would be oatmeal with berries.

The need for humans to experiment with food choices but at the same time be conservative is called ___.

The Omnivore's Paradox

Provide the World Health Organization's definition of health

The World Health Organization's definition of health is as followed, "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not just the absence of disease or infirmity"

What 4 cultures influenced Filipino cuisine? Describe the influences seen from each culture.

The four cultures that influences Filipino cuisine are Malaysian, Polynesian, Spanish and Chinese. Malaysia influenced cuisine by not having much pork and introduction of curry and spicy dishes. (Granich, 2020a). Polynesian influence was by introducing spice with chili peppers and balancing it with coconut milk (Granich, 2020a). Spanish influence brought the boiled, steamed, and deep-fried methods of cooking food. While Chinese influence on Filipino cuisine began with long-grain rice, stir-fry, soy products, and the use of chopsticks (Granich, 2020a).

Identify at least 2 staple foods of the Mexican diet. Then, classify each food as hot or cold based on the Mexican hot-cold classification theory.

The hot-cold classification theory is a way that foods are separated. A balanced of hot and cold food is believe to promote good health while too much of one food can cause illness (Granich, 2020b). Beef is a staple food in the Mexican diet, and it is considered a hot food. Fresh vegetables are another staple in the Mexican diet, and they are considered cold food (Granich, 2020b). A balanced diet of these two foods is believed to promote healthy living. However, having too much of one can lead to being sick.

Why do Pacific Islanders import so many of their food products?

The reason why Pacific Islanders import so much of their food products is because though agricultural production has increased, it cannot keep up with population growth (Pacific Islanders, diet of, 2022). This has means there isn't enough local produce, so they must import foods from other countries. This food is often highly processed and unhealthy (Pacific Islanders, diet of, 2022). The imported foods can be sold a much lower price than the local foods which makes them sell faster. This then leads to importing more food and putting the local vendors out of business (Pacific Islanders, diet of, 2022). Now the only way to get food is by importing it.

In what region of Mexico is black iguana considered a specialty?

Tropical

According to the biomedical worldview, people are personally responsible for preventing illness.

True

Individuals from Caribbean countries tend to believe that fate determines life and death.

True

Sharing food is important in the Native American culture.

True

In traditional African cuisine, tomatoes, hot chili peppers, and onions were known as "the ingredients." Where in Africa is this found?

West Africa

Along with a genetic predisposition, what factors lead African Americans to have disproportionately high rates of type 2 diabetes?

Westernized diet Sedentary lifestyle Obesity (All answers)