Forensic Science Chapter 15
Portions of the DNA molecule useful for DNA typing: A. Are repeated many times. B. Are useful for recombinant DNA. C. Code for the production of proteins. D. Are useful for the production of insulin.
A. Are repeated many times.
PCR is a technique that: A. Can produce many exact copies of segments of DNA. B. Produces information regarding the sequence of nitrogenous bases. C. Provides a statistical analysis of the nitrogenous-base pairings. D. Virtually eliminates operator error from DNA analysis.
A. Can produce many exact copies of segments of DNA.
As currently performed, DNA-profiling technology cannot provide information helpful in: A. Determining whether an individual carries a genetic defect. B. Matching a suspect to biological evidence found at a crime scene. C. Deciding immigration cases based on family relationships. D. Settling matters of questioned paternity/maternity.
A. Determining whether an individual carries a genetic defect.
The discriminating power of mtDNA is ________ the discriminating power of STR analysis. A. Less than .B. Greater than C. The same as D. None of the above
A. Less than
The building blocks of the DNA molecule are known as: A. Nucleotides. .B. Hydrocarbons. C. Polysaccharides. D. Amino acids.
A. Nucleotides.
HV1 and HV2 are: A. Regions of mtDNA. B. Restriction enzymes. C. Types of viruses. D. STR types.
A. Regions of mtDNA.
CODIS is a national system of: A. Shared databases of DNA typing information from convicted felons and crime scene evidence. B. Crime laboratory directors. C. Vastly enhanced 911 emergency systems. D. Computers to track the movement of sex offenders released from prison.
A. Shared databases of DNA typing information from convicted felons and crime scene evidence.
Assume that two strands of DNA have been separated and that the base sequence on one strand is ATGC. State the sequence of bases on the second strand. A. TACG B. TGGC C. ACTC D. GCAT
A. TACG
A typical STR DNA type emanating from a single individual shows a ________ band pattern. A. Two B. Zero C. One D. Three
A. Two
In which hereditary disease does abnormal hemoglobin differ from normal hemoglobin by only a single amino acid? A. Sickle-cell anemia B. Phenylketonuria C. Hemophilia D. Albinism
A. Sickle-cell anemia
What is the number of nitrogenous bases needed to code for a specific amino acid? A. 6 B. 3 C. 5 D. 2
B. 3
How many different bases are associated with the makeup of DNA? A. 6 B. 4 C. 5 D. 3
B. 4
Small amounts of blood are best submitted to a crime laboratory: A. After removal from surface of deposition and rehydration. B. After dried. C. In a druggists fold. D. Immediately while still wet.
B. After dried.
Whole blood collected for DNA typing purposes must be placed in a vacuum containing the preservative: A. CODIS. B. EDTA. C. Ethylene glycol. D. Rh factor.
B. EDTA.
Means to detect the amelogenin gene are included in commercial STR kits used in crime labs because the gene allows determination of: A. Blood type. B. Gender. C. Eye color. D. Ethnicity.
B. Gender.
The concept of simultaneously extracting, amplifying, and detecting a combination of STRs is known as: A. PCR. B. Multiplexing. .C. THO1. D. Electrophoresis.
B. Multiplexing
Which of the following statements about mitochondrial DNA is incorrect? A. Mitochondrial DNA is located outside the cell's nucleus. B. The number of repeat segments found in the hypervariable regions are used to type mitochondrial DNA. C. Mitochondrial DNA is constructed in a loop configuration. D. Many copies of mitochondrial DNA's hypervariable regions are made by PCR.
B. The number of repeat segments found in the hypervariable regions are used to type mitochondrial DNA.
The production of amino acid is coded by a sequence of how many bases on the DNA molecule? A. Five B. Three C. Two D. Four
B. Three
Which of the following depicts correct base-pairing in DNA? A. G-A B. T-A C. C-T D. A-U
B. T-A
Which statement regarding STRs is true? A. There is little variation in the number of repeats from person to person. B. Restriction enzymes are used to cut STRs from the DNA helix. C. All humans have the same type of STRs. D. Typically a core repeat sequence would consist of 15-30 bases.
C. All humans have the same type of STRs.
The PCR technique requires the use of a thermal cycler to: A. Make probes radioactive. B. Hydrolyze polymerase. C. Copy DNA. D. Synthesize protein.
C. Copy DNA.
The individuality of an organism is determined by the organism's: A. Amino acids. B. Nitrogenous bases. C. DNA nucleotide sequence. D. Environment.
C. DNA nucleotide sequence.
Examples of polymers that contain repeating units known as nucleotides are: A. Starch. B. Cellulose. C. DNA. D. Hemoglobin.
C. DNA.
In DNA replication, polymerases: A. Enable the strands to unwind from the helix. B. Separate the strands of the double helix. C. Help assemble the new DNA strands in proper base sequence. .D. All of the above
C. Help assemble the new DNA strands in proper base sequence.
The amount of DNA material required for STR analysis is ________ the amount of DNA required for RFLP analysis. A. The same as B. Greater than C. Less than D. None of the above
C. Less than
The rate at which large DNA fragments move through the electrophoretic gel is ________ the rate at which small DNA fragments move through the same apparatus. A. The same as B. Greater than C. Less than D. None of the above
C. Less than
DNA is a(n): A. Protein. B. Starch. C. Polymer. D. Enzyme.
C. Polymer.
Y-STR markers are useful when multiple males are involved in a sexual assault. If three men are involved in such an attack the investigators would expect Y-STR analysis to show a maximum of: A. Four peaks. B. Three peaks. C. Six peaks. D. Eight peaks
C. Six peaks.
Which statement about tandem repeats is NOT true? A. More than 30% of the human genome is composed of these repeating units. B. It is thought that they may act as spacers between the coded regions of DNA. C. They are of no forensic interest. D. Their origin is a mystery.
C. They are of no forensic interest
Each cycle of the DNA Thermal Cycler takes approximately: A. Two hours. B. Four hours. C. Two minutes. D. 30 seconds
C. Two minutes.
DNA analysts are able to examine samples containing as few as ________ cells for an STR profile. A. 800 B. 180 C. 36 D. 18
D. 18
The amplification of DNA using the Thermal Cycler takes approximately: A. Two hours. B. Two minutes. C. Four cycles. D. 30 cycles.
D. 30 cycles.
The technology of DNA typing had its beginnings in 1985 with the work of: A. James Watson. B. Francis Crick. C. Henry Lee. D. Alec Jeffreys.
D. Alec Jeffreys.
Electrophoresis can be used in the crime lab to analyze: A. Proteins. B. Dried blood. C. DNA. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Information from the Human Genome Project will: A. Reveal the location of a gene on a particular chromosome. B. Be useful for diagnosing and treating genetic diseases. C. Help to reveal the role and implications of evolution. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
STR analysis has replaced other DNA typing techniques because it: A. Is less subject to sample degradation. B. Requires a smaller sample size. C. Can be implemented using the PCR. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The separation of STRs using capillary electrophoresis: A. Is currently the preferred method. B. Decreases analysis time. C. Evolved from the flat-gel electrophoresis approach. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which is an advantage of working with short DNA fragments? A. Their quantity can be greatly amplified by PCR technology. B. They are less subject to degradation due to adverse environmental conditions. C. They are more stable and less likely to break apart. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which component of DNA forms the backbone of the molecule? A. Sugar B. Nitrogenous base C. Phosphate group D. Both A and C
D. Both A and C
The molecular structure of DNA was deduced by: A. Gregor Mendel. B. James Watson. C. Francis Crick. D. Both B and C
D. Both B and C
Which is NOT a component of a nucleotide? A. Nitrogenous base B. Phosphorous containing group C. Sugar D. Double helix
D. Double helix
How should blood-containing clothes from a victim be packaged? A. In an airtight clear plastic container B. In an airtight metal container C. In a metal paint can D. In breathable paper after blood has dried
D. In breathable paper after blood has dried
The specific proteins produced by a cell are directly related to the: A. Sequence of sugars and phosphates in the cell. B. Length of the chromosomes. C. Number of mitochondria in the cell. D. Sequence of nucleotides in the DNA of the cell.
D. Sequence of nucleotides in the DNA of the cell.
A conventional STR profile emanating from a mixture of DNA from male donors yields four peaks or bands for each locus present. How many peaks or bands would you normally expect for each locus if a Y-STR profile is performed on the same sample? A. Three B. One C. Four D. Two
D. Two
region(s) of mitochondrial DNA have been found to be highly variable in the human population for forensic determinations. A. Four B. One C. Three D. Two
D. Two
Which nitrogenous base is NOT found in DNA? A. Adenine B. Thymine C. Cytosine D. Uracil
D. Uracil
STRs normally consist of repeating sequences of: A. 13-17 bases. B. 8-12 bases. C. 18-2 bases. D. 3-7 bases.
D. 3-7 bases.
In the PCR process, the first step is to heat the DNA strands. This is to permit the: A. Process to take place without DNA degradation. B. Hybridization to take place. C. DNA to coil very tightly in the helical shape. D. Double-stranded molecules to separate completely.
D. Double-stranded molecules to separate completely.
Which statement is not correct for Y-STRs? A. Y-STRs can be amplified by PCR. B. A typical Y-STR pattern has one band. C. Female STRs will not yield a Y-STR profile. D. Y-STR types are typically shorter in length as compared to X-STRs.
D. Y-STR types are typically shorter in length as compared to X-STRs.
A short tandem repeat (STR) is a region of a DNA molecule that contains short segments consisting of 50-100 repeating base pairs. T/F
False
Longer DNA strands are more stable and less subject to degradation than shorter strands. T/F
False
Mitochondrial DNA is found in the nucleus of each cell and is inherited from both parents. T/F
False
PCR are regions of a chromosome that contain multiple copies of a core DNA sequence arranged in a repeating fashion. T/F
False
Proteins are formed by linking a combination of nucleotides. T/F
False
The more STRs a forensic scientist can characterize, the greater is the likelihood that they originated from two different individuals. T/F
False
The synthesis of new DNA from existing DNA is known as hybridization. T/F
False
The Y-STR gene can reveal the sex of the person who contributed a DNA sample. T/F
False
Blood in soil must be stored in a clean glass or plastic container and immediately frozen. T/F
True
Buccal cells are derived from the inner cheek lining. T/F
True
Capillary electrophoresis as the preferred technology for characterization of STRs. T/F
True
Collection swabs must not be packaged in a wet state. T/F
True
Electrophoresis is widely used in the characterization of proteins and DNA in dried blood. T/F
True
James Watson and Francis Crick are credited with discovering the structure of DNA. T/F
True
Mitochondrial DNA analysis is significantly more sensitive than nuclear DNA profiling. T/F
True
Mitochondrial DNA is arranged in a circular loop of bases while nuclear DNA is arranged in a continuous strand of bases. T/F
True
STR analysis is the most successful and widely used DNA profiling procedure. T/F
True
Tandem repeats are useful for forensic scientists because they provide a way to distinguish one individual from another through DNA typing. T/F
True
The four bases on the DNA molecule are paired with A opposite T and G opposite C. T/F
True
The greater the number of STRs characterized, the smaller the frequency of occurrence of the analyzed sample in the general population. T/F
True
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