Forensic Test 2

What is forensic art needed for?

1) Composites 2) facial reconstruction 3) superimpostion techniques

What bones do you use to determine identity?

1) Dental records or DNA

Metamorphosis of the blow fly:

1) Egg 2) Larva 1 (23 hrs) 3) Larva 2 (27 hrs) 4) Larva 3 (22 hrs) 5) Pupa (130 hrs) 6(Adult (143 hrs)

Fresh (Stage 1)

From moment of dean to visible bloating

General teeth information

1) 32 adult teeth 2) 20 baby or deciduous teeth 3) Generally numbered from 1-32 starting from the upper right (1) to the upper left to the lower left to the lower right (32)

Manner of Death

1) Accident 2) Homicide 3) Suicide 4) Unknown 5) Natural

Order of Decompositon

1) Autolysis 2) Putrefication 3) adipocere 4) Necrophagous Arthropods

Types of Spectrophotometry

1) ultraviolet 2) Visibile 3) Infrared

The Poison Crime Scene: What to note?

1) where the victim was found 2) where the poison was administered 3) where the poison was disposed 4) where the poison was prepared 5) where the poison was procured

How many bones are there in an adult human?

206

If there is a blue-green discoloration of the skin in the right and left area of the abdomen, how long as the body been dead?

24 hrs

If the periphery blood as dried, how long has a body been dead?

30 min.-2hrs

Dr. Kiesel

Atlanta's Fulton County Chief Medical Examiner.

If a body is warm & stiff, how long has it been dead?

Between 3-8 Hours

How does the pelvis help determine the gender of a skeleton?

The pelvis of a female is wider; males have a narrow subpubic angle (at the bottom of the pelvis) and a narrow pubic bone (joining the pelvis).

Lethal Dose

LD50, refers to the dose of a substance that kill half the test population within four hours. Poisons based on per kg body weight.

How long does it take for stomach contents to decompose?

Light meal: 1-2 hrs Medium meal: 3-4 hrs Heavy: 4-6 hrs.

Pathologists

MD or DO who studies the cause and development of disease.

Odontology

The study of teeth; identity of a skull can be determined by comparing a persons dental records.

Training of a forensic pathologist:

Undergrad (4 yrs) Grad School (4 yrs) 4-5 yrs residency in clinical, anatomical or forensics. 1 yr residency in forensic pathology. Take the American Board of Pathology exam to get board certified.

What does toxicology test during autopsy?

Urine & Blood, virtuous humor from eyes.

Lynn Turner

Used antifreeze poisoning on her two husbands.

Karen Taylor

author of Forensic Art and Illustration. worked for Madame Tussaud's. Works in Texas.

Sympton of caustic poison (lye)

burns around the lips or mouth of the victim

symptoms of cyanide poisoning

burnt almond odor

Valentine Rose

determined how arsenic could be detected in human organs.

James Marsh

developed the marsh test is highly sensitive method in the detection of arsenic as a poison.

Symptoms of arsenic/mercury poisoning

diarrhea

Algor Mortis

body temperature; at the crime scene it can be obtained through 1) rectal/liver temp 2) body changes to ambient temperature

"The Washing away of Wrongs"

book by Sung Tzu; knives carried blood, flies came to the blood.

Schedule II (CSA)

high potential for abuse; a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions; abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence cocaine, morphine, amphetamines (including methamphetamines), PCP, Ritalin

Schedule I (CSA)

high potential for abuse; no currently acceptable medical use in the U.S.; a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision heroin (Diacetylmorphine), LSD, marijuana, ecstasy (MDMA)

Lividity

indicates the position of the body after death. If it becomes fixed, then the distribution of the pattern will not change even if the body's position is altered. Usually becomes fixed between 10-15 hours after death.

John List Case

killed his entire family and went on the run. Seventeen years later, Frank Bender reconstructed what he believed List would look like. It was shown on America's Most Wanted, and he was turned in by the viewers almost immediately. . . looking very much like the bust

Osteology

study of bones

Chapter 1

"Advice from Dead Kinfolks" Investigating the death of a young man who died by driving himself into an abutment. Pulled the arm off; "the end of his profession"/ PTSD

Ronald Clark O'Bryan

"Candyman" responsible for cyanide laced pixy sticks on Halloween.

Chapter 4

"Its all in how you say it" Great Aunt died by a drunk driver; Introduction of Kurt Snow; the guy shoved fruits up his ass for pleasure and died from autoerotic asphyxia. How we tell people things

Chapter 3

"Jerry Lee and Me" His father loved the Killer "Jerry Lee" --his dad was an alcolhoic and kind of crazy- so he was able to disengage himself from emotions that helped him become a death investigator. Dead infant case with pathologist Mark Koponen; mother changed the story, babies tummy was swollen; liver fracture through blunt force trauma. Bed had secured his future and the killed the babies.

Chapter 2

"Painting the town Joe" Family history, the death of his great uncle on the way home from the barber shop as retribution for not hiring Moore, a paitner for a job. sent him a well will not forget wreath every year. Sort of why he became a death investigator?

Chapter 5

"Southern Man" friends died and he had to autopsy their bodies and tell their dad. turned the corner as a death investigator and a man.

Mathieu Orfila (toxicology)

"father or forensic toxicology", published Traite des Poisons, which described the first systematic approach to the study of chemistry and physiological nature of poisons. He published his work on arsenic detection at the age of 26.

Nannie Doss

"giggling grandma" poisoned 4 husbands with rat poisoning plus mother, sister, two husbands and children.

Adipocere

"grave of wax" a grayish white postmortem material caused by fat decomposition.

Living Samples (entomology)

"maggot motels"; in a styrofoam container, put sand at the bottom with aluminum foil with beef or pork liver on top of bottom. Get 10-15 maggots of varying sizes and drop them into the foil. Allow them to develop into adults to identify the species.

Dr. Josef Mengele

(Angel of Death) Escaped to south America--died under the name of Wolfgang Gerhard, corspe examined by panel of anthropologists, including Clyde Snow. Superimpostion of photograph over the skull corroborated identity. 1992 DNA tests confirmed the identity.

Traits of the blow Fly

(Black or Green) Acts as both necrophages and predator; one of the most common species on dead bodies; arrive within 10 minutes; feed on any blood or bodily fluids and then start laying eggs in and around the natural body cavities; if the food source is exhausted they will prey on other species in the same genus (Chrysoma)

How can finger bones tell gender difference?

(Occurs less frequently). In males, the index finger is usually shorter than the third finger. In Females, the first finger is longer than the third finger.

Neil Haskell

forensic entomologist, is affiliated with Jasper Co Sheriff's Department and the Rensselaer, Indiana Police Department. Dr. Haskell is nationally recognized for his work as a Forensic Entomology Consultant throughout the United States and has offered his expertise in over 450 death investigation cases since 1981. The most recent case was the murder of seven-year-old Danielle Van Dam in Sabre Springs, California. He's been featured on Court TV, HBO, The Discovery Channel, and PBS, and highlighted in Popular Science and Discovery magazines

Sharp force

injuries received from items such as knives, swords, axes

Schedule V (CSA)

low potential for abuse relative to drugs in IV; currently accepted medical use in treatment in the U.S.; abuse may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to drugs in IV. codeine found in low doses in cough medicines.

Schedule III (CSA)

lower potential for abuse than the drugs in I or II; a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the U.S.; abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence intermediate acting barbiturates, anabolic steroids, ketamine

Schedule IV (CSA)

lower potential for abuse than the drugs in I or II; a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the U.S.; abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence other stimulates and depressants including Valium, Xanan, librium, phenobarbital, Darvon

Efficacy

maximum effect of drug; measure of quantified drug response.

Medical Examiner

medical doctor, usually a pathologist and is appointed by the governing body of the area. (7 in Missouri, 400 in America). Michael Gram (St. Louis City ME) Mary Case (St Louis and surrounding County ME)

Type S Motives

money, elimination, jealousy, revenge, political

The Breathalyzer

more practical in the field, invented in 1954, collects and measures alcohol content of alveolar breath.

If there is an absence of smell from bones, how long has the body been dead?

more than 1 year.

How long does it take for the total collapse of the eyeball?

more than 24 hrs.

If a body is cold & not stiff, how long has it been dead?

more than 36 hours.

Symptoms of methyl (wood/ or isopropyl alcohol poisoning

nausea, vomiting, unconsciousnness, possible blindness

Aerial Collection (Entomology)

netting as many as you can if they are flying; use a net and sweep it back and forth over the decomposing body. Place them in a large jar with ethyl acetate, after a few seconds, use a funnel to move dead flies into a vial of ethyl alcohol with label of date, time, case #, location, sample type, and collector.

Autolysis

nonbacterial; breakdown of tissue by bodies own chemicals and enzymes

Sutures

part of the crania; lines between two bones where they join. Bones fuse at certain age ranges and can help determine or narrow the age of the skeleton.

John Trestail

practicing boarded toxicologist who has consulted on many criminal poisoning cases. He is the founder of the Center for the Study of Criminal Poisoning in Grand Rapids, Michigan which has established an international database to receive and analyze reports of homicidal poisonings from around the world. He is also the director of DeVos Children's Hospital Regional Poison Center. In addition, he wrote the book, Criminal Poisoning,used as a reference by law enforcement, forensic scientists and lawyers.

Field Tests (Drugs)

presumptive tests; essentially say yes or no to a suspicion (testing as though the substance in question is heroine) Screening tests are an example. 1) Spot of color tests 2) Mycrocrystalline test- a reagent is added that produces a crystalline precipitate which are unique for certain. 3) Chromatography: pulls it apart so you figure out what part you have to make a confirmatory test.

Forensic Anthropologist

provides basic identification of skeletonized or badly decomposed remains.

Type S/Q

quick decision, opportune poison

Type R poisoner

random victim targeted

Symptom of carbon monoxide poisoning

red or pink patches on the chest and unusually brighter red lividity on thights

Potency

sensitivity of an organ tissue to a drug; measure of dose

Type S Poisoner

specific victim targeted

Thin Layer Chromatography

stationar phase is a thin layer of coating on a sheet of plastic or glass, usually aluminum or silica the mobile phase is a liquid solvent.

Graham Frederick Young

the Toxicomaniac, killed at stepmom @ 14. No one realized it until years later and his obsession was such that he was finally sent to the asylum for nine years.

Identi-KIT

the first commercially available kit with a system of building a composite facial drawing from multiple witnesses. First one included foils; later kits used photographs. Helped apprehend the earlier serial killer Harvey Glatman.

Dr. Hermann Boerhaave

the first person to suggest a chemical method for the detection of poisons. A relatively unsophisticated method consisting of placing many substances suspected of containing poison on red-hot coals, the testing the subsequent odors.

W. His

the first successful facial reconstructor; acquired the skull of Bach and created a good likeness of him.

Johann Metzger

the initial inventor of the arsenic mirror. he discovered that when arsenious oxide was heated with charcoal, it formed a black mirror like deposit on a cold plate.

Cause of Death

the injury or disease that resulted in the person dying. (gun shot wound)

Mechanism of Death

the physiological reason a person died. (a massive hemorrhage)

Livor Mortis

the settling of the blood, causing the skin to change colors.

Forensic Entomology

the study of insects as it applies to the law. Insects help determine time of death, etc. By collecting and studying the types of insects found on a body, a forensic entomologist can predict the time of death.

Entomology

the study of insects; in regards to forensics: insects arrive at a decomposing body in particular order and then complete their life cycle based on the surrounding temperature.

What does Microscopic Examination test during autopsy?

tissues obtained from thin slices of internal organs

What does autopsy mean?

to look at oneself; a better word would be necropsy (to look at the dead).

Preliminary field tests

used to determine the degree of the suspect's physical impairment and whether or not another test in justified.

Forensic Art

utilization of artistic methods and techniques to aid legal procedures

Post-Decay (Stage 4)

when only 20% or less of the body weight remains

Skeletal (Stage 5)

when only bones and hair remain (takes about a year)

Betty Pat Gatliff

worked on the John Wayne Gacey case.

Arthur Dempster & Francis Aston

worked together for the first modern mass spectrometer.

Symptoms of nitric acid poisoning

yellow vomit

What does a medical autopsy determine?

1) determine the cause of death 2) document therapeutic results 3) Study procession of natural disease 4) Medical Education 5) Correlating clinical diagnosis and symptoms

What types of death does the US require to be investigated with an autopsy?

1) injury 2) delayed complications of injuries 3) poisoning 4) infectious complications 5) foul play 6) people who die with no attending physician

Necessary things to know about poisoning

1) its form 2) its common color 3) its solubility 4) its taste 5) its common sources 6) its lethal dose 7) its mechanism 8) its possible methods of administraten 9) its time interval of onset symptoms 10) symptoms of acute exposure 11) symptoms of chronic expire 12) mimicked diseases 13) Notes relating to the victim 14) specimens from victim 15) toxic levels 16) list of cases in which poison was used.

What bones do you use to determine height?

1) long bones like the femur (arm or leg long bone)

Types of Blunt Force Injuries

1) most common to brain or other major organs 2) causes laceration 3) Skin Bridging evident

What are some used of gas chromatography

1) not consdiered a confirmation of a controlled substance 2) used as a separation tool for mass spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy 3) used to quantitatively measure the concentration sample.

What types of unusual features of teeth could could give away a persons identity?

1) number and types of teeth & fillings 2) the spacing of teeth 3) special dental work (bridges, false teeth, root canals)

What bones do you use to determine gender?

1) pelvis, skull

What are some of the function of bones?

1) provide structure and rigidity 2) Protect soft tissue and organs 3) Serves as an attachment for muscles 4) Produces blood cells 5) Serve as storage area for minerals 6) Can detoxify the body by removing heavy metals and other foreign elements from the blood

Why are teeth often used for body identification?

1) they are unique to the individual 2) Hardest substance in the body 3) Usually a good record of our teeth 4) Sometimes pulbe remains in the tooth which is a good source of DNA

Negroid

African, Aborigine, and Melanesian Descent Have: wide nasal aperture, rectangular palate square orbits pronounced zygomatic arches *the long bones are longer & have less curves and greater density

Facial restoration

After determining the sex, age, and race of an individual facial features can be built upon a skull to assist in identification. Erasers are used to make tissue depths at various points on the skull. Clay is build up around these markers and facial features are molded.

What substances are studied in toxicology

Alcohol Industrial Chemicals Poisionois Gases Illegal Drugs Drug Overdose

Why are scene temperatures critical?

Ambient heat plays a role during egg and early larva development but after that its effect decreases rapidly as maggots generate their own heat. ??

Alexander Litvinenko

Another KGB person murdered.

Necrophagous Arthropods

Arrival of these bugs depends on season and climate and the situation of the corpse (open air, buried or in water, geographic location, cause of death and degree of mutilation)

Mongoloid

Asian, Native American, and Polynesian descent. Have: more rounded nasal aperture a parbolic palate rounded orbits wide zygomatic arches pointed mandible

Body Farm

Bill Bass created this using donated, john doe, or jane doe bodies.The nickname for a two and a half acre research facility in Tennessee developed in 1980 by Bill Bass where bodies are placed in various conditions and allowed to decompose. Its main purpose is to observe and understand the processes and timetable of postmortem decay. Over the years it has helped to improve the ability to determine "time since death" in murder cases.

Human Specimens for Analysis during toxicological testing?

Blood Urine Vitreous Humor (eyes) Bile Gastric Contents Liver Tissue Brain Tissue Kidney Tissue Hair/nails

What does DNA test during autopsy?

Blood & Hair

Pugilistic Pose

Boxer's pose; result of body in a fire.

Predators

Burying beetles, rove beetles, hister beetles.

How can the height of a person be determined by bones?

Can be calculated by using the length of certain bones, including the: femur, tibia, humerus, and/or radius. There are more specific measurements if the race of the individual is known.

Christopher Long

Chief Toxicologist at St. Louis County & SLU Medical School. Director of Toxicology @ SLU, Medical School. Involved in almost all large profile cases in the area involving drugs and/or poisons. Most recently testified in the Drew Peterson case.

What forensic anthropologists were on the Gacy case?

Clyde Snow, Charles Warren, Betty Pat Gatliff. Snow and Warren determined a most of the people using points of reference, but then brought in Gatliff as a sculptor to look at the last 7 skulls.

Hand Collection (Entomology)

Collect a variety of maggots with forceps. Place them in boiling water to stretch them out and fix them. Then place the maggots into a vial of alcohol with the same labels as aerial collection.

Rate of Absorption of Alcohol

Depends on: 1) amount of alcohol consumed 2) the alcohol content of the beverage 3) time taken to consume it 4) quantity and type of food present in the stomach.

Arthur Jeffrey Dempster

Developed first modern mass spectrometer

Areas of Speciality

Diagnostician: serve at a hospital, help with surgeries, etc. Investigators: Mary Case Teachers (possible to cross these borders)

Caucasian

Either European, Middle Eastern, and Indian Descent. Have: a long, narrow nasal aperture Triangular palate oval orbits narrow zygomatic arches narrow mandible

Necrophaguos

Feed directly on the corpse; flies & beetles.

What are the two types of autopsies?

Forensic & clinical

Responsibilities of an Entomologist?

Generally not present at the crime scene; the death investigator or evidence technician is responsible for collecting, preserving and shipping all entomological evidence to the entomologists who later studies it.

Composite Imagery

Graphic images made up from the combination of individually described facial features from the victim or witness. May be hand drawn or computer-generated.

Hair & Arsenic

Hair follicles keep a record of all the drugs we take; human hair roots absorb arsenic like blotting paper and each dose leaves a permanent and measurable record in the growing strands.

Paper Chromatogrpahy

Has a stationary phase and a mobile phase and the capillary action moves the mobile phase through the stationary phase.

Define Larva

Hatch from eggs and increase in size by growth steps called instars. Eventually larva migrate from the corpse and develop into an inactive pupal stage; During this time, adult insect develops internally.

Athropods that use the corpse as an extension of their normal habitat

Hunting Spiders

Time Death Certainty Principle

If you know with certainty when the person was last known to be alive, and if you know with certainty when they were found dead, then you know with 100% certainty that they died within that interval.

Tylenol Tamperer

In the Chicago area, people began falling ill with excruciating pain two days before dying. To this day he is unidentified and unapprehended.

Why is race hard to determine from skeletal remains?

In today's world, there are no pure races.

If a body is warm & not stiff, how long has it been dead?

Less than three hours

The first case using arsenic?

Mary Blandon and Captain Canstoun used arsenic to poison her father to inherit her estate.

Infrared Spectometry

Material absorbs energy in the near-IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Compares the IR light beam before and after passing through the transparent sample. Results in an absorption spectrum which gives a unique views of a subantnce, like a fingerprint.

Where are meth super labs found?

Mexico

Which state has the most small meth labs?

Missouri; these people are working on small quantities for 1-2 people. The substances can turn into a lethal poison that can drain out into the real world.

Toxicology of Alcohol

Most abused drug in America. Affects the central nervous system, especially in the brain Colorless liquid, generally diluted in water. Acts as a depressant. Alcohol appears in blood within minutes of consumption; 30-90 minutes for full absorption. Detoxification-about 90% in the liver. About 5% is execrated unchanged in breathing, perspiration, and urine.

Clyde Snow

One of the most famous forensic anthropologists. He worked on both the MEgele and Gacy cases. He worked all over the globe on various excavation sites. Teaches at the University of Oklahoma.

Gas Chromatography

Phases: stationary: a solid or syrupy liquid lines a tube or column mobile: an inert gas like nitrogen or helium. Analysis: shows a peak that is proportional to the quantity of the substance present; uses retention time instead of retention factor for quantitative analysis,

PMI

Post mortem Interval: an estimation of the duration of PMI involves setting minimal and maximal time between death and corpse discovery. (This would be important in narrowing down the suspects). The miminum PMI is determined by estimating the age of the immature insects collected at the time the body is discovered; the maximum PMI is determined from the species of insects that are present and the weather conditions necessary for the specific activity of these species.

Superimpostion

The placement of an image or video on top of an already existing image or video. (usually of picture on top of skull or something like that).

Putrefication

bacterial; leads to slippage of the skin etc.

Bloated (Stage 2)

begins when the abdomen starts to inflate; bloating caused by bacteria,

Decay (Stage 3)

begins when the skin breaks and the gasses escape; the body deflates

Blunt force

being struck with a flat surface can be (firearm trauma, non firearm trauma: motor vehicles blows to the head or body)

Symptoms of sulfuric acid poisoning

black vomit

Mass Spectrometry

can be used with gas chromatography to give a specific identification. The mixture is separated using GC, then attaching the GC column to the MS where a beam of electrons is shot through the sample molecules. Electrons cause molecules to become postiviley charged; these are unstable and decompose into many smaller fragments; which then pass through a magnetic field that sorts them according to their mass to charge ratio. No two substances produce the same fragmentation pattern.

What does a bright red color on the skin indicate?

carbon monoxide poisoning

Rigor Mortis

caused by actin and myosin fivers being stuck together because Ca+2 ions no longer being pumped out.

Thermal Death

caused by exposure to excessive heat or cold

Electrical

caused by passage of electricity through a person

Mechanical death

caused by sharp or blunt force

Asphyxia

caused by the interference of oxygen to the brain; it overlaps some of the other causes. (can be erotic)

Chemical

caused by use of drugs or poisoning

Symptoms of Phosphorous poisoning

coffee brown vomit; onion or garlic odor

Jim Jones

compound, cult leader, killed followers with kool aid. cyanide.

Lab Tests (Drugs)

conclusive tests Spectrophotometry -Ultraviolet (UV) -Visible -Infrared (IR) Mass Spectrometry. Both work well in identifying pure substances, mixtures are difficult to identify in both techniques, both are compared to catalog of knowns.

Exsanguination

death due to loss of blood. Average blood volume for males (5-6 liters); average liters of blood for females (4-5 liters). At 40% blood loss, we reach irreversible shock. Blood loss of 1.5 Liters causes incapacitation

Pathology

derived from pathos (suffering or disease), logos (word or writing) the study of disease, its causes and its diagnosis; regarded more during times of war. (Ex, prosthetics made a huge advance during the war on terror).

Controlled substances

drugs that are restricted by law

How long does it take for cornea drying and cloudiness if the eyes are closed?

drying: 2hrs cloudiness: 12-24 hrs

How long does it take for cornea drying and cloudiness if the eyes are opened?

drying: minutes cloudiness: less than 2hrs

Mass Spectrum

each molecular species has its own unique mass spectrum.

Type R Motives

ego, tampering, boredom, sadism.

Georgi Markov

felt a sting on the back of his thigh; was poisoned by something in his umbrella? killed by ricin.

Thomas Hickey

first guy to try to poison a President (Washington, 1776) with peas.

Bill Bass

forensic anthropologists who assisted law enforcement hundreds of times. He established the worlds first and only laboratory devoted to the study of human decomposition at the University of Tennesseed Anthropology Research Facility.

Type S/S

slow poisoning with specific poison

Type R/S

slow poisoning with specific poison (random person)

Jeanne Boylan

specializes in getting victims of high trauma to recall details by mixing in mundane questions with questions about the incident.

What type of anthropology is forensic anthropology?

Physical (skeletal biology)

PDR (Drugs)

Physicians Desk References; used to identify manufactured pills, tablets, and capsules. It is updated each year. Can sometimes be quick and easier to identifier of the legally made drugs that may be found at the scene. The reference book gives a picture of the drug, whether it is prescription, over the counter, or a controlled substance; as well as more detailed information about the drug.

2 Dimensional Facial Restoration

Pioneered by Karen Taylor in early 1980s based on her training in 3d Facial Resotration. in 1987 she began teaching her method at the FBI Academy. Simalr to clay only with pencil.

Symptoms of hydrochloric acid poison

greenish-brown vomit

Spectroscopy:

the interaction of electromagnetic with matter

William Ashton

used electromagnetic modern mass spectrometer.

Poison

any substance in relatively small quantities that can cause death or illness in living organisms by chemical action is a poison

Parameters influencing BAC

1) Body weight 2) Alcoholic Content 3) Number of beverages consumed 4) Time between consumption

How do poisons kill?

1) CNS depression (coma) 2) Respiratory arrest (loss of respiratory drive, loss of muscle reflexes allowing suffocation by tongue, aspiration of gastric contents into airways. 3) Cardiovascular effects (hypertension, hypovolemia, arrythmias) 4) Specific bodily functions (cellular hyoxia, seizures, hyperexia, kidney failure, liver failure)

What three groups does a forensic anthropologist use when trying to determine race with a skull?

1) Caucasian 2) Negroid 3) Mongoloid

What are the four categories of forensic art?

1) Composite Imagery (faces or evidence from descriptions) 2) Image modification and image identification (enhancement and comparisons) 3) Demonstrative Evidence (for court) 4) Reconstruction and postmortem aids (identifications)

Name some concurrence methods of determining time of death

1) Dates on mail (collected or uncollected) 2) Lights on or off 3) Alarm clock time setting 4) Food in refrigerator or stove 5) Type of Clothing 6) Recipets 7) Animals to pet conditions

What are some aspects of toxicity and how it effects the body?

1) Dosage 2) The chemical or physical form of the substance 3) The mode of entry into the body 4) Body weight and physiological conditions of the victim including age and sex. 5) the time of period exposure. 6) The presence of other chemicals in the body or in the dose.

Types of Asphyxiation

1) Drowning 2) Manual Strangulation 3) Ligature Strangulation (?) 4) Postional asphyxia 5) Crucifixion as a result of positional asphyxia

Generalizations of Breahtlyzer

1) During absorption, the concentration of alcohol in arterial blood will be higher than in venous blood. 2) Breath test reflects alcohol concentration in the pulmonary artery 3) Breathalyzer can react with acetone and its presence means that the person is in serious medical condition. 4) Now using an infrared light absorption device with a digital read-out. Prints out card for a permanent record.

Types of Toxicology studies:

1) Environmental: air, water, soil 2) Consumer: foods, cosmetics, drugs 3) Medical/clinical/forensic

What are some steps in the 3D Facial Reconstruction?

1) Establish age, sex, race 2) plot landmarks for tissue thickness 3) Plot origin and insertion points for muscles. 4) Plot landmarks for facial features 5) Select dataset and mount markers for tissue thickness 6) Mount the eyes 7) Model muscles 8) Add fatty tissue around the eyes and lacrimal glands. And continue forward

What are chemical deaths caused by?

1) Ethanol 2) Depressants 3) Stimulants 4) Poisons

BAC (Blood Alcohol Content)

1) Expressed as percent weight per volume 2) Legal limits in most states .08%

5 Stages of Body Decompostion

1) Fresh 2) Bloated 3) Decay 4) Post-Decay 5) Skeletal (According to Lee Goff)

What additional information do forensic artists try to get?

1) How long did the witness see the subject? 2) What were the lighting conditions? 3) How far away was the witness from the incident 4) How long ago did the witness observe the incident 5) What was the witness's vantage point 6) Were there any obstacles to the witness' view?

Types of Thermal Death

1) Hypothermia: freezing 2) Hyperthermia: heat related conditions 3) combustion

Medical Examiner's Responsiblities

1) Identify the deceased 2) Establish time and date of death 3) Determine Medical Cause of Death 4) Determine Mechanism of Death 5) Classify the manner of death 6) Notify next of kin

What does a forensic autopsy determine?

1) cause and manner of death 2) recovering, preserving and documenting evidence 3) correlatin and documenting circumstances related to the death 4) provide a detailed report for findings for law enforcement, prosecution and defense agencies

How to determine poisoning during forensic autopsy?

1) Look for: irritated tissues, characteristic odors, Mee's lines. 2) Order toxicological screens (post mortem concentrations are site dependent; no realistic calculation of dose can be made from single measurement)

Name some Presumptive Color Tests

1) Marquis: turns purple in the presents of opium and orange-brown with amphetamines 2) Dillie-Koppanyi: turns violet-blue in the presence of barbiturates 3) Duquenois-Levine: turns purple color in the presence of marijuana. 4) Van Urk: turns blue-purple in the presence of LSD 5) Scott Test: color test for cocaine.

What unique circumstances call upon forensic experts to identify the life and death of humans and animals?

1) Mass murder (9/11) 2) Earlier man (mummies, Iceman, Lindow man) 3) Historical Significance (Holocaust, uncertain death of famous people) 4) Prehistoric Animals (dinosaur)

List types of traumatic deaths

1) Mechanical 2) Thermal 3) Chemical 4) Electrical 5) Asphyxia 6) Sharp Force 7) Blunt Force

What are the main types of carrion species?

1) Necrophagous 2) Predators 3) Parasites of the Necrophagous species 4) Species that feed on both the body and anthropoids 5) Anthropods that use the corpse as an extension of their normal habitat

Types of Chromatography:

1) Paper 2) Thin Layer 3) Gas 4) Pyrolysis Gas 5) Liquid 6) High Pressure Liquid (HPLC)

What are manifestations of Asphyxia

1) Petechial Hemorrhage 2) Skin or mucous membrane damage (fingernail marks, ligature furrow, abrasion and contusions) 3) Internal neck structure damage

What are some additional steps taken during autopsies?

1) Photography of autopsy 2) Preparation of a report: summary of gross anatomy, internal dissections, microscopic examination and toxicology 3) testimony: when they testify as an expert witness

What do you need to prove a poison case?

1) Prove a crime was committed 2) Motive 3) Intenet 4) Access to poison 5) Access to victim 6) Death was caused by poison 7) Death was homicidal

What are the 3 major cranial sutures?

1) Saggital 2) Lambodial 3) Coronal

Ideal Poison Traits

1) Should be odorless, tasteless, and colorless 2) Readily soluble 3) Delayed onset of action 4) Undetectable 5) Low-dose lethality 6) Easily obtainable, but not traceable 7) Chemically stable 8) Mimics a natural disease.

What bones do you use to determine race?

1) Skull

What bones provide the most accurate estimations for age determination?

1) Teeth (longest lasting bones) 2) Epiphyses or growth plates 3) Cranial Sutures(3 major cranial sutures start as distinct lines in youth and gradually close) Investigators always use age range because it is only an estimation.

What do bones do you use to calculate age?

1) Teeth, epiphyses, suture lines

What are the three basic situations that require a toxicologists analysis?

1) The cause of death is known by drug findings are needed to clarify the circumstances 2) When drugs are the direct cause of death 3) when negative results permit the pathologies to rule out drugs or poison and concentrate on disease. 4) The unexplained death of someone with no obviouss trauma an d not medical history of trouble.

What are 4 attributes of toxicology?

1) can be a cause of death 2) contribute to death 3) cause impairment 4) explain behavior.

Henri Gerard

The first scientific murderer. Insured several people and then poisoned using natural toxins from mushrooms and pathogenic bacteria.

Evidence Collection Procedure Sequence for Entomology

1) Visual observation and notations of the scene 2) Collect and note climatological data from scene 3) Collect insect/arthropod specimens from body and surrounding area before body is removed. 4) Collect insect/arthropod specimens from under body after it is removed.

How does a skull help determine the gender of a skeleton?

1) Weight: female is lighter 2) Size: female is smaller 3) Thickness of bone: female is thinner 4) Forehead: female is vertical, male is receding 5) Vault of the skull: females is flattened 6) Contour: female is rounded and smoother. 7) Supraorbital margin: females is sharp. 8) Frontal bone and forehead: females are smooth/vertical 9) Mastoid Process: females have a small mastoid process.

Name some of the body changes of decomposition:

1) When the heart stops, the body looks pale and waxy 2) Blood settles and discolors into a purplish red; eyes flatten and extremities turn blue. 3) The appearance of burning shore up on the drying mucous membranes. 4) The body putrefies, turning a green shish color. Bacteria grows and accumulates. 5) Rot spreads and a foul odor develops; body bloats due to bacterial producing gases in the intestines 6) Skin blisters from these gases, detaches from muscles and bursts 7) In some circumstances, a cheesy substance called adipocere forms as fatty tissues harden.

Age regression on the photo of a child involves:

1) a photo after the age of 2 2) Having accèss of photos of siblings in different stages of development 3) Having full frontal facial photos of parents/relatives 4) Collection information about medical conditions that could effect appearance 5) Using information from tables about quantifiable growth data.

Some psychological profile traits of poisoners

1) absolute defiance of legal authority 2) refusal to accept moral basis for life 3) unhappy childhood or married life (abnormal home life) 4) murder to gain emotionally or materially 5) turn victim to an object 6) connection with medical world 7) daydreamer 8) Artistic temperment 9) thinks they cannot be discovered 10 ) weak cowardly avaricius temparment

Psycholophysical preliminary tests

3 tests: 1) Horizontal gaze 2) Nine step walk and turn 3) One leg stand

If there is a blue-green discoloration of the skin over the entire abdomen, how long has the body been dead?

36 hrs

If the body is bloating, how long has it been dead?

36-48 hours

How long does the average autopsy take?

4 hours

If there is skin slippage, how long has the body been dead?

4-7 days

American Board of Forensic Entomology

62 entomologists listed in a worldwide directory. In the US there are only 7 board certified entomologists and only 1 in Canada.

If a body is cold & stiff, how long has it been dead?

8-36 hours

How fast will a body decompose in a warm moist climate?

A body can decompose into a skeleton within a few weeks, in other conditions it can take months or year?

Fordisc

A computer program that uses statistical methods to estimate sex, ancestry, and stature from skeletal measurements. It was developed by two anthropologists at the university of Tennessee, Dr. Richard Gantz and Dr. Steven Ousley.

ADH

Accumulate degree hours; the amount of thermal energy necessary for the insect to develop to the next stage in its life cycle.

Why are poisons considered stealth weapons?

Advantages include: 1) Invisible 2) Body Kills self physiologically 3) No protection (we all eat, drink, and breathe) 4) No noise 5) No gore 6) Depersonalization 7) Can try again if not successful 8) Precise targeting 9) Easy to overcome larger person 10) Won't be likely to be turned against the poisoner.

Age Progression

Provides a current and effective facial image in cases of missing or abducted children. They may be hand drawn or computer-generated. These should be done by an artist with knowledge of the complex patters of craniofacial growth.

Type R/Q

Quick decision, opportune poison (random person)

What are the two different types of procedures for the autopsy?

Rokitansky Procedure: organs all come out at once Virchow Procedure: each organ is removed separatley and immediately examined.

Toxicology

Study of poisons or the detection of foreign substances in the body that can have a toxic effect such. the study of adverse of effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms.

When bodies are burned what will be some of the last remaining body parts?

Teeth. Cremation occurs at 980C or 1800F.

William Palmer

The Rugely Prisoners, 1855. Executed for killing fellow gambler John Parsons Cook--"Palmer Act" was developed because a fair trial could not be held in Rugeley.

What determines if something is a poison?

The dose.

How is an autopsy performed?

Y incision from the left shoulder, down under the nipples and over to the right shoulder. Then place the scalpel in the pit of the abdomen, below the sternum and cut straight down and left to the belly button. A second incision can be done that circumnavigates the skull from ear-to-ear behind the head.

Spectrophotometer:

an instrument used to measure and record the absorption spectrum of a chemical substance

Lee Goff

another forensic entomologist in the news. He has been the program advisor for the forensic science program at Chaminade University in Honolulu, Hawaii. He has testified in numerous cases including that of Danielle Van Dam. He is also a consultant on the CBS programs of CSI. He has developed a traveling exhibit entitled, "CSI, Crime Scene Insects" which investigates the use of insects in solving crimes.

Controlled substances Act

a 1970 act that lists illegal drugs, their category and their penalty for possession, sale or use.

Gatliff-Snow Method

a 3D Facial reconstruction method based on the use of tissue depth and anatomical knowledge; it has been continually refined throughout the years.

Drugs

a natural or synthetic substance designed to affect the subject psychologically or physiologically

Retention Factor

a number that represents how far a compound travels in a particular solvent. It is determined by measuring the distance the compound traveled and dividing it by the distance the solvent travelled. If the R value for an unknown compound is close to or the same as the known compound, the two compounds are most likely similar or identical.

Chromatography

a technique used for separating mixtures into their component compounds Includes two phases: one mobile and one stationary that flow past one another As the mixture separates it interacts with two phases. *We want to get to the part of the mixture that is the lone illegal drug.

Forensic Anthropology

a type of applied anthropology that specializes in the changes and variations in the human skeletal for the purpose of legal inquiry.

Mee's Lines

abnormal finger nail growth shown in the nail bed that indicates poison by arsenic.

What are forensic anthropologists able to determine from bones (or part of a bone)?

age, sex, race, height, previous trauma, body type, possible cause of death.

Name the critical scene temperatures:

all are used to ascertain a more accurate determination of time of death. 1) ambient (air temp) 2) maggot mass 3) body surface 4) ground surface 5) Either soil 3-6 ft away or water temperature 6) Under the body surface after it is removed

What smell indicates cyanide poisoning?

almond

F.A.C.E.S

an LSU forensic department run by all women; started by Manheim "the bone lady" they do traditional physical/forensic anthropology along with age progression.

Coroner

an elected official who usually has no special medical training. In four state, the coroner is the medical doctor.